조선과 명,청의 시가교류(詩歌交流) = A Brief Study of Poetry Exchanges between Joseon and Ming and Qing Dynasties

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

After the founding of the Joseon state, Neo-Confucianism was adopted as the theory of statecraft and with the establishment of relatively stable tributary relations with Ming, the two countries became one step closer in governing ideology, moral values, and literary forms. Contact between Joseon and Ming fundamentally consisted of visits by both countries’ emissaries. The majority of the emissaries were elite literati by virtue of accomplished literacy, and their diplomatic etiquette, official communications, and personal feelings were expressed in the form of poetry and rhapsodies. Thus poetic anthologies of historic significance were passed down and remembered by many in both countries. The Collection of Imperial China (Hwanghwajip) compiled in the Joseon Dynasty not only exerted great influence in Joseon literary circles, but was evidence of poetic exchange between Joseon and Ming. Since the two countries’ emissaries chose this particular method of diplomacy, academia refers to it as “poetry diplomacy.” Joseon gradually overcame its contempt towards the Later Jin and early Qing culture in the late Joseon, and intercourse with the Qing increased on all fronts, particularly with the formation of the Northern Learning School. This developed and deepened poetic exchange between the two countries. The various literary forms embraced in the poetry of the High Qing period also exerted a great influence in Joseon academia, and triggered a new mania over the Eight Great Prose Masters of the Tang and Song revered by Joseon literati. As relations between Joseon and Qing became balanced and relaxed, poetic exchange between the countries’ literati diversified and evolved. Joseon poetry especially was introduced to China in mass quantities through various avenues, influencing Chinese literary circles to an extent, and was historically significant in causing profound positive interactions. Exchange between Joseon and Ming/Qing literati was not only limited to simple contact out of etiquette, but in several areas such as literature, friendship, and sentiments. At the same time, both countries came to know and influence each other through various poetic and literary anthologies which saw the mass circulation of the poetry of some Joseon literati in Qing. Aside from this, scholars who traveled as emissaries to China such as Kim Sang-hon, Hong Tae-yong, Yi Dok-mu, Yu Duk-kong, Pak Che-ka, and Pak Chi-won left behind many poems in their travelogues and poetry anthologies, making distinguished contributions to later China-Joseon poetry exchange in their time.