1542년 페르디난트 1세의 오스만튀르크 전략수정 -수세에서 공세로- = Ferdinand I's Strategic Revision towards the Ottoman Empire after 1542: from Military Offensive onto the Defensive

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This paper illustrates how Ferdinand I defended Habsburg Monarchy against the Ottoman Empire after his expedition to Buda failed in 1542. Due to the lack of influential force and the need for secured safety in Habsburg, Ferdinand I had no alternative but to set up diplomatic ties with Turk and establish a line of defense.
The main thrust of this paper is to determine the ultimate purpose of his defense strategy. After Buda fell into Turkish territory, not only Hungary itself but also the entire Habsburg Monarchy was laid under the Turkish Menace. In this status the Habsburg Erblands, situated in the central Europe, has to be tasked with defending the Monarchy. Accordingly, Ferdinand I decided to shield the central European nations including Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary against Turk. The nations established strategic partnership one another, standing up against the Turkish Menace.
After all, it was a effective excuse to draw up a new border among those nations for the defensive purpose. There was a urgent need for centralized administration in order to structure defense network throughout the whole region, which also required participation of the ruling class as well as the congress from each nation. After Ferdinand I was crowned in 1558, the Habsburg Monarchy came into existence along the Donau, composed of diverse ethnic groups. Hungary played a vital role in shielding this Monarchy and acted as a bulwark against Turk, thanks to which the Habsburg Monarchy was capable of protecting itself from large scale attacks of the Turks.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This paper illustrates how Ferdinand I defended Habsburg Monarchy against the Ottoman Empire after his expedition to Buda failed in 1542. Due to the lack of influential force and the need for secured safety in Habsburg, Ferdinand I had no alternative but to set up diplomatic ties with Turk and establish a line of defense.
The main thrust of this paper is to determine the ultimate purpose of his defense strategy. After Buda fell into Turkish territory, not only Hungary itself but also the entire Habsburg Monarchy was laid under the Turkish Menace. In this status the Habsburg Erblands, situated in the central Europe, has to be tasked with defending the Monarchy. Accordingly, Ferdinand I decided to shield the central European nations including Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary against Turk. The nations established strategic partnership one another, standing up against the Turkish Menace.
After all, it was a effective excuse to draw up a new border among those nations for the defensive purpose. There was a urgent need for centralized administration in order to structure defense network throughout the whole region, which also required participation of the ruling class as well as the congress from each nation. After Ferdinand I was crowned in 1558, the Habsburg Monarchy came into existence along the Donau, composed of diverse ethnic groups. Hungary played a vital role in shielding this Monarchy and acted as a bulwark against Turk, thanks to which the Habsburg Monarchy was capable of protecting itself from large scale attacks of the Turks.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Karl Oberleitner, "Österreichs Finanzen und Kriegswesen unter Ferdinand Ⅰ. vom Jahre 1522 bis 1564" 22 : 82-83, 1860

2 Roderich Gooss, "Österreichische Staatsverträge. Fürstentum Siebenbürgen, 1526-1690" Kraus 54-86, 1970

3 Hans Sturmberger, "Türkengefahr und österreichische Staatlichkeit" 10 : 134-, 1967

4 Ernst Dieter Petritsch, "Tribut oder Ehrengeschenk? Ein Beitrag zu den habsburgisch-osmanishcen Beziehungen in der zweiten Hälfte des 16. Jahrhunderts, In Archiv und Forschung. Das Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv in seiner Bedeutung für die Geschichte Österreichs und Euopas" Verlag für Geschichte und Politik 55-, 1993

5 Lajos Rúzsás, "The Siege of Szigetvár of 1566: Its Significance in Hungarian Social Development, In From Hunyadi to Rákóczi: War and Society in Late Medieval and Early Modern Hungary" Brooklyn College Press 251-, 1982

6 Gottfried Marz, "The Role of Clocks in the Imperial Honoraria for the Turks, In The Clockwork Universe. German Clocks and Automata 1550-1650" Neale Watson Academic 37-, 1980

7 Tata E. Nummedal, "The Problem of Fraud in Early Modern Alchemy, In Shell Games: Studies in Scams, Frauds, and Deceits(1300–1650)" Victoria Univ. Press 37-, 2004

8 Charles Issawi, "The Ottoman-Habsburg Balance of Forces, In Süleyman the Second and his Time" The Isis Press 145-151, 1993

9 G. Pálffy, "The Origins and Development of the Border Defence System against the Ottoman Empire in Hungary, In Ottomans, Hungarians, and Habsburgs in Central Europe: The Military Confines in the Era of Ottoman Conquest" Brill 38-, 2000

10 András Borosy, "The Militia Portalis in Hungary before 1526, In From Hunyadi to Rákóczi" 63-80,

11 Géza Pálffy, "The Kingdom of Hungary and the Habsburg Monarchy in the Sixteenth Century, Transl. from the Hungarian" Columbia Univ. Press 47-, 2009

12 Géza Perjés, "The Fall of the Medieval Kingdom of Hungary: Mohács 1526 - Buda 1541" Boulder 52-, 1989

13 Kurt Wessely, "The Development of the Uungarian Military Frontier until the Middle of the Eighteenth Century" 9 : 57-, 1965

14 Alicia Mcnary Forsey, "Queen Isabella Sforza Szapolyai of Transylvania and Sultan Süleyman of the Ottoman Empire. A Case of Sixteenth-Century Muslim-Christian Collaboration" The Edwin Mellen Press 52-59, 2009

