중국 대도시의 공공조형물에서 나타나는 표현 특성과 장소성 연구

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 중국 역사문화도시의 공공조형물의 표현 특성을 분석하고 공공조형물이 어떻게효율적으로 역사 문화 요소에 개입하여 장소성을 표출 , 할 수 있는가를 파악하고자 함으로서 공공조형물이 지닌 장소적 의미와 가치에 대한 기초자료를 제공하고자 한다. 연구의 방법 및 내용은 아래와 같다.

첫째 문헌고찰로 역사 문화 도시의 개념 장소성의 개념 등을 이해하여 이론적 기반을 제공하였다
둘째 선행연구 고찰을 통해 공공조형물의 표현특성을 분석하며 10 명의 조형 및 디자인 전문가의 평가를 통해 장소성과 관련이 가장 많은 요소로 환경성 상징성 예술성 상호 작용성 기술성 사회 경제성 지속가능성 역사성 등 8 개를 선정하였다

또한 문헌고찰을 통해 도출한 6개 척도 형태적 지각적 사회적 시각적 기능적 시간적 차원을 전문가가 선정한 공공조형물 평가 요소의 측면에서 재정리하여 분석의 틀로서의 평가지표를 선정하였다.

셋째 사례분석으로 중국의 대표적인 도시인 상해 북경 광주의 공공조형물 중 발행량이 가장 많은 7개 60잡지에서 15 개 사례를 선정하여 전문가의 평가를 통해 최종 개 공공조형물을 선정하였다
세 도시 공공조형물의 장소적 특성을 형태적 지각적 사회적 시각적 기능적 시간적 차원 등 6개 평가지표 8세부 요소들을 중심으로 분석하였다

넷째, 선정된 3개 도시의 공공조형물의 장소성 가치 평가를 위한 설문조사를 진행하였다
베이징, , 상하이 광저우를 대표하는 15 개 사례 중에서 장소성 표현 특성에서 비교적 높은 종합 점수를 얻은 9사례 개 각 도시당 ( 3 ) 개씩 를 선정하여 환경디자인 관련 전공 전문가와 지역 주민을 대상으로 선정된 공공 조형물에 대한 장소성 인식과 평가에 관한 설문지를 실시하였다.

이 중 관련 전문가들은 중국 예술가 예술 전공 교사 디자이너 예술 전공 학생을 주요 조사 대상으로 하여 사례에 대한 종합적인 전문성 평가를 진행한다 또. , 한 설문조사 결과의 진정성과 유효성을 담보하기 위해 지역주민 공직자 학생 일반 주민 교사 들의 경우3 개 도시를 중심으로 설문지를 구분하여 각각 현지주민들을 대상으로 조사한다. 최종 조사 결과는 EXCEL
과 SPSS. V20.0 (t-test) 통계패키지를 이용하여 차이검증 을 통해 평가지표 및 체크리스트에 대한 결과 검증 그리고 전문가와 지역 주민 간의 인식 차이를 도출한다. 3 개 도시의 공공조형물에 대한 인식 및 평가 결과 6개 측면 8개 평가지표에서 베이징 개공공조각물의 차원 지수가 가장 (3.80) , (3.73), (3.68) 높았고 다음으로 인지의 차원 형태의 차원 순으로 나타났다. (3.579) . 3 시간의 차원 의 지수가 가장 낮았다 상하이 개 공공조형물에서 시각의 차원 지수가 가장 (3.85) (3.80), (3.77) . 높았고 형태의 차원 인지의 차원 순으로 나타났다 시간의 차원 가 지수가 가장 (3.62) . 3 (3.87) 낮았다 광주 개 공공조형물에서 시각의 차원 지수가 가장 높았고, (3.88), (3.84) . (3.73) 다음으로 형태의 차원 인지의 차원 순으로 나타났다 시간의 차원 지수가 가장 낮았다 세. , (3.84) 도시를 종합해 보면 시각의 차원 지수가 가장 높았고 형태의 차원
(3.78) (3.78), (3.64) (3.69) 과 인지의 차원 기능의 차원 순으로 나타났고 시간의 차원 지수가 비교적 낮았다.

