(The) effects of calling in childrearing on work engagement and emotional exhaustion : focusing on gender differences

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of this study is to investigate how the concept of a calling in childrearing, which looks at parenthood and child-rearing from a new perspective, affects the occupational domain of dual-income couples and whether gender differences exist in these effects. First, Study 1 investigated whether there was a difference between men and women in conceptualizing a calling in childrearing through social network analysis. While Study 1 showed that men and women had different concepts of a calling in childrearing, Studies 2 and 3 investigated how a calling in childrearing, serving as a personal resource, affected work engagement and emotional exhaustion in the occupational domain, and further analyzed the difference between men and women. Studies 2 and 3 were also interested in whether a calling in childrearing affects the occupational domain by work-family spillover and whether this effect is different for men and women based on the double-edged sword theory that considers the positive and negative aspects of a calling.
The results are as follows. In Study 1, 12 concepts of calling in childrearing were elicited through interviews on how Korean adult men and women perceive the concept of calling in childrearing. Through interviews, the concepts were evaluated by parents, and the networks related to a calling in childrearing were derived through social network analysis (SNA). As a result of the study, it was found that mothers showed significantly larger networks and higher density than fathers did, indicating that mothers, more than fathers do, experience parenting and child-rearing based more on a concept of calling in childrearing. Parents directly linked responsibility, children's growth, direction, commitment, and parental character to a calling in childrearing. In addition, mothers also linked a sense of identity, parental growth, and child growth to it. In the case of fathers, only four concepts were directly connected with a calling in childrearing. This shows that mothers, in comparison to fathers, connect essential self-concepts, such as identity as a parent and themes of growth, to a calling in childrearing. In centrality, similar concepts also were evaluated as important.
In Study 2, a serial mediation effect was confirmed to illuminate the relationship between a calling in childrearing and work engagement in the occupational domain for dual-income couples with children in Korea. First, a calling in childrearing showed a significant positive effect on work engagement. In addition, the serial mediation effects of family demands, work-family negative spillover, and the serial mediation effects of life satisfaction and work-family positive spillover were also confirmed. In women, a calling in childrearing had a positive effect on work engagement through the serial mediation effect of life satisfaction and work-family positive spillover. In men, however, a calling in childrearing had a negative effect on work engagement when impacted by family demands and work-family negative spillover. This means that in the relationship between a calling in childrearing and work engagement, the calling in childrearing functions as a personal resource for women and a burden for men.
Study 3 also confirmed the relationship between a calling in childrearing and emotional exhaustion for dual-income parents in Korea. Seeking to find out whether a calling in childrearing which functioned as a personal resource in Study 2 can still play such a role despite the presence of the conflicts over time, which is considered the most challenging factor for working mothers, the serial mediation effect between a calling in childrearing and emotional exhaustion was analyzed. The result shows that a calling in childrearing did not have a significant effect on emotional exhaustion. However, the serial mediation effect of family needs and time-based conflict were significant. Gender differences were also found here. The serial mediation effect of family demands and time-based conflicts between a calling in childrearing and emotional exhaustion was only significant among women. This means that a calling in childrearing is a conflict factor that can cause emotional exhaustion when it comes to addressing challenges such as the time that is manifested for women when addressing the needs of their family.
In this study, it was confirmed that there is a difference between genders in the additional domain of calling, the calling in childrearing. This difference also appeared in the occupational adjustment of dual-income couples with children. In addition, it was revealed that a calling in childrearing influences the work domain as it acts as an individual resource based on the characteristic of calling. This can suggest a new perspective on organizational members who carry another identity, that of a parent, in terms of organizational management. Furthermore, this study is meaningful as it extends the definition of a calling in childrearing, which has not been widely introduced in Korea, from the realm of parenthood and child-rearing to other areas of life.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 최근 부모됨과 자녀양육을 새로운 관점에서 조망하는 부모소명이라는 개념이 맞벌이 부부의 직업영역에 어떤 영향을 미치는가와 이러한 영향에 남녀차가 존재하는가에 대해 밝히고자 하였다. 먼저, 연구 1에서 사회연결망 분석을 통해 부모소명을 인식하는 데 있어 남녀의 차이가 있는지 알아보았다. 연구 1에서는 부모소명에 대해 남성과 여성의 개념이 다르다는 것을 보여줬다면, 연구 2와 3에서는 부모소명이라는 개인적 자원이 직업영역인 직무열의와 정서적 소진에 어떤 영향이 있는지 알아보고 이러한 영향에 남녀의 차이가 있는지 밝히고자 하였다. 이를 위해서 기존 소명 이론에서 소명의 긍정적이면서 부정적인 측면을 고려하는 양날검 이론을 가지고 일-가정 전이 현상에 있어 부모소명이 직업영역에 영향을 미치는지와 이러한 영향이 남성과 여성에게서 다르게 나타나는지에 관심을 두었다.
