Effects of Nutritional Input and Diesel Contamination on Soil Enzyme Activities and Microbial Communities in Antarctic Soils

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Pollution of Antarctic soils may be attributable to increased nutritional input and diesel contamination via anthropogenic activities. To investigate the effect of these environmental changes on the Antarctic terrestrial ecosystem, soil enzyme activities and microbial communities in 3 types of Antarctic soils were evaluated. The activities of alkaline phosphomonoesterase and dehydrogenase were dramatically increased, whereas the activities of β-glucosidase, urease, arylsulfatase, and fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis were negligible. Alkaline phosphomonoesterase and dehydrogenase activities in the 3 types of soils increased 3- to 10-fold in response to nutritional input, but did not increase in the presence of diesel contamination. Consistent with the enzymatic activity data, increased copy numbers of the phoA gene, encoding an alkaline phosphomonoesterase, and the 16S rRNA gene were verified using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Interestingly, dehydrogenase activity and 16S rRNA gene copy number increased slightly after 30 days, even under diesel contamination, probably because of adaptation of the bacterial population. Intact Antarctic soils showed a predominance of Actinobacteria phylum (mostly Pseudonorcarida species) and other phyla such as Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Planctomycetes, Firmicutes, and Verrucomicrobia were present in successively lower proportions. Nutrient addition might act as a selective pressure on the bacterial community, resulting in the prevalence of Actinobacteria phylum (mostly Arthrobacter species). Soils contaminated by diesel showed a predominance of Proteobacteria phylum (mostly Phyllobacterium species), and other phyla such as Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Planctomycetes, and Gemmatimonadetes were present in successively lower proportions. Our data reveal that nutritional input has a dramatic impact on bacterial communities in Antarctic soils and that diesel contamination is likely toxic to enzymes in this population.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Turner B. L., "Variation in the optimum pH of hydrolytic enzyme activities in tropical rain forest soils" 76 : 6485-6493, 2010

2 Kurosumi, A., "Utilization of various fruit juices as carbon source for production of bacterial cellulose by Acetobacter xylinum NBRC 13693" 76 : 333-335, 2008

3 Donderski, W., "Utilization of low molecular weight organic compounds by marine neustonic and planktonic bacteria" 7 : 279-283, 1998

4 Roscoe, R., "Urease activity and its relation to soil organic matter, microbial biomass nitrogen and urea-nitrogen assimilation by maize in a Brazilian Oxisol under no-tillage and tillage systems" 32 : 52-59, 2000

5 Ganzert, L., "The impact of different soil parameters on the community structure of dominant bacteria from nine different soils located on Livingston Island, South Shetland Archipelago, Antarctica" 76 : 476-491, 2011

6 Davis, R. C., "Structure and function of two Antarctic terrestrial moss communities" 51 : 125-143, 1981

7 Sweet, S. T., "Spatial and temporal variability of contamination in the marine environment at McMurdo Station, Antiarctica" 143-, 2006

8 Freney, J. R., "Some observation on the nature of organic sulphur compounds in soils" 12 : 424-432, 1961

9 Tabatabai, M. A., "Soil enzymes, In Methods of soil analysis, part 2" Am soc Agron, Soil Sci Soc American 775-947, 1982

10 Casida, L. E., "Soil dehydrogenase activity" 98 : 371-376, 1964

11 Heal, O.W., "Soil biological processes in the North and South" 3 : 47-57, 1987

12 Dicka, W. A., "Soil acid and alkaline phosphatase activity as pH adjustment indicators" 32 : 1915-1919, 2000

13 Kandeler, E., "Short-term assay of soil urease activity using colorimetric determination of ammonium" 6 : 68-72, 1988

14 정재준, "Seasonal Changes in Nitrogen-Cycle Gene Abundances and in Bacterial Communities in Acidic Forest Soils" 한국미생물학회 50 (50): 365-373, 2012

15 Rodríguez-Loinaz, G., "Relationship between vegetation diversity and soil functional diversity in native mixed-oak forests" 40 : 49-60, 2008

16 Aislabie, J. M., "Relation between soil classification and bacterial diversity in soils of the Ross Sea region" 144 : 9-20, 2008

17 Lane, D. J., "Nucleic acid techniques in bacterial systematics" Wiley 115-175, 1991

18 Shravage, B. V., "Molecular microbial diversity of a soil sample and detection of ammonia oxidizers from Cape Evans, McMurdo Dry Valley, Antarctica" 162 : 15-25, 2007

