Anxious people are known to demonstrate an attentional bias to threat. However, a growing body of research suggests that anxiety causes inadequacy in dealing with distractors in general. On the contrary to such views, previous studies have reported in...
Anxious people are known to demonstrate an attentional bias to threat. However, a growing body of research suggests that anxiety causes inadequacy in dealing with distractors in general. On the contrary to such views, previous studies have reported inconsistent findings regarding anxiety’s impact on distractor interference: while some found increased distractor interference in association with anxiety, others found decreased distractor interference under anxiety. Assuming that the locus of anxiety’s intervention on different processing stages could lead to differential effect on distractor interference, anxiety’s modulation on the congruency effect using two conflict tasks was observed. In Experiment 1, participants performed a flanker-compatibility task in which conflict initially arises at the perceptual stage and later at the response stage. In Experiment 2, participants performed a Simon task in which conflict takes place mainly at the response stage. Moreover, the impact of induced anxiety caused by threat of shock and trait anxiety measured by questionnaire scores were separately examined since they are known to affect different processing stages. As a result, differential modulations by induced and trait anxieties on the congruency effect and the congruency sequence effect (CSE), which refers to a reduced congruency effect following incongruent trials compared to following congruent trials, were observed in each task. In the flanker-compatibility task, induced anxiety led to disappearance of the CSE. On the other hand, trait anxiety was associated with an increase of the CSE which was driven by increased congruency effect following congruent trials. In the Simon task, induced anxiety did not modulate the congruency effect or the CSE. Instead, an increased congruency effect in association with trait anxiety scores was found. Such correlations were further modulated by previous trial congruency in that the relationship was evident following congruent trials but not following incongruent trials. Also, the correlations were obtained only under the threatening context. Overall, the results imply that induced and trait anxiety modulate distractor interference in distinctive ways depending on its locus of intervention.