Public health risk assessment for human exposure to chemicals

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Part Ⅰ Problem Diagnosis : A General Overview of the Origins and Nature of Chemical Exposure Problems
• 1 Introduction = 3
• 1.1 Chemical Origins: Coming to Terms with the Several Chemicals in Modern Society = 4
• 1.2 Public Health and Socio-Economic Implications of Chemical Exposure Problems = 20
• 1.3 Strategically Managing the Chemical Exposure Problem : The Need for Public Health Risk Assessment = 31
• 2 Anatomical and Physiological Perspectives on Human Exposure to Chemicals = 35
• 2.1 An Overview of Human Contact Sites and Target Organs Most Susceptible to Chemical Exposures = 36
• 2.2 The General Nature of Chemical Hazards and Human Response from Exposure to Chemical Substances = 43
• 2.3 The Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Chemicals in Human Exposure Environments = 49
• 3 Archetypical Chemical Exposure Problems = 59
• 3.1 Formulation of Archetypical Chemical Exposure Problems = 60
• 3.2 Quantification Process for the General Types of Human Exposures to Chemical Toxicants = 70
• Part Ⅱ A Public Health Risk Assessment Taxonomy : Nomenclatural Components, Concepts, Principles, and Evaluation Strategies
• 4 Principles and Concepts in Risk Assessment = 75
• 4.1 Fundamental Principles of Chemical Hazard, Exposure, and Risk Assessments = 79
• 4.2 Fundamental Concepts in Risk Assessment Practice = 87
• 4.3 Risk Acceptability and Risk Tolerance Principles : de Minimis Versus de Manifestis Risk Criteria = 95
• 4.4 Risk Assessment Implementation Strategy = 98
• 5 Attributes of a Public Health Risk Assessment = 101
• 5.1 General Attributes of Risk Assessment = 101
• 5.3 Risk Assessment as an Holistic Tool for Environmental and Public Health Management = 114
• 6 General Basic Planning Considerations for a Chemical Exposure Characterization Activity = 117
• 6.1 Conceptualization of Chemical Exposure Problems = 117
• 6.2 Fate and Behavior Appraisal for Chemicals of Potential Public Health Concern in Human Environments = 122
• 6.3 The Chemical Exposure Characterization Process : General Framework for Project／Field Data Collection = 132
• 6.4 General Basic Requirements for Assessing Public Health Risks Arising from Exposure to Chemicals in the Human Environment = 144
• Part Ⅲ A Risk Assessment Framework and Paradigm for Chemical Exposure Problems
• 7 Principal Elements of a Public Health Risk Assessment for Chemical Exposure Problems = 149
• 7.1 Characterization of Chemical Exposure Problems = 149
• 7.2 The Risk Assessment Process = 152
• 7.3 General Considerations in Public Health Risk Assessments = 156
• 7.4 Human Health Risk Assessment in Practice = 164
• 8 Chemical Hazard Determination = 169
• 8.1 Chemical Hazard Identification : Sources of Chemical Hazards = 169
• 8.2 Data Collection and Evaluation Considerations = 171
• 8.3 Statistical Evaluation of Chemical Sampling／Concentration Data = 175
• 8.4 Estimating Chemical Exposure Point Concentrations from Limited Data = 184
• 8.5 Determination of the Level of a Chemical Hazard = 188
• 9 Exposure Assessment : Analysis of Human Intake of Chemicals = 189
• 9.1 Fundamental Concepts and Requirements in the Human Exposure Assessment Process = 189
• 9.2 Potential Human Exposure Quantification : The Exposure Estimation Model = 195
• 9.3 Establishing ‘Exposure Intake Factors’ for Use in the Computation of Chemical Intakes and Doses = 211
• 9.4 Refining the Human Chemical Exposure Estimates = 221