15 Péter Farbaky, "Pietro Ferabosco in Ungheria e nell'imperio ausburgico" 139 : 127-134, 2003

16 Pál Fodor, "Ottoman Policy towards Hungary, 1520-1541" 45 (45): 274-, 1991

17 Gábor Ágoston, "Ottoman Conquest and the Ottoman Military Frontier in Hungary, In A Millennium of Hungarian Military History, Translated in English by Eleonóra Arató" Columbia Univ., Press 105-, 2002

18 E. Petritsch, "Osmanische Urkunden. Regesten der Osmanischen Dokumente im Österreichischen Staatsarchiv (1480–1574)" 10 (10): 12-, 1991

19 Gustav Bayerle, "One Hundred Fifty Years of Frontier Life in Hungary, In From Hunyadi to Rákóczi" 231-,

20 Anett Puskár, "Noble Strategies for Maintaining Power: Reflections on the Life of a Hungarian Aristocraft, In Power and Culture: Identity, Ideology, Representation" Plus-Pisa Univ. Press 13-26, 2007

21 Bertold Picard, "Herberstein als habsburgischer Diplomat, In Siegmund von Herberstein" Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt 101-, 1989

22 Gábor Ágoston, "Habsburgs and Ottomans: Defense, Military Change and Shifts in Power" 22 (22): 130-, 1998

23 Gustav Bayerle, "Formation of the Habsburg-Ottoman Frontier in the Danubian Region: Buda, 1541" 14 (14): 164-, 2000

24 Alfred Kohler, "Ferdinand Ⅰ. und Karl Ⅴ., In iser Ferdinand Ⅰ. 1503-1564" Skira 22-, 2003

25 Paula Sutter Fichtner, "Ferdinand Ⅰ of Austria: The Politics of Dynasticism in the Age of the Reformation" Columbia Univ. Press 39-, 1982

26 P. Fichtner, "Dynasticism and Its Limitations: the Habsburgs and Hungary(1542)" 4 : 390-, 1971

27 Josef Rohmoser, "Diplomatische Verhandlungen zwischen Ferdinand Ⅰ. und Johann Zápolya(Programm des k.k.gr.n.unirten Gymnasium in Suczawa für das Schuljahr 1862, Ⅱ.)" Eckhardt 29-, 1862

28 Karl Nehring, "Diplomatische Akten des habsburgischen Gesandtschaftsverkehrs mit der Hohen Pforte im Zeitalter Süleymans des Prächtigen" Oldenbourg 632-, 1995

29 Heinrich Lutz, "Die europäische Politik des Hauses Österreich im Zeitalter Karl Ⅴ. und Ferdinand Ⅰ, In Diplomatie und Aussenpolitik Österreichs" Österreichische Bundesverlag 45-, 1977

30 Silvia Schweinzer, "Die Vorgeschichte des Reichstags von Speyer 1542 im Spiegel der politischen Korrespondenz Kaiser Karls Ⅴ., In Aus der Arbeit an den Reichstagen unter Kaiser Karls Ⅴ" Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 247-, 1986

31 G. Pálffy, "Die Türkenabwehr in Ungarn im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert -ein Forschungsdesiderat" 137 : 109-, 2002

32 Anton C. Schaendlinger, "Die Süleymans der Prächtigen an KarlⅤ., FerdinandⅠ., und MaximilianⅠ" Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften 91-, 1983

33 Wolfgang Steglich, "Die Reichstürkenhilfe in die Zeit Karls Ⅴ" 72 (72): 53-, 1972

34 Leopold Kupelwieser, "Die Kämpfe Oesterreichs mit den Osmanen vom Jahre 1526 bis 1537" Wilhelm Braumüller 10-, 1899

35 Peter Rassow, "Die Kaiser-Idee Karls Ⅴ. dargestellt an der Politik der Jahre 1528-1540" Ebering 85-, 1932

36 Bertold Spuler, "Die Europäische Diplomatie in Konstantinopel bis zum Freiden von Belgrad(1739)" 11 (11): 320-, 1935

37 Géza Palffy, "Die Entstehung und Entwicklung der Türkenabwehr in Ungarn 1526-1699, In Kaiser und König. Eine historische Reise. Österreich und Ungarn 1526-1918(Ausstellung im Prunksaal der Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, 9. März - 1. Mai 2001. Katalog)" Österreichische Nationalbibliothek 38-, 2001

38 Oscar Regele, "Der Österreichische Hofkriegsrat 1556-1848, In Mitteilungen des Österreichischen Staatsarchivs, Ergänzungsbans 1" 15-, 1949

39 E. Petritsch, "Der habsburgische-osmanische Friedensvertrag des Jahres 1547" 38 : 74-, 1985

40 Jod. Stüls, "Ausschustag der für niederösterreichischen Lande in Wien 1556" 8 : 157-, 1852

41 P. Fichtner, "Aber doch ein Friede: Ferdinand Ⅰ., Ungarn und die Hohe Pforte, In Kaiser Ferdinand Ⅰ" 237-,

42 Ernst Dieter Petritsch, "Abenteurer oder Diplomaten? Ein Beitrag zu den diplomatischen Beziehungen Ferdinands Ⅰ. mit den Osmanen, In Kaiser Ferdinand Ⅰ. Ein mitteleuropäischen Herrscher" Aschendorft 251-, 2005

43 E. Petritsch, "Abenteurer oder Diplomaten? Ein Beitrag zu den diplomatischen Beziehungen Ferdinands Ⅰ. mit den Osmanen, In Kaiser Ferdinand Ⅰ" 251-260,