중국 근대 心力說과 梁啓超의 미학 사상

한성구 한국유교학회 2016 유교사상문화연구 Vol.0 No.66

The “Mind Power” theory advocated by modern Chinese thinkers referred to the dynamic role of consciousness. In their works, power of the mind basically meant the “Power of the passionate mind” (the enthusiasm, the inner drive of activity), the power of love, and creativity. They believed that the power of the mind was the greatest power in the universe. Therefore, They counted on the enhancement of the power of the mind to save and strengthen the nation. The theory of the power of the mind did play an active part in stimulating subjective initiative and reinforcing the subjective consciousmess. Nevertheless, it was based on the subjective idealism of the inner world, maintaining that the mind and the power of the mind were free of the restrictions of the objective law and objective conditions. These beliefs in the determinism of consciousness and omnipotence of the spirit in turn led to apparent negative effects. 梁啓超는 근대 시기 變法維新을 주도하고 新民說을 주장하는 등 정치 및 학술 영역에서 폭넓은 활동을 한 대표적 계몽 사상가이다. 그는 3년여에 걸친 유럽 시찰을 통해 1차 세계대전의 참상을 경험한 후, 유럽의 生哲學과 중국 전통 儒家哲學을 융합해 개인의 자유의지를 강조하는 사상을 전개한다. 특히 그는 心力 개념을 미학적 입장에서 새롭게 해석함으로써 극도로 혼란한 시대에 개개인의 강력한 정신적 역량이 발휘되어 新中國 건설과 新民의 양성에 도움이 되기를 기대했다. 이 논문에서는 心力說의 기원과 발단, 변천 과정을 살펴보고 梁啓超 미학사상의 주요 개념인 心力의 의미와 시대적 의의를 분석해 봄으로써 그가 미학을 통해 啓蒙과 救亡의 시대에 중국인들에게 어떤 영향을 미치고자 하였는지를 연구해보고자 하였다.

천주교의 영혼설이 조선후기 사상계에 끼친 영향 -성호, 다산, 담헌, 혜강을 중심으로-

안영상 ( Yeong Sang Ahn ) 한국사상사학회 2002 한국사상사학 Vol.19 No.-

학교폭력의 이해와 예방을 위한 마음인문학적 접근 : 마음탐구 프로그램 개발을 중심으로

정혜정 한국교육철학회 2012 교육철학 Vol.48 No.-

The educational philosophy for the prevention of school violence and school making peace lies to open the way of self-creation and to disappear the rival consciousness from the mind. So this study is approach in mind-humanities to seek the alternative. The fundamental basis of human growth is in mind study. The school violence typically is applied with student interaction that occurs between the intended physical, emotional behavior around the school. The causes of school violence are inherently attributed to block the correct relationships and to deny the value and the presence of the majority of students, such as environmental factors of school, home, and society. The school violence is nothing more than the routine that social violence push came to school. In the routine violence of capital and power of society, straggler of school competition is to be social straggler. All of our human life is neutered by the collusion of school education and the social mechanism. In this study I try to make and develope the mind-study for the prevention of school violence in approaching mind humanities. And I want that it is to be utilize in a wide range of character education. The mind-study program is made three phases of it. It is warming up program, main program(seven levels), and assistance Program(four types).

