미국정치에서 정치적 대표(representation)에 대한 논의와 한국에서의 함의 = A Review and Analysis of Studies on Representation in the United States and Its Implications for Korean Democracy

국문 초록 (Abstract)

이 논문의 목적은 민주주의의 핵심적인 요소인 정치적 대표(representation)에 대한 미국 정치학계에서의 논쟁을 여론(정책적 선호)과 정책의 연계를 중심으로 살펴보고, 한국적인 함의를 살펴보는 것을 목적으로 한다. 미국정치에서 정치적 대표에 대한 논의는 초기의 유권자-의원 간의 이원적 대표(dyadic representation)를 중심으로 한 논의에서 집합적 대표(collective representation)에 대한 논의로 발전해왔다. 전자가 의원 개인이 해당 지역구민의 정책적 선호를 대변하는가 여부에 초점을 맞추었다면 후자는 민주주의 정치과정의 결과물로서 산출된 정책이 유권자의 거시적인 정책적 선호와 어떻게 조응하는가에 관심을 두었다. 특히 최근 미국사회의 경제적 불평등의 심화는 정치적 불평등, 나아가 정치적 대표의 실패로 이어지고 있다는 점이 최근의 논의에 기반을 두어 검토되었다. 이러한 이론적인 논의를 기반으로 하여 한국적 맥락에서 예비적인 고찰을 시도하였고 일반 국민들과 정치적 대표 간의 정치적 선호에 일정한 차이가 있음을 확인하였다. 특히 중요한 정치적 어젠 다에 대한 국민들의 선호에 있어서 계층 간 의미 있는 차이가 확인되었다. 본 연구의 문제제기에 기반을 두어 향후 연구에서는 보다 엄밀한 데이터에 기반한 한국 사회에서 유권자의 선호가 정치적 대표자의 투표 행위와 그리고 정책의 산출에 어떻게 반영되는가에 대한 구체적 경험분석으로 나아가는 것이 바람직하다고 하겠다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The main purpose of this study is to review scholarly debates of representation in American politics, the essential aspect of the democracy, with a focus on the opinion-policy linkage. This study also attempts to discuss its implication to Korean democracy. At the early stage of discussion of representation in American politics, scholars focused on the dyadic representations between the representative and constituents. Later, the discussions pay more attention to the collective representation, focusing on macro-congruence at aggregate level. More recently, influenced by a rapidly increased inequality, the scholarly discussion of representation sheds special lights on the political consequences of inequality on representation. Specifically, it was discussed that economic inequality may aggravate political inequality and even results in the failure of representation. Based on the discussion of representation in American politics, a preliminary analysis finds that there is a significant difference in policy preference between the voters and the representatives in Korea. Especially, there is a significant difference with regard to policy preference of important agendas between various income quintile, This finding, even though it is preliminary, has an implication to the future study of representation, in particular, inequality of representation.

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