한국대학생의 창의적 사고력, 창의적 성향, 창의적 산물 및 창의적 효능감의 성차 = Gender Difference in Creative Thinking Ability, Creative Disposition, Creative Product and Creative Self-efficacy of the Korean College Students

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This paper examines gender differences in creative thinking ability and creative disposition, creative products and creative self-efficacy. 234 subjects of college students performs target creative tests associated with the different types of creativity and analyzes the differences between the groups. Based on the analysis, the female group shows higher score than the male group in the aspect of flexibility that is a sub-dimension of creativity and cognitive abilities, but the male group has higher scores in the creativity affective characteristic and the creative self-efficacy. On the activity and knowledge test of the creative domain, the female group has higher scores in the area of the art but the male group shows higher scores in the area of the invention. Interestingly, the two groups do not show any significant difference in the real creative achievement related to the creative product assessments. Although the female group tends to score no less capacity than the male group in the divergent thinking ability and the actual product/performance related to the creative ability, in summary, the analysis indicates that the male group is significantly higher for creative disposition and creativity self-reported tests. The study performs a stepwise multiple linear regression on the creative efficacy to investigate the gender difference on the self-efficacy of creative performance and creative achievement for the students in South Korea. The result of multiple regression analyses demonstrates three common variables to predict creative self-efficacy: creative thinking style, interesting/observation, creative activities related to art. The analysis shows the gender differences, in that in addition to those three variables the male group considers the creative personality in but the female group considers the creative activities related to science and the creative product. In other words, the female group judges the creative ability on the basis of more elements and considers the actual result of the experience and knowledge rather than its personality characteristics. To develop creative talents and creativity, it is required to promote a variety of programs and educational efforts for both male and female students. In particular, it is necessary to extend the access opportunity of the science-related activities and experiences for enhancing the self-efficacy of female students.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 김아영, "학업동기:이론,연구와 적용" 학지사 2010

2 김왕동, "창의적 인재육성의 근본적 한계와 당면과제" 과학기술정책연구원 2009

3 김왕동, "창의적 융합 인재양성을 위한 과제: 과학기술과 예술융합(STEAM)" 과학기술정책연구원 2011

4 김혜숙, "창의성 진단 측정도구의 개발 및 타당화" 13 (13): 269-303, 1999

5 한영석, "셀프리더십의 성별차이 및 대학생활 효과성에 미치는 영향" 한국여성심리학회 15 (15): 215-233, 2010

6 이숙정, "대학생의 학습몰입과 자기효능감이 대학생활적응과 학업성취에 미치는 영향" 한국교육심리학회 25 (25): 235-253, 2011

7 김혜숙, "대학생의 창의적 문제해결과제 수행에 영향을 미치는 성향, 과제관련지식, 창의적 자기효능감 및 지각된 환경 변인의 효과" 한국교육심리학회 23 (23): 15-34, 2009

8 금재호, "기업의 여성인적자원관리 실태조사" 한국노동연구원 2011

9 홍영란, "국가인재육성정책의 개념과 발전방향,창의적 인재정책의 방향과 과제, In 2008 한국교육평론" 한국교육개발원 2008

10 Amabile,T.M, "The social psychology of creativity: A componential conceptualization" 45 : 357-376, 1983

11 Vernon,P.E, "The nature-nurture problem in creativity.In Handbook of creativity:Perspectives on individual differences" Plenum Press 93-110, 1989

12 Conti,R, "The impact of competition on intrinsic motivation and creativity:Considering gender,gender segregation,and gender-role identity" 31 : 1273-1289, 2001

13 Torrance,E.P, "The Torrance Test of Creative Thinking:Norms and Technical Manual" Scholastic Testing Service, Inc 1974

14 Gough,H.G, "The Adjective Checklist manual" Consulting Psychologists Press, Inc 1983

15 Hedges,L.V, "Sex differences in mental test scores,variability,and numbers of high-scoring individuals" 269 : 41-45, 1995

16 Bandura,A, "Self-efficacy; The exercise of control" Freeman 1997

17 Koestner,R, "Praise,involvement,and intrinsic motivation" 53 : 383-390, 1987

18 Amabile,T.M, "Personality processes and aindiviual Difference. Social psychology of Creativity: A Consensual Assessment Technique" 43 (43): 997-1013, 1982

19 Sternberg,R.J, "Investing in Creativity" 1996

20 Choi,J.N, "Individual and contextual predictors of creative performance:The Mediating role of psychological processes" 16 (16): 187-199, 2004

21 Davis,G.A, "How Do You Think? Form E. copyright" University of Wisconsin 1977

22 Bear,J, "Gender differences in the effects of anticipated evaluation on creativity" 10 : 25-31, 1997

23 Bear,J, "Gender differecnes in the effects of extrinsic motivation on creativity" 32 (32): 18-37, 1998

24 Bear,J, "Gender Differences in Creativity" 42 (42): 75-105, 2008

25 Sternberg,R.J, "Defying the Crowd.Cultivating Creativity in a culture of conformity" The Free Press 1995

26 Feldman,D.H, "Creativity:Dreams,insights,and transformations" Cambridge University Press 271-297, 1989

27 Helson,R, "Creativity in women:Outer and inner views over time.In Theories of creativity" Sage 1990

28 Ruth,J.E, "Creativity in adulthood and old age:Relations to intelligence,sex and mode of testing" 8 : 99-109, 1985

29 Christiaans,H.C.M, "Creativity as a design criterion" 14 (14): 41-54, 2002

30 Kogan, "Creativity and sex differences" 8 : 1-14, 1974

31 Pollick M.F, "Creativity Styles of Supervising Managers" 31 (31): 260-271, 1997

32 Finke,R.A, "Creative cognition:Theory,research,and pplications" MIT Press 1992

33 Finke,R.A, "Creative Insight and Preinventive Forms.The nature of insight, In A Bradford Book" The MIT Press 1995

34 Deci,E, "Cognitive evaluation theory of some comments on the calder and Staw critique" 31 : 81-85, 1975

35 Geschwind,N, "Cerebral liberalization:Biological mechanisms,associations,and pathology" 42 : 428-459, 1985

36 Koestner,R, "Attributional focus of praise and children's intrinsic motivation" 15 : 61-72, 1989

37 Gough,H.G, "A creative personality scale for the adjective check list" 37 (37): 1398-1405, 1979

38 Hocevar,D, "A Taxonomy and Critique of Measurements Used in the Study of Creativity.Handbook of creativity" Plenum Press 53-76, 1989