성격 특성에 관한 체질판별 문진항목의 통계적 분석

김흥기,김종열,Kim, Hong-Gie,Kim, Jong-Yeol 사상체질의학회 2003 사상체질의학회지 Vol.15 No.3

Objectives : To evaluate the properness and effectiveness of the question categories concerning 'sasang constitutional characteristics of mind', used in Iksan Wonkwang Oriental Medicine. Methods : We statistically analyzed data from those 1335 patients focussing on 'relative discrimination ability' to sasang constructions and 'response ratio'. Patients included in this research are only those who had been well treated in Iksan Wonkwang Oriental Medicine during the Period of three years from 2000 to 2002. The data are obtained through the electronic chart developed by Kim Jong-Yeal, and analyzed using the statistical Package SPSS. Results: In total characteristics of mind, the question category of 'timid' has high discriminating power and effectiveness to Soeum type, more in women than men, and especially with an age of 21 or more; The category of 'hasty-tempered' to Soyang type in women with all ages and men with ages 21-40; The category of 'broad-minded' to Taeum type with ages 41 or more; The category of 'timid and broad-minded' to Soyang type, and especially high to women with ages 41 or more. Question categories concerning response type in anger were estimated to have different response patterns to sasang constructions only for ages 21 or more by $X^2$2 test. The question category of 'bear and last long' has high discriminating power and effectiveness to Soeum type, more in men than women, and increasingly to ages; The category of 'impatient and disarmed quickly' to Soyang type in both women and men, especially with ages 21 or more; The category of 'impatient' to Soyang type women or with ages 21 or more. Other categories have low discriminating power or low effectiveness. Concernig expression type of one's thought, the question category of 'straightly' has high discriminating power and effectiveness to Soyang type, more in wemen than men, and especially to ages 21 or more; The category of 'tender' to Soeum type, in women or with ages 40 or less; The category of 'indirectly' to Taeum type in men or with ages 41 or more; The category of 'straightly and stuborn' to Soyang type with ages 41 or more; The category of 'indirectly and tender' to Soeum with with ages 20 or less; The category of 'not express and tender' to Soeum type with ages 41 or more; Conclusions : Question categories concerning total characteristics of mind, response type in anger and expression type of one's thought, are partially discriminating and effective to specific constitution according to sex and ages, and some categories are more discriminating and effective when they are composited. But generally, the discriminating power of Taeum constitution group and group with ages 20 or less was too low, so it is necessary to develope question categories for those groups.

「몽블랑」: 인간과 자연의 상호작용을 통한 힘의 이해

박경화 ( Kyeong Hwa Park ) 한국현대영어영문학회 2013 현대영어영문학 Vol.57 No.3

In “Mont Blanc”, Shelley explores the relation between the human mind and the universe. Therefore, much of modern critical attention has focused on the human mind`s understanding of itself in relation to Nature and to any ultimate source of Power. To find the hidden Power within the world, human mind and Nature actively interact. This is the characteristic of “Mont Blanc” compared with other romantic nature poems which usually dealt with nature as a magnificent creature of the powerful God. By contemplating Mont Blanc and with the interaction between human mind and Nature, the speaker of this poem finally realizes the true nature of the Power, which is the source of moving universe and of dominating the order of man and Nature. In the last three lines of “Mont Blanc,” Shelley explains the ultimate Power of things can be found in the symbol of the mountain and only human minds` imaginings can find it. Therefore, imagining human mind`s mutual understanding enables us to understand the Power of the mountain and by finishing “Mont Blanc” with a rhetorical question, Shelley emphasizes the infinitive human mind. (Hannam University)

