응우옌 왕조의 만상(萬象) 대응 추이: ‘속국’ 방기와 영토 획득 = Nguyễn Dynasty’s Decisions towards the Vạn Tượng Kingdom: Abandoning of a Fiefdom, Gaining of a Piece of Land

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Chao Anu, the most active and honorable Lao leader in the 19^th century, was severely tortured by the Siamese, and eventually died in an iron cage located in the corner of the Bangkok streets.
The emperor of Vietnam never used his military power, in reality, to protect this miserable king of Vạn Tượng who had been eager to gain Vietnamese support to resist Siamese intervention.
This article argues the reasons for Minh Mạng not to listen to Chao Anu’s appeal. What did make Minh Mạng do so? How did Minh Mạng skillfully avoided his responsibility? What was the consequences?
Vạn Tượng had been an important tributary country and the function of Vạn Tượng was very important to the Vietnamese emperor who claimed that he was the owner of the Việt Nam empire. To be an empire, to have enough tribute kingdoms was necessary. In turn, emperor had to protect his kings.
From my point of view, however, Minh Mạng paid more attention to the land than to the loyalties of the kingdoms. In the beginning he and his officials had the same opinion to be the faithful patron of Chao Anu. As soon as Chao Noi, a chief of the Vạn Tượng kingdom in the region of Xieng Khoang asked the support of Vietnam, Minh Mạng changed his mind. He regarded the Xieng Khoang was the former Trấn Ninh area of Vietnam, and he paid more attention to the job to change the Lao Xieng Khoang area to the land of the Vietnam. Chao Anu was left alone.
This article also deals with more evidence for the reality of Vietnamese view of the tributary countries. The countries that were regarded by the Vietnamese court to have had paid tributes did not mean the Vietnamese emperors had right to appoint the kings of so-called the tribute countries. We have very enough evidence that Vạn Tượng paid tributes to the emperors of Gia Long and Minh Mạng, while the Vietnamese emperors had no rights to appoint the Vạn Tượng kings who had been the subjects of the Siamese rulers. Only Cambodian kings were under the exclusive control of Vietnam. But the destination of the tribute kingdom was not a permanent survival. Eventually Cambodia was annexed into the territory of Vietnam. To the eyes of Vietnamese emperors in the 19th century, tributary countries were nothing but the candidates for one part of the Vietnamese territory.

참고문헌 (Reference)

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