「とか」の意味機能に関する記述的研究 = The study of the Japanese usage of “toka”

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

本稿では、現代日本語のトカの意味機能を中心にその文法的な特徴を記述した。トカは「ＡとかＢ(とか)」の形で使用される並列使用の＜例示＞が基本的な意味機能である。単独使用の「Ａとか」も＜例示＞を表わすが、婉曲表現や強調表現として使用されるトカの＜擬似的な例示＞＜強調的な例示＞も若者言葉を中心に最近は多く使用される。そして、単独使用の＜引用＞のトカは意味的及び構文的条件により、＜伝聞＞や＜可能性推定＞の意味機能にもつながっていくことがわかった。この＜可能性推定＞の用法は、先行研究では取りあげられておらず、本稿の一つの成果と言えるだろう。最後に、日本語教育において、並列助詞の「とか」は初級文法の一つとして＜例示＞の用法が提示される程度で、その他の用法は取り上げられることが少ない。＜伝聞＞や＜可能性推定＞なども中上級の日本語学習者に教える必要があると思われる。

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This paper describes the grammatical features of "toka" in modern Japanese, focusing on its semantic functions. "Toka" is basically used in the parallel form "A toka B (toka)," which has a
meaning of an example. The usage "A toka", expressing only one element, also means an example, but the recent trend among young people has seen an increase in the use of "toka" for euphemistic expressions and emphatic examples, known as “pseudo-examples” and “emphatic examples”, respectively. Furthermore, it was found that the usage of "A toka" as a quotation can lead to meanings related to ”hearsay“ and ”possibility estimation“ depending on the semantic and syntactic conditions. This use of “possibility estimation” has not been mentioned in the previous researches and I could say this is the one of the contributions of this paper. Lastly, in Japanese language education, the parallel paricle "A toka B toka" is typically introduced at the beginners’ level as an usage of “example function”, while other uses are rarely taught at classes. It seems necessary to teach meanings such as “hearsay” and “possibility estimation” to intermediate and advanced Japanese learners.