동학과 성리학의 수련법 비교- 수심정기와 경법(敬法)을 중심으로

손병욱 동학학회 2013 동학학보 Vol.0 No.27

The method to protect original pure mind of Donghak and the method to maintain original bright mind of neo-Confucian theory both are regard as very important point to maintain original good mind through the method of sitting in meditation. Futhermore Donghak is try to practice In-Yi-Yea-Chi(仁義禮智) belong to confucian virtures. What are the common points between Donghak and neo-Confucian theory? How we can explain the different points of Donghak and neo-Confucian theory? I will answer to these questions through a comparative analysis about the mind training method between Donghak and neo-confucian theory. These two mind training methods concloud calming state and movement, the principal and its application. These two methods are regard as very important points to recover and to maintain the bright consciousness through the cultivation of concentration power. Donghak trys aiming at the spiritual enlightenment such as attaining the ultimate energy so called SICHEONJU(侍天主). But neo-Confucian theory trys aiming at the state of Saint or heaven-human not-two body(天人合一). The method to maintain original bright mind of neo-Confucian theory has very reasonal feature. So this method requests comparatively high intellectual level. But the method to protect original pure mind of Donghak has the features of loving life, respecting great character, and feeling emotion. So this method has a strong hold on the public. The mind training method of Donghak has the feature of community life, but that of neo-Confucian theory has very indivisual character. The method of Donghak represents korean specific character. Donghak always speaks that the ultimate energy-heaven exists in now and here, not in the future or in the past. In the future, if more the people, especially modern koreans want to live in spiritual enlightenment, they must utilize the excellent aspects of the method to protect original pure mind of Donghak. 동학의 수심정기 수련법과 성리학의 경법(敬法)에서는 다 같이 정좌존심(靜坐存心)을 중요시한다. 그리고 동학에서는 수심정기를 통하여 유교의 덕목으로 알려진인의예지를 실천하려고 한다. 그렇다면 두 사유체계의 수련법에 상통점이 있을 것이다. 그 상통점은 무엇이며, 또 서로 다른 특징은 어떻게 설명될 수 있을 것인가?이에 동학과 성리학의 수련법에 대한 비교, 고찰을 통해서 이 물음에 대한 해답을구하고자 하였다. 동학의 수심정기 수련법은 성리학의 경법과 마찬가지로 동과 정, 체와 용을 포괄하는 수련법이다. 둘 다 집중력 배양으로 성성적적(惺惺寂寂)한 의식을 회복하고유지하는 것을 매우 중요시 한다. 동학은 수심정기를 통하여 시천주의 깨달음에 이르고자 한다면, 성리학은 경법을 통하여 수기가 완성된 내성(內聖)의 경지, 천인합일에 이르려고 한다. 성리학의 경법은 이성적이고 논리적인 방법을 택함으로써 상당한 지적 수준을요구한다. 이에 비해 동학의 수심정기법은 정감적이고 인격적이며 생명적인 방법,달리 말하여 지정의(知情意)의 전방면 중 특히 정적(情的)으로 쉽게 접근할 수 있는 대중친화적인 특성을 갖는다. 지기한울님을 믿고 공경하며 정성을 다하는 그런 마음만 있으면 누구라도 수심정기하여 시천주함으로써 천지의 운절(殞絶)된 기운을 보충받는 삶을 살 수 있고, 나아가 군자가 되어서 인의예지를 실천할 수 있다는 것이다. 동학의 수련법은 공동체적인 성격을 지니는데 비해서, 성리학의 수련법은 개인적인 성격이 강하다. 따라서 한국적인 고유성을 잘 대변하는 것은 동학이라고 하겠다. 동학은 수련을 통해 ‘지금여기’에 항상 이르러 있는 지기한울님을 모시는 시천주를 강조한다. 과거나 미래보다 ‘현재’가 중요하다는 것이다. 이런 측면에서 불교, 특히 선불교와 매우 유사하다. 앞으로 보다 많은 사람들, 특히 현대 한국인들이 깨달음의 삶, 달리 말하여 ‘언제나자기 자리에서 자기 할 일 제대로 할 줄 아는 삶’을 영위하기 위해서는 동학의 수심정기 수련법이 갖는 수월성(秀越性)을 제대로 알고 나아가 이것을 잘 활용할 필요가 있음을 강조하고자 하였다.

