平賀源內의 초빙과 秋田藩의 동광산 개발 = 근세 일본과 지식과 기술의 전파의 일 사례의 관점에서

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In the late eighteenth century the Akita domain launched a reform of the Ani copper mine right after the confiscation crisis, but only two years later a new bakufu policy on copper forced the domain to change its policy again. This domain policy resulted in a strong bakufu reprimand against domain's failure to supply export copper. The Akita domain, however, was not without its own agenda in making the most of its valuable resource, copper mines. Around this period the domain came up with a plan to have its own copper refinery where the whole refining process could be carried out. The domain pursued that goal vigorously by adopting bold and unconventional means, such as the invitation to Hiraga Gennai (1728-1780) and Yoshida Rihei to come to Akita, as well as its dealings with the Osakaya house, one of the Osaka refiners.
Hiraga Gennai, a samurai turned naturalist and writer, as his contemporary Sugita Gempaku put it, lived an extraordinary life. After his departure from Takamatsu, Gennai spent most of his time in Edo, but his life was known for frequent travels crisscrossing the country. His intellectual journey was also very colorful: He started as a student of natural studies, but moved from one specialty to another accomplishing greatly in various fields such as art, writing, manufacturing and mining. Gennai was not so much a scholar as a practitioner. From the very beginning he showed more interest in practicing what he learned than in learning itself. For him what could not be practiced worth little. Based on this concept of learning he earnestly pursued accomplishing whatever might be beneficial to the country and the populace.
The invitation of Gennai to Akita, the largest copper producer, marked a pinnacle in his mining career. He was accompanied by Yoshida Rihei, his partner in mining ventures. Their invitation was inspired by the idea of the domain copper refinery, but their activities in the domain were broad, and consisted of giving technical advice for mining in general and examining various mines rather than concentrating on the issue of copper refining. Their itinerary was thus set up to cover most of major mines in the domain. At Innai and Ani they discussed surveying techniques and the renovation of mines with domain officials and contractors.
Their long stay at the Ani copper mine underscores the probability that they were invited mainly for the Ani copper mine. They surveyed and examined the major shafts or pits. They also worked with engineers of the mine to deal with drainage problems. Finally, they conducted the experimental refining of copper, the most critical work in their visit. The experiment resulted in some silver, but it was far below the amount the domain had expected to obtain. Their visit provided domain officials and mining contractors with a rare opportunity to confer with outside specialists from a technically advanced area about various matters related to mining.
Gennai's visit failed to deliver the refining technique to the domain. His effort to develop the Numadate zinc mine also ended in failure. Despite these failures, their visit to Akita helped the domain move one step forward in its effort to establish a domain copper refinery. General technical advice given to the domain officials and contractors was appreciated. In Akita they also had a chance to discuss economic and mining policy in general with the domain officials. That the domain was satisfied with their visit was reflected in the generous rewards given to both men.
The most innovative among the initiatives taken by the Akita domain was the project to build its own refinery where the final process of copper refining could be performed. The plan, which came up in the late eighteenth century, was a radical move that could change the existing pattern of copper trade by ending the long-held monopoly of Osaka refiners over copper refining. The domain also had a difficult task of persuading the bakufu to cha

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 머리말
• Ⅱ. 히라가 겐나이와 그의 시대
• Ⅲ. 광산사업가 히라가 겐나이
• Ⅳ. 히라가 겐나이의 아키타 초빙
• Ⅴ. 맺음말
• 〈Abstract〉