19 Niederberger, T. D., "Microbial community composition in soils of Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica" 10 : 1713-1724, 2008

20 Bauer, E., "Microbial activity measurements in soil: a comparison of methods" 14 : 109-117, 1991

21 Kandeler, E., "Methods in soil biology" Springer 171-174, 1996

22 Margesin, R., "Methods in soil biology" Springer 213-217, 1995

23 Dick, R.P., "Methods for assessing soil quality" Soil Science Society of American 247-271, 1996

24 Yergeau, E., "Metagenomic analysis of the bioremediation of diesel-contaminated Canadian high Arctic soils" 7 : e30058-, 2012

25 Varin, T., "Metagenomic analysis of stress genes in microbial mat communities from Antarctica and the High Arctic" 78 : 549-559, 2012

26 Tamura, K., "MEGA4, molecular evolutionary genetics analysis, MEGA software version 4.0" 24 : 1596-1599, 2007

27 Schloter, M., "Indicators for evaluating soil quality" 98 : 255-262, 2003

28 Saul, D. J., "Hydrocarbon contamination changes the bacterial diversity of soil from around Scott Base, Antarctica" 53 : 141-155, 2005

29 Martins, C. C., "Historical record of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCPs) in marine sediment cores from Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica" 158 : 192-200, 2010

30 Wania, F., "Global fractionation and cold comdensation of low volatillity organochlorine compounds in polar region" 22 : 10-18, 1993

31 Torriani, A., "From cell membrane to nucleotides: the phosphate regulon in Escherichia coli" 12 : 371-376, 1990

32 Bhattacharyya, P., "Fractionation and bioavailability of metals and their impacts on microbial properties in sewage irrigated soil" 72 : 543-550, 2008

33 Schnürer, J., "Fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis as a measure of total microbial activity in soil and litter" 43 : 1256-1261, 1982

34 Jordan, D., "Evaluation of microbial methods as potential indicators of soil quality in historical agricultural fields" 19 : 297-302, 1995

35 Burns, R. G., "Enzyme activity in soil: location and a possible role in microbial ecology" 14 : 423-427, 1982

36 Eibes, G., "Enzymatic degradation of anthracene, dibenzothiophene and pyrene by manganese peroxidase in media containing acetone" 64 : 408-414, 2006

37 De Varennes, A., "Enzymatic activity of a mine soil varies according to vegetation cover and level of compost applied" 12 : 371-383, 2010

38 Hinojosa, M. B., "Effects of pyrite sludge pollution on soil enzyme activities: ecological dose-response model" 396 : 89-99, 2008

39 Labud, V., "Effect of hydrocarbon pollution on the microbial properties of a sandy and a clay soil" 66 : 1863-1871, 2007

40 Perucci, P., "Effect of different treatments with crop residues on soil phosphatase activity" 1 : 111-115, 1985

41 Nannipieri, P., "Ecological significance of the biological activity in soil, In Soil biochemistry" Marcel Dekker 293-355, 2011

42 Aislabie, J. M., "Dominant bacteria in soils of Marble Point and Wright Valley, Victoria Land, Antarctica" 38 : 3041-3056, 2006

43 Nelson, C.E., "Differential response of highelevation planktonic bacterial community structure and metabolism to experimental nutrient enrichment" 6 : e18320-, 2011

44 Adam, G., "Development of a sensitive and rapid method for the measurement of total microbial activity using fluorescein diacetate (FDA) in a range of soils" 33 : 943-951, 2001

45 Chendrayan, K., "Dehydrogenase and invertase activities of flooded soils" 12 : 217-273, 1980

46 Brohon, B., "Complementarity of bioassays and microbial activity measurements for the evaluation of hydrocarbon-contaminated soils quality" 33 : 883-891, 2001

47 Taylora, J. P., "Comparison of microbial numbers and enzymatic activities in surface soils and subsoils using various techniques" 34 : 387-401, 2002

48 Jung, J., "Change in gene abundance in the nitrogen biogeochemical cycle with temperature and nitrogen addition in Antarctic soils" 162 : 1018-1026, 2011

49 Shivaji, S., "Bacterial diversity of a soil sample from Schirmacher Oasis, Antarctica" 50 : 525-536, 2004

50 Smith, J. J., "Bacterial diversity in three different Antarctic cold desert mineral soils" 51 : 413-421, 2006

51 Tabatabai, M.A., "Arylsulfatase activity in soils" 34 : 225-229, 1970