이는 세 도시의 공공조형물이 시각의 차원과 인지의 차원에서 공간적 장소성이 성공적으로 구현됐다는 것을 의미한다. . 예술가들은 갈수록 조형물의 독창성을 중요시한다 어떤 것은 전통적인 정적인 조형물은 정적인 것으로 동적으로 표현할 수 있고 어, , , 떤 것은 빛 그림자 색으로 대중들에게 풍부한 시각적 미감을 준다. 인류 정신문명의 발전과 인류 사회의 진보로 현대 조형물의 내포와 외연이 확대되고 있으며 조형물과 경관의 차이가 점점 희미해지고 있다. 현대 공공조형물은 조소와 환경의 관계를 더욱 중요시하여 그 형태를 전체 환경의 ' ' 큰 공간 에 참여하게 한다 또. , , 한 대중에게 공감할 수 있는 전통적인 정적인 조형물이나 대중에게 상호 교류와 교류를 경험할 수 있는 동적인 조형물도 제공함으로써 조형물이 지역 정체성과 대중적 귀속감을 형성하는 요소 중 하나가 되고 있다.하지만 평가지표 중 기능성 차원과 기술적 차원의 지수
가 낮다는 점에서 정보 발달에 따라 세계 각국의 교류가 강화되고 문화예술 등 분야의 세계화가 진행되면서 도시 이미지를 높이는 현대적 감각의 공공조형물이 대도시에서 많이 제작되고 있어 일부 공공 조형물의 시간적 차원 역사적 , ( ) 측면에서의 구현이 눈에 띄지 않는 것으로 나타났다 또. , 한 설문조사를 통해 공공 조형물의 지속가능성에서 장소성 구현에 대한 인식도가 낮다는 것을 알 수 있으며 따라서 이 에 대한 평가지수도 낮은 점수를 받았다.

유의 수준인 를 보 p<0.05 면 세 도시 전체를 보면 지역 주민과 전문가의 평가 비교에서 기능의 차원 기술성 지각의 차원 상 ( ), ( ), ( ) 호작용성 시각의 차원 예술성 등의 평가지표에서 차이가 나는 것은 모두 일반 주민들의 조형물 평가지수가 전문가보다 높기 때문이다. 평가가 차이가 나는 이유는 일반 주민이 북경 상해 광주 , , 3 등 개 대도시에 거주하고 있을 뿐 아니라 공공조형물을 경시 형태로 대중 투표에 의해 선별하는 등 공공조형물이 대중이 살고 있는 도시에서는 대중과 연관돼 지역 정체성 현장성을 형성하고 , . 있기 때문이다 반면 조형물에 대한 전문가의 평가는 전반적으로 이뤄져 일반 주민의 전체적인 평가지수가 전문가보다 높았다. 그래서 도시별 조형물에 대한 평가는 실제 체험에서 얻은 인식이 더 깊다는 것을 볼 수 있는디 이는 두 그룹이 체감도가 다르기 때문에 평가 결과도 다르다는 것이다. 2000년대 이후 중국에서 경관디자인의 일부로 자리 잡은 공공조형물 건설이 지역경제 활성화를 위한 지역이미지로 자리 매김하면서 정부도 많은 역량을 투입하여 다양한 행사를 통해 외국 예술가의 작품을 도입하거나 경시대회 형식을 도입해 조형물을 채택하고 있다. 하지만 일
부 외래예술가들의 작품은 대중과의 소통을 이루지 못하고 환경에 통합하지 못하는 등 많은 문제가 드러났다 외. . 국 예술가의 작품은 독특한 예술 형식을 통해 시각적 효과를 만들어 낸다

