신흥사기점의 도자기 생산특징과 전승양상 = Characteristics of Pottery Production at Sinheung Porcelain Factory: An Inherited Tradition

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The Sinheung porcelain factory produced white porcelain and black porcelain at the same time in the late Joseon Dynasty, and this tradition has been maintained to this day. Such a pottery tradition is difficult to find, not just in the Gangwon-do Province but also nationwide.
The factory’s record of ceramic production was compiled in 1916 in Samchukunji, Sinheung-ri also produced a lot of porcelain. Through this, it can be seen that fraudulent production was already prevalent in the Sinheung porcelain factory before 1916.
The characteristics of the Sinheung factory’s ceramic production can be summarized as follows: first, it produced white porcelain and black porcelain at the same time. This is usually difficult due to the different materials involved, such as soil and glaze. Generally, one kiln produces a field of pottery. The Sinheung factory overcame this and produced ceramics in two fields. Second, ceramics were produced by classifying grades. The best-made bowl was called “Won-gi,” the commonly used bowl was “Sang-gi,” and the bowl made of lower-grade ceramics was “Ha-gi.” All three classes of products were completed with pottery after being baked in a kiln. When the kiln cooled, the objects were taken out and the defective ones were eliminated. These may have included bowls whose glaze had not melted well or broken due to the excessive temperature in the kiln. This selection process was called “Pagi” and the rejects were destroyed in a dedicated place called “Pagi-Jang.” This is considered to be a characteristic of the Sinheung porcelain factory, which is difficult to find in other regions.
Third, when making black porcelain, locally produced red ochre was used as the raw material for the glaze. This production process has been followed from the Goryeo and Joseon periods until the present moment; however, its importance has not been sufficiently recognized and studied by researchers. Therefore, this study summarizes the context of black porcelain production at the Sinheung porcelain factory by revealing the conditions under which red ochre, a raw material used for manufacturing the glaze, which has not been known.
In other words, the factory was able to produce the two types of porcelain based on the regional specificity and environment, which facilitated the supply and demand of raw materials necessary for ceramic production such as clay and red ochre.
The continuation of this porcelain production tradition has been made possible by family inheritance and commitment to its original quality standards. The Sinheung porcelain factory was started by Kwak Bong-jae (unknown date of birth and death) in the late Joseon Dynasty and was bequeathed to his son Kwak In-ok (1877-1964), who then passed it on to his eldest and second sons, Kwak Yong-up (1911-1992) and Kwak Yong-woon (1914-2008). At the third generation, however, the tradition of pottery production suffered as plastic and nickel-silver bowls became popular.
As a result, Kwak Yong-woon was not succeeded by his son in the factory’s administration, which was transferred to one of his collaborators, Shin Won-soo, so that the tradition could continue. Shin Won-soo had the necessary abilities to produce ceramics and committed to preserve the original production techniques, tools, and raw material collection procedures at the Sinheung porcelain factory.
The ceramic production tradition of the Sinheung Porcelain factory was inherited by direct descendants from the 1st to 3rd generations, and was passed on to other people with the ability to produce ceramics from the 3rd to 4th generations.

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