미얀마 꼰바웅조 말기 ‘본 진 뻐러바익(Bhon-zin Parabaik)’의 도상적 특징과 기능: 수미산도와 도리천도를 중심으로 = Iconography and Its’ Function of Bhon-zin Parabaik in the late Konbaung dynasty: Focusing on Mount Meru and Tavatimsa

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Parabaik is a paper-folding book, which appeared since the 18th century in Myanmar. Parabaik was, for various purposes, used to describe Royal paintings as well as Buddhist narratives, such as Jataka and life story of Sakyamuni. Among many kinds of Parabaiks, the parabaik, which depicted Buddhist cosmology, is called "Bhon-zin Parabaik" in Burmese. These Bhon-zin parabaiks were published especially in the late period of the Konbaung Dynasty, the last kingdom of Myanmar. Of various scenes, depicted in the Bhon zin parabaik, the paper is focusing on two scenes, describing Mount Meru and Tavatimsa heaven, because original iconography of both scenes was found since the Bagan period. Besides, it was shown that new iconography and style were added to both scenes. For example, Sun worship by Burmese was reflected as one of the new iconographies in the scene of Mount Meru. In the scene of Tavatimsa, the king of Konbaung was also linked to Sakka(Thagyamin in Burmese), who controls Tavaimsa heaven. The production of the prabaiks can capture the intention of the Konbaung Kings to break it in the chaotic situation at the end of the 19th century. This is revealed through the symbolic representation of the political ideology of the real world through the image of Mount Meru and Tavatimsa heaven. Thus, the Konbaung Royal Family was able to control the aristocracy, which could be a threat of rebellion to them anytime, and promote political stability.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

뻐러바익은 18세기경부터 출현한 미얀마의 전통적인 절첩식 책이다. 미얀마 최후 왕조인 꼰바웅 대에 제작된 뻐러바익 가운데 불교적 우주관을 도해한 책만을 구분하여 '본 진 뻐러바익'이라 부른다. 본 진 뻐러바익에는 욕계, 색계, 무색계에 걸친 삼계의 장면이 수직 구도로 묘사되어 있다. 그중에서도 수미산도와 도리천도는 12세기 바간 시대 사원 벽화와 유사한 도상을 공유하면서도 일부 변용된 표현이 있어 주목된다. 본고는 본 진 뻐러바익에 묘사된 수미산도와 도리천도를 중심으로 이 장면에 새롭게 추가된 도상들이 꼰바웅 왕실의 정치적 메시지를 강조하기 위한 것으로 분석하였다. 특히 본 진 뻐러바익은 꼰바웅 말기인 19세기에 집중적으로 제작되었는데, 이 시기는 영국-버마 전쟁의 패배로 인한 식민지 편입을 목전에 둔 상황이었다. 본 진 뻐러바익은 왕실 후원으로 제작되어 버마족 엘리트들의 결속력을 다지고, 위태로운 시대 상황에서 복고적인 방식으로 왕권을 재정립하고자 했던 꼰바웅 왕실의 의도가 담겨 있었다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 노장서, "태국 사찰벽화에 나타난 우주도상 연구 -뜨라이품에 근거한 도상해석을 중심으로-" 한국태국학회 17 (17): 1-44, 2011

2 염중섭, "불교 우주론宇宙論 일월광日月光의 상징 분석" 한국국학진흥원 (19) : 177-210, 2011

3 주경미, "미얀마 버강시대 로카테익판 사원 연구" 불교미술사학회 21 : 113-148, 2016

4 Reynolds, Frank E., "Three Worlds According to King Luang: A Thai Buddhist Cosmology" Asian Humanities Press 1982

5 Herbert, Patricia, "The Making of A Collection: Burmese Manuscripts in the British Library" 15 : 59-70, 1989

6 Cowell, E. B., "The Jataka or stories of the Buddha's former births" Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited 1990

7 Pe Maung Tin, "The Glass Palace Chronicle of the Kings of Burma" Oxford University Press 1921

8 Lwan Po, "Some Popular Symbols in Myanmar Culture" 10 (10): 1-10, 2019

9 Yi Yi, "Silver Jubilee Publication" Historical Research Department 1982

10 Barend, Jan Terwiel, "Shan Manuscripts, Part 1" Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart 2003

11 Aung-Thwin, Michael, "Political Ideology: Conceptions of Kingship" University of Hawaii Press 1985

12 Gray, James, "Jinalankara or “Embellishments of Buddha”" Luzac & Co. 1894

13 Bautze-Picron, Claudine, "Interpreting Southeast Asia's Past: Monument, Image and Text" NUS Press 2008

14 Macouin, Francis, "Illustrations of Myanmar: Manuscript Treasures of the Musés Guimet" Silkworm Books 2019

15 Fraser-Lu, Sylvia, "Emulating The Celestials: The Walters’ Parabaik on Burmese Sumptuary Laws" 73 : 10-24, 2018

16 Aung-Thwin, Michael, "Contributions to Asian Studies" E. J. Brill 1981

17 Heine-Geldern, Robert, "Conceptions of State and Kingship in Southeast Asia" 2 (2): 15-30, 1942

18 Khine Pyae Sone, "Cities and Kings: Ancient Treasures from Myanmar" Asian Civilisations Museum 2016

19 Murphy, Stephen A., "Cities and Kings: Ancient Treasures from Myanmar" Asian Civilisations Museum 2016

20 Maung Kyaw Thet, "Burma's Relations with Her Eastern Neighbours In the Konbaung Period 1752-1819" University of London 1819

21 Herbert, Patricia, "Burma Art and Archaeology" The British Museum Press 2002

22 Green, Alexandra, "Buddhist Visual Cultures, Rhetoric, and Narrative in Late Burmese Wall Paintings" Hong Kong University Press 2018

23 Bogle, James Emanuel, "Buddhist Cosmology: The Study of a Burmese Manuscript" Silkworm Books 2018

24 Dhammasami, Khammai, "Between Idealism and Pragmatism A Study of Monastic Education in Burma and Thailand from the Seventeenth Century to the Present" University of Oxford 2004

25 Mya Oo, "Article for Symposium Program for Digitization and Conservation of Myanmar Old Manuscripts" University of Yangon 2016