Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) can be induced to differentiate into a variety of tissues, including bone, cartilage, fat, and muscle, in vitro and in vivo. Autologous MSCs have several advantages over embryonic stem (ES) cells: there is no terat...
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) can be induced to differentiate into a variety of tissues, including bone, cartilage, fat, and muscle, in vitro and in vivo. Autologous MSCs have several advantages over embryonic stem (ES) cells: there is no teratocarcinoma formation, no immune rejection, and there are no ethical problems. Compared with ES cells, however, MSCs have very poor replicative capacity and short proliferative longevity. Therefore, an important challenge in regenerative medicine is to improve the replicative capacity of MSCs, in order to obtain sufficient MSCs to repair large defects. A few studies have reported the effect of donor variation (age, gender, subculture, and so on) on the isolation, expansion and characterization of MSCs. Of these, the effects of extensive subculture on the proliferation and the osteogenic potential of MSCs remain controversial. The goal of our study was to characterize the proliferation and the osteogenic potential of human MSCs during serial subculture and to identify differentially regulated proteins in human MSCs during serial subculture and the osteogenic differentiation using proteome analysis. Human bone marrow-derived MSCs were serially subcultured and maintained in basal or osteogenic medium for 14 days. The human MSCs had different morphologies, immunophenotypes, and growth rates that were correlated with the length of serial subculture. The phenotype changed from small spindle-shaped cells at passage 1 into large cuboidal or flattened cells at passage 7. The osteogenic capacity of human MSCs decreased during serial subculture. Using RT-PCR, the mRNA levels of bone-specific genes, such as cbfa1runx2 and osteocalcin, decreased with increasing passage number. Strong positive staining was observed for ALP and Alizarin red s in osteogenic medium on day 14, but declined significantly with increasing passage numbers. Furthermore, depositions of calcification were observed in osteogenic medium on day 14, but declined significantly with increasing passage number. During the serial subculture of human MSCs, proteome analysis, RT-PCR, and western blotting were used to identify differentially regulated proteins that affect the proliferation and osteogenic potential of MSCs. The MSCs showed differentially regulated expression of protein species during serial subculture. Of the proteins identified using peptide mass fingerprinting, 8 were up-regulated and 4 were down-regulated. Of the differentially regulated proteins, Annexin A1, Cathepsin D, TCP-1a, and CCTr were associated with cell proliferation, the cell cycle, morphology, and apoptosis. In RT-PCR and western blotting, TCP-1α gradually decreased during serial subculture and the osteogenic differentiation. In this study, we showed that the proliferation and osteogenic capacity of human MSCs decreased during serial subculture; of the proteins differentially regulated during serial subculture, TCP-1α may affect proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human MSCs.