인터넷과 관리권력 그리고 관리사회

박승일(Seung Il Park) 사단법인 언론과 사회 2018 언론과 사회 Vol.26 No.2

이 글은 관리권력이라는 개념을 제안하고 그 필요성과 유효성을 점검해 보는 데 일차적인 목적이 있다. 포드주의에서 포스트 포드주의 혹은 신자유주의로의 이행은 지배적인 규제양식의 변화를 동시에 수반하는 만큼, 이와 맞물려 있는 권력관계의 변화 또한 보다 정확한 개념으로 포착해낼 필요가 있다. 관리권력이라는 개념이 바로 그것인데, 이는 푸코의 통치성 개념을 이어받으면서도 그 문제의식을 인터넷 이후의 시대인 현재적 관점에서 새롭게 읽어내기 위한 것이라 할 수 있다. 통치성의 문제설정이 신자유주의와 긴밀하게 연결되어 있다고 한다면, 그것은 또한 신자유주의적 재구조화와 상호 조건적 관계를 이루는 정보화 사회로의 전환과도 그만큼 분리 불가능하게 얽혀 있을 수밖에 없다. 그렇다면 이제 관건은 인터넷이라는 장치의 고유한 특징과 그 지배적인 상황에 맞게 통치성의 문제설정을 새로이 도출해 내는 것이며, 더 나아가 이러한 개념적 전유를 통해 인터넷이 권력 그 자체로 작동해 가는 구체적이고 현재적인 방식과 기법, 전술 등을 포착해 내는 것이다. 이를 위해 이 글은 정보통신기술의 고유한 작동 방식이 신자유주의의 가치화 메커니즘 및 포섭의 전략과 상호 조응하면서 구체화되는 양상을 ‘노동의 사회화’와 ‘정신의 기계화’ 과정으로 구분하고, 이를 다시 ‘환경의 관리’와 ‘정신의 관리’라는 자체의 원리를 따라 각각 ‘환경관리권력’과 ‘정신관리 권력’으로 개념화하고자 했다. 이 이중의 관리권력은 그 원리와 메커니즘 면에서는 서로 구분되지만 전체적으로는 상보적인 관계로 결합되며, 그리하여 관리사회라는 독특한 사회적 짜임을 이루게 된다. 인터넷과 관리권력, 그리고 관리사회라는 이 글의 문제설정이 이렇게 도출된다. This study has a primary purpose in suggesting the concept, the control power as well as reviewing its necessity and effectiveness. As the transition from Fordism to post-Fordism, or to neoliberalism entails a change in the dominant mode of regulation, it is also necessary to capture the changes in power relations that are associated with the mode of regulation more accurately concept. The control power, which is derived from the concept of governmentality Foucault advanced, provides better explanation on the new mode of regulation in the post-Internet period. If the problematics of the govenrmentality is closely linked to neoliberalism, then it is also inseparably intertwined with the transition to an information society that with interconditional relations to neoliberal restructuring. Accordingly, the key is to derive a new set of problematics of governmentality that fit the unique characteristics of the Internet device and its dominant context, and furthermore, this conceptual appropriation captures the concrete and current ways, techniques, and tactics that the Internet operates as power itself. In order to suggest a new concept, this study conceptualizes the way in which the unique way of operation of information and communication technologies interacts with the valuation mechanism and subsumption strategies of neoliberalism as the socialization of labor and the mechanization of mind. The socialization of labor and the mechanization of mind are further conceptualized respectively as the environmental power and the psycho power, with the consideration of their principles, control of environment and control of psycho. These double control powers are distinguishable in terms of principle and mechanism, but each is combined into a complementary relationship as a whole. So that they have a unique configuration of the society of control. This leads to the main problematics of this study as the Internet, the control power, and the society of control.