하지만 일반적으로 예술가들은 조형물을 완전히 완성한 후에 그것을 어디에 배치해야 할지 고민할 것이 아니라 구상 , , 할 때부터 설치될 외부적 세계와 공간형식 국소위치와 연계되어야 한다. 이런 것이 없이 완성된 작품을 공공공간에 그대로 설치면 아무리 좋은 작품도 환경과 융합할 수 없고 지역정체성이 형성되기 어렵다 외. 국의 예술작품은 대부분 도시전체 건설이나 지역전체 개발과 결합되어 있다. 현재 중국 도시 공공조형물의 설치는 점차적으로 구체적인 도시건설 실제 프로젝트에 결합하여 방안공모, , , 사업계획 실시과정 경제적 이익 등을 통해 공공조형물을 선정하는 사업이 늘고 있다. , 도시 다원화가 진행됨에 따라 역사적인 공공 조형물과 현대적 감각의 조형물이 모두 장소성 구현에 있어서 대표성을 가지게 되었다. 현대풍의 예술품은 새로운 풍격의 자원이 될 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 기, 존의 구축물과 공업 시설도 그 자체가 예술
품으로 변화되어 정체성과 소속감을 가진 시각적 이슈가 새로운 기억의 장소를 만들고 시대적인 장소정신을 함양시킨다 따. 라서 본 연구는 현재 국내외의 대표적인 공공조형물 사례에 대한 종합적인 분석을 토대로 도시별 공공조형물을 구체적으로 구현한 공통점과 차이점을 연구하고 정리하여 체계적으로 평가하였다.

본 연구에서 지표 작성 진행 중이거나 향후 진행될 공공조형물의 장소성 평가에서 유효한 자료로 활용될 수 있으며 공공 조형물에 관한 디자인 제시 안내로도 활용할 수 있다