• 9.5 Contemporary and Emerging Concepts in Exposure Assessment: The ‘Exposome’ and ‘Exposomics’ Paradigm = 227
• 10 Determination of Chemical Toxicity = 231
• 10.1 Fundamental Concepts and Principles in Toxicology = 231
• 10.2 Carcinogen Classification Systems = 241
• 10.3 Chemical Toxicity Assessment = 249
• 10.4 Determination of Toxicological Parameters for Human Health Risk Assessments = 256
• 10.5 The Dose-Response Assessment in Practice : A Recap of the Facts and Fallacies = 280
• 10.6 A Call for a Unified Framework and Approach to Dose-Response Assessments = 286
• 11 Chemical Risk Characterization = 289
• 11.1 Fundamental Issues and Considerations Affecting the Risk Characterization Process = 290
• 11.2 Carcinogenic Risk Effects : Estimation of Carcinogenic Risks to Human Health = 305
• 11.3 Non-cancer Risk Effects : Estimation of Non-carcinogenic Hazards to Human Health = 313
• 11.4 A Holistic Approach to Risk Presentations = 320
• 11.5 Risk Characterization in Practice and the Cumulative Risk Assessment Paradigm = 323
• 12 Uncertainty and Variability Issues in Public Health Risk Evaluation = 331
• 12.1 Uncertainty and Variability Concerns in Risk Assessment = 331
• 12.2 Characterization of Data Variability and Uncertainties = 343
• 12.3 Presenting and Managing Uncertain Risks: The Role of Sensitivity Analyses = 350
• 12.4 Coming to Terms with Uncertainty and Variability Issues in Risk Assessment = 352
• Part Ⅳ Development of Public Health Risk Management Strategies for Human Exposure to Chemicals
• 13 Determination of ‘Acceptable’ and ‘Safe’ Levels for Human Exposure to Chemicals = 357
• 13.1 General Consideration in Determining ‘Safe’ Doses for Chemicals of Interest = 357
• 13.2 Assessing the Safety of Chemicals in Consumer Products = 362
• 13.3 Determination of Risk-Based Chemical Exposure Levels = 364
• 13.4 Establishing Risk-Based Cleanup Limits for Contaminated Lands as a Classic Example = 370
• 13.5 Establishing Risk-Based Cleanup Limits for Contaminated Waters as a Practical Example = 376
• 13.6 Towards a ‘Desirable’ Health-Protective Chemical Exposure Level = 380
• 13.7 Sifting Through the Maze : Public Health Goals vs. Risk-Based Chemical Exposure Levels = 383
• 14 Designing Public Health Risk Management Programs = 385
• 14.1 Risk Assessment as a Cost-Effective Tool in the Formulation of Public Health and Environmental Management Decisions = 385
• 14.2 Comparative Risk Analysis : Application of Environmental Decision Analysis Methods to Public Health Risk Management Programs = 388
• 14.3 A Framework for Risk Management Programs = 394
• 14.4 Risk Communication as a Facilitator of Risk Management = 397
• 14.5 The Use of Contemporary Risk Mapping Tools : GIS in Public Health Risk Management Applications = 401
• 14.6 The General Nature of Risk Management Programs = 406
• 15 Utility of Risk Assessment in Public Health Policy Decisions = 409
• 15.1 General Role and Scope of Public Health Risk Assessment Practice = 410
• 15.2 The Public Health Risk Assessment Paradigm in Practice : Illustrative Examples of Public Health Study Designs = 423
• Appendix A : Glossary of Selected Terms and Definitions = 435
• Appendix B : Some Key Fate and Behavior Properties Affecting Environmental Chemicals = 475
• Appendix C : Toxicological Parameters for Selected Environmental Chemicals = 487
• Appendix D : Selected Databases, Scientific Tools, and Information Library Germane to Public Health Risk Assessment and Environmental Management Programs = 493
• Appendix E : Selected Units of Measurement and Noteworthy Expressions = 519
• Bibliography = 523
• Index = 593