결과는 다음과 같다. 연구1에서는 부모소명이라는 개념을 한국의 성인남녀가 어떻게 인식하고 있는지에 대한 인터뷰를 통해 부모소명에 대한 12개의 개념을 추출하였다. 여기서 추출된 개념들을 국내 부모를 대상으로 관계성 평가를 실시하여 사회연결망분석을 통해 부모소명에 관한 네트워크를 추출하였다. 연구결과, 어머니가 아버지보다 유의하게 큰 네트워크와 밀도를 보여 어머니가 아버지보다 더 많은 부모소명 개념을 사용하여 부모됨과 자녀양육을 경험하는 것으로 나타났다. 부모들은 책임감, 자녀의 성장, 방향성, 헌신, 부모의 인간적 자질을 부모소명과 직접 연결시켰다. 여성은 여기에 더해 정체감, 부모성장, 자녀성장을 더 연결시켰고, 아버지의 경우 부모 공통 개념에서 방향성이 빠져 총 4개의 개념만을 부모소명과 직접 연결시켰다. 이는 아버지에 비해 어머니가 부모로서 정체성과 같은 본질적인 자기 개념과 성장의 주제를 부모소명에 연결하고 있음을 보여준다. 연결중앙선에서도 유사한 개념들이 상대적으로 중요하다고 평가되었다.
연구 2에서는 국내의 자녀가 있는 맞벌이 부부를 대상으로 부모소명이 직업영역인 직무열의와의 관계를 소명의 양날 검 측면에서 조명하고자 이중매개효과를 확인하였다. 먼저 부모소명은 직무열의에 있어 유의한 정적 영향을 보였다. 또한, 가정요구와 일-가정 부정전이의 이중매개효과와 삶의 만족과 일-가정 긍정전이의 이중매개효과도 확인되었다. 이때 여성은 삶의 만족과 일-가정 긍정전이의 매개효과를 통해 부모소명이 직무열의에 정적인 영향을 보였고, 남성은 가정요구와 일-가정 부정전이를 통해 부모소명이 직무열의에 부적인 영향을 보였다. 이는 부모소명이 직무열의의 관계에 있어 여성에게는 개인적 자원으로 남성에게는 갈등의 요인으로 작용할 수 있다는 것을 의미한다.
연구 3에서도 국내의 자녀가 있는 맞벌이 부부를 대상으로 부모소명과 정서적 소진과의 관계를 확인하였다. 연구 2에서 여성에게 나타난 자원으로서의 부모소명이 직장생활을 하는 여성에게 가장 갈등 요소로 꼽히는 시간에 기반한 갈등에도 여전히 자원으로서 역할을 할 수 있는지를 알아보기 위해 가정요구에서 발생하는 시간기반 갈등을 매개로 하여 부모소명과 정서적 소진 간의 이중매개효과를 분석하였다. 먼저, 부모소명은 정서적 소진에 유의한 영향을 미치지 못하였다. 그러나 가정요구와 시간기반 갈등의 이중매개효과는 유의하였다. 여기에서도 남녀 차가 나타났는데, 여성에게서만 부모소명과 정서적 소진 사이에 가정요구와 시간기반 갈등의 매개효과가 유의하였다. 이는 여성들에게 가정의 요구에서 나타나는 시간이라는 현실적인 갈등요인에 있어서는 부모소명이 정서적 소진을 불러일으킬 수 있는 갈등요인이 된다는 것을 의미한다.
본 연구에서는 소명의 다른 영역인 부모소명에 남녀차가 있으며, 이러한 남녀 차이가 부모이자 맞벌이 부부의 직업적 적응에서도 나타난다는 것을 확인하였다. 아울러 부모소명이 소명이라는 특성에 기반하여 개인 자원으로서 직무영역에 영향을 갖는다는 것을 밝혔다. 이는 조직 관리 측면에서 부모라는 또 다른 정체성을 가진 조직원에 대한 새로운 시각을 제안할 수 있다. 아울러, 지금까지 국내에 널리 소개되지 않은 부모소명을 부모됨이나 양육의 영역에서 다른 삶의 영역까지 확장하였다는 측면에서 의의를 찾을 수 있을 것이다.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 1. INTRODUCTION 1
• 2. RESEARCH BACKGROUND 6
• 2.1. Calling in Childrearing 6
• 2.2. Work Engagement 23
• 2.3. Emotional Exhaustion 27
• 3. RESEARCH QUESTIONS 30
• 4. STUDY 1 34
• 4.1. Exploring the Constructs of the Calling in Childrearing 34
• 4.2. Differences in the Concept of Calling in Childrearing for Mothers and Fathers 39
• 5. STUDY 2 49
• 5.1. Participants and Procedure 49
• 5.2. Measures 51
• 5.3. Analytic Strategy 54
• 5.4. Results 54
• 5.5. Discussion 66
• 6. STUDY 3 71
• 6.1. Participants and Procedure 71
• 6.2. Measures 72
• 6.3. Data Analysis 75
• 6.4. Results 75
• 6.5. Discussion 82
• 7. GENERAL DISCUSSION 85
• 7.1. Implications 85
• 7.2. Limitations and Direction for Future Research 89
• REFERENCES 92
• APPENDIX 109
• ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 117

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