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 표 목 차 ··································································································································ⅱ
• 그 림 목 차 ································································································································ⅲ
• 사 진 목 차 ································································································································ⅳ
• 국 문 초 록 ··································································································································ⅴ
• I. 서 론
• 1. 연구의 배경 및 목적 ··········································································································· 1
• 1.1. 연구의 배경 및 목적 ····································································································· 1
• 1.2. 연구의 차별성 ············································································································· 3
• 2. 연구의 범위 및 방법 ··········································································································· 4
• 3. 연구의 흐름도 ····················································································································· 5
• Ⅱ. 이론적 배경
• 1. 역사 문화 도시의 이론적 고찰 ·························································································· 6
• 1.1. 역사 문화 도시의 개념 및 관련 이론 ···············································································6
• 1.2. 역사 문화 도시의 발전 동향 ··························································································· 7
• 2. 공공조형물의 이론적 고찰 ···································································································· 8
• 2.1. 공공예술과 공공조형물의 기원 및 개념 ······································································· 8
• 2.2. 공공조형물의 발전 ······································································································ 12
• 2.3. 근대 중국 공공조형물의 역사 및 발전 ······································································ 13
• 2.3.1. 근대 중국 공공조형물의 시작 ·············································································· 13
• 2.3.2. 근대 중국 공공조형물의 발전 현황 ····································································· 15
• 2.4. 공공조형물에 관한 선행연구 분석 ··············································································· 17
• 2.5. 공공조형물 우수사례 분석 ··························································································· 22
• 2.5.1. 사례 선정 기준 ······································································································ 22
• 2.5.2. 사례 분석 ·············································································································· 23
• 3. 장소성의 이론적 고찰 ······································································································· 38
• 3.1. 장소와 장소성의 개념 ································································································· 38
• 3.2. , , 공간 경관 이미지와 장소 ·························································································· 39
• 3.3. 역사문화와 장소성 관련 선행연구 분석 ······································································ 40 3.4. 6 장소성과 연관된 도시설계의 가지 차원 ···································································· 44
• 3.4.1. 형태의 차원 ··········································································································· 45
• 3.4.2. 지각의 차원 ··········································································································· 45
• 3.4.3. 사회의 차원 ··········································································································· 46
• 3.4.4. 시각의 차원 ··········································································································· 46
• 3.4.5. 기능의 차원 ··········································································································· 47
• 3.4.6. 시간의 차원 ··········································································································· 48
• Ⅲ. 역사문화도시의 공공조형물의 장소성 관련 평가지표 개발
• 1. 평가지표 도출 및 종합 분석 ··························································································· 50
• 1.1. 공공조형물 관련 평가지표 내용 ·················································································· 52
• 1.2. 6 장소 만들기 개 차원에서의 평가지표 분석 ······························································ 56
• 2. FGI를 통한 최종 평가지표 개발 ······················································································ 58
• 2.1. ( ) 장소성 관련 요소의 중요도 평가 전문가 집단 ·························································· 58
• 2.2. FGI를 통한 최종 평가지표 개발 ·················································································· 59
• 3. 소결 ································································································································· 60
• IV. 중국 역사문화도시 공공조형물의 사례분석
• 1. 사례 선정 및 도시별 역사문화 특성 ················································································· 61
• 1.1. 사례 선정 ······················································································································ 61
• 1.2. · 도시별 역사 문화적 특성과 공공조형물 최종 사례 선정 ········································· 65
• 2. 도시별 공공조형물 표현 특성 ·························································································· 67
• 2.1. 북경 ····························································································································· 67
• 2.1.1. 화수은 화（ ） 火树银花 ·························································································· 67
• 2.1.2. 중국풍（ ） 中国风 ·································································································· 70
• 2.1.3. ( ) 복구노화 複仇怒火 ································································································ 73
• 2.1.4. 사람과 페가수스（ ） 人与飞马 ··············································································· 76
• 2.1.5. 국가 수영센터（ ） 国家游泳中心 ············································································ 79
• 2.2. 상해 ····························································································································· 83
• 2.2.1. 이스턴 라이트（ ） 东方之光 ··················································································· 83
• 2.2.2. Bund Bull（ ） 外滩公牛 ·························································································· 87
• 2.2.3. 비약하는 말（ ） 飞跃的马 ······················································································ 90 2.2.4. 비상하는 소원（ ） 飞翔的心愿 ··············································································· 93
• 2.2.5. 색의 알（ ） 彩蛋 ······································································································ 97
• 2.3. 광주 ··························································································································· 100
• 2.3.1. 미래의 문（ ） 未来之门 ························································································ 100
• 2.3.2. 오운구여（ ） 五云九如 ··························································································· 103
• 2.3.3. 광주에 핀 꽃（ ） 广州的花 ··················································································· 106
• 2.3.4. Canton Tower（ ） 广州塔 ····················································································· 109
• 2.3.5. - 광동성 박물관 보물 상자（ ） 寶盒 ······································································· 114
• 3. 도시별 공공조형물의 장소성 분석 ··················································································· 118
• 3.1. 도시별 공공조형물의 표현 특성 분석 ······································································ 118
• 3.2. 도시별 공공조형물에 대한 장소성 분석 ································································· 122
• 3.3. 전문가 선정 공공조형물의 장소성 분석 ··································································· 137
• 4. 소결 ······························································································································· 140
• V. 역사문화도시의 공공조형물에서 장소성 평가
• 1. 설문조사 개요 및 방법 ···································································································· 142
• 1.1. 설문조사 개요 ············································································································ 142
• 1.2. 설문조사 방법 및 내용 ······························································································ 143
• 2. 설문조사 평가결과 ············································································································· 144
• 2.1. 설문의 유효성 ············································································································ 144
• 2.2. 응답자의 일반적 특성 ································································································· 144
• 2.3. 장소성 평가결과 분석 ································································································ 146
• 2.3.1. 전체 평가 결과 ···································································································· 146
• 2.3.2. 전문가와 지역 주민 간의 장소성 평가 비교 ························································ 156
• 3. 소결 ····································································································································162
• Ⅵ. 결론 및 제언
• 1. 연구요약 ····························································································································165
• 2. 제언 ····································································································································169
• 참고문헌
• Abstract
• 부 록