심(心)과 물(物)의 관계로 본 ‘완물상지(玩物喪志)’의 철학적 쟁점

손정희(Son, Jung-Hee) 서울대학교 철학사상연구소 2016 철학사상 Vol.62 No.-

동아시아 완물(玩物) 담론을 이해하는 선행 작업으로 시작된 본고의 목표는 『서경(書經)』의 ‘완물상지(玩物喪志)’에 구축된 철학적 쟁점을 파악하는 데 있다. 『서경』의 ‘완물상지’는 선진시기의 주요한 철학 범주였던 심과 물에 대한 이분법적인 사고의 체계 안에 위치하고 있는데, 여기에는 심물 관계에서 주요 이슈가 되었던 “외물에 부려지는가(役於物)” 아니면 “외물을 부리는가(役物)”에 대한 문제의식이 담겨 있었다. 그리고 이러한 문제의식은 완물상지에 대한 송대 도학자들의 해석에서도 그대로 발견되는 것이었다. 요컨대, 송대 도학자들이 ‘완물상지’에 대해 주목한 철학적 쟁점은 ① 이목(耳目)에 부림을 당하는가의 여부와 ② 그 뜻을 잃는가의 여부로 파악된다. 이 두 가지는 완물상지를 판가름하는 기준이기도 하였는데, 이는 거꾸로 이목에 부림을 당하지 않고 그 뜻을 잃지 않는다면 ‘완물’이 해가 되지 않을 수 있는 논리를 내포하고 있었다. 그리고 이 지점에서 이목에 부림을 당하지 않을 수 있는 철학적 해결 방안이 제시되고 있었는데, 그것은 곧 외물에 대한 ‘마음의 주재’이다. 즉, 마음의 주재를 통과해 완물이 단지 이목에 사로잡히는 것이 아니라 외물을 통한 이치를 완미함으로 이어진다면 이때의 완물은 뜻을 잃음이 아닌 그 뜻을 기르는 논리를 확보할 수 있다. The purpose of this research paper, which started as a work-in-progress to understand the discourse of Wanmul(玩物) in East Asia, is to identify philosophical issues built on “Wanmul Sangji(玩物喪志)” of 『Shujing』(書經). “Wanmul Sangji” on 『Shujing』is located within a Confucian system of dichotomous thinking of the mind and things, which served as a key philosophical category in the pre-Qin(先秦) period. It contained a critical view of the important issue of the relationship between the mind and things, which was whether the mind was “managed by external things” or “managed external things.” And this critical view is also found in the interpretation of “Wanmul Sangji” by Dohak(道學) scholars in the Song Dynasty. In short, philosophical issues derived through “Wanmul Sangji” by Dohak scholars of the Song Dynasty are: ① whether one is managed by external things and ② whether he loses the mind. These two served as criteria to decide “Wanmul Sangji” as well and inversely, it contains the logic that “Wanmul” may not do any harm if one is not managed by external things and he does not lose the mind. And at this point, a philosophical solution was provided, which was not to be managed by external things, and it is the “controlling power of mind” toward external objects. In other words, when Wanmul goes through the controlling power of the mind and it leads to appreciating Li(理, principle) through external objects, the notion of Wanmul here can secure a good logic that one can cultivate his mind.

마음챙김 명상 프로그램이 정신과 입원 환자의 스트레스반응 및 파워에 미치는 효과

홍혜민 ( Hong Hye Min ),장선주 ( Jang Sun Joo ) 한국정신간호학회 2017 정신간호학회지 Vol.26 No.3

The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of a Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction (MBSR) program on stress response and power in psychiatric inpatients in a closed ward. Methods: For this study a quasi-experiment design was used to examine the effects of the intervention. The MBSR program conducted in this study was a six-session program, in which participants were asked to meditate for 45 minutes twice a week for 3 weeks. Homogeneity between the experimental and control group was assessed using x² test, t-test, and Fisher`s exact test. The results of the assessment showed that the variances of the two groups were equal. Demographic variables of the study participants were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The study hypotheses were verified using t-test. Cronbach`s α was measured to assess the reliability of each test. Results: Compared with the control group, patients in the experimental group showed significant improvement in scores for stress response (t=3.62, p=.001) and power (t=-3.42, p=.001). Conclusion: These results suggest that the mindfulness meditation program can be used as a psychosocial rehabilitation intervention for psychiatric inpatients by capitalizing on its positive effects on emotional reactivity and behavioral regulation.

한국의 권력형비리에 관한 연구 - 그 속성과 방지대책 -

전수일(Jeon Soo Il) 한국부패학회 2003 한국부패학회보 Vol.8 No.2

The objective of this study is to suggest some countermeasures to political corruption, examining general characteristics of power-related irregularities in Korea. The power-related irregularities, in other word, the high level corruption belong to the categories of political corruption committed by the influentials who have great power and their close associates. The need of great quantity of political fund in our political environment inevitably has led to illegal transaction between political power and business corporations. In concluding, this study emphasizes that it is the shortest way to curb political corruption by changing political system from high cost political structure to low cost political structure and indoctrinating ethical mind to politicians and the general public as well.