RELATIONSHIP MARKETING WITH CONSUMERS FROM A TOTAL CHANNEL SYSTEM PERSPECTIVE

이수진 UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON 2001 해외박사

This dissertation develops a relationship marketing model in the consumer-manufacturer (C-M) and the consumer-retailer (C-R) dyads. The purpose of this research is to identify a structure of relationship marketing and to develop a relationship marketing model for the consumer market. The three major research objectives are a) to define the concepts of internalization and relationship strength, b) to explore the determinants of relationship strength and c) to examine the interconnected relationship between the C-R and C-M relationships. The empirical investigation was conducted through a store-intercept survey of 491 consumers. The proposed models and hypotheses were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis, regression analysis, and structural equation modeling. Overall, the results supported the proposed hypotheses and models. Based on the reliable and valid measurement models of both the C-R and C-M relationships, the proposed four determinants of relationship strength were found significant in the C-R and C-M relationships. The four determinants are stakes, analogy, approbation, and availability. The conceptual link between relationship strength and internalization was also found significant in both relationship dyadss. The interconnected network relationship between relationship strength in C-R and relationship strength in C-M was tested using a non-recursive model. The hypothesized paths from C-R to C-M and from C-M to C-R were both accepted, and the hypothesized paths from C-R to C-M and from C-M to C-R were both accepted, and the overall model also performed well. The development of a valid instrument for measuring consumer-firm relationships should result in a better understanding of the consumer-firm relationship. Indeed, the conceptualization of internalization and the interconnected relationship between C-R and C-M relationships presents the empirical meaning of the consumer in a channel system and the consumer as a channel member playing an important bridging function in implementing relationship marketing in a total channel system. The interconnected relationship indicates that a well-coordinated channel partnership is essential for building relationships with consumers. The results of this study suggest the need for a radical restructuring of firms' attitudes toward consumers and a broader perspective in implementing relationship marketing, which will enable relationship marketing to prosper in the consumer market.

병원 종사자의 관계갈등이 직무번영감을 매개로 침묵행동과 서비스지향 OCB에 미치는 영향

정고은 조선대학교 경영대학원 2026 국내석사

The Effects of Relationship Conflict on Silence Behavior and Service Oriented OCB with the Mediator of Thriving at Work Jung Go Eun Adviser : Prof. Jung Jin Chul. Ph.D. Department of Business Administration, Graduate School of Chosun University Healthcare organizations operate under high job demands, emotional labor, and intensive interpersonal interactions, placing hospital workers —particularly nursing staff—at heightened risk of experiencing relationship conflict. Relationship conflict refers to interpersonal tension and psychological strain arising from differences in values, communication breakdowns, and disagreements with supervisors, colleagues, patients, and caregivers. Such conflict can undermine emotional stability, suppress open communication, increase silence behavior, and ultimately diminish service quality. Thriving at work—defined as a psychological state characterized by vitality and learning—has emerged as a key personal resource that enables hospital workers to better cope with relational stressors. Although previous studies have examined the effects of job stress on worker behaviors, limited research has simultaneously explored the mediating role of thriving at work and the moderating role of value-oriented organizational culture in the relationships among relationship conflict, silence behavior, and service-oriented organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) within hospital settings. Given the unique characteristics of hospital environments, where collaborative care, continuous communication, and high emotional labor are essential, relationship conflict may exert an even more significant influence on worker behaviors. This study empirically investigates the multidimensional effects of relationship conflict on behavioral outcomes among hospital workers. Specifically, it examines whether thriving at work mediates the effects of relationship conflict on silence behavior and service-oriented OCB, and whether value-oriented organizational culture moderates these relationships. The research model conceptualizes relationship conflict as the independent variable; silence behavior and service-oriented OCB as dependent variables; thriving at work as a mediating variable; and value-oriented culture as a moderating variable. The findings provide meaningful implications by identifying the mechanisms through which relationship conflict shapes worker behaviors in hospital organizations. This study offers practical insights for developing human resource management strategies and organizational culture initiatives aimed at enhancing thriving, reducing silence behavior, and fostering service-oriented citizenship among hospital workers. Keywords: relationship conflict, thriving at work, silence behavior, service-oriented OCB, value-based organization culture, hospital organizations, hospital workers, nursing staff

판매자의 지각된 관계투자가 구매자의 관계성과에 미치는 영향: 몽골 케시미어와 낙농업을 중심으로

랍단수렌 찬잘돌람 전북대학교 일반대학원 2013 국내박사

Relationship loyalty has been viewed to be critical to the success of the business firms. Loyalty buyers is a key objective of relationship marketing, however, researchers little attend on which antecedent variables could be used and positively in a buyer-seller relationship. This thesis tries to develop and test a two-level model which leads to a better understanding of the relationship between the salesperson and its buyer of the dairy and cashmere industries in Mongolia. This research develops of buyer-seller relationship based on a review of the literature to empirically investigate in two-level model: (1) buyer level: the impacts of buyer promoting relationship orientations (salesperson competence and product dependency) on relationship outcomes (relationship quality and relationship loyalty); (2) seller level: the impacts of seller's relationship investments (financial, social, structural, and behavioral) on buyer's relationship outcomes. (3) the ultimate affects of buyers relationship quality on relationship loyalty. Especially, this thesis investigates the role of the behavioral investments in the buyer-seller loyalty relationship. Behavioral investments is can be a positive antecedent of relationship quality and loyalty. This thesis includes control variables (i.e., age of relationships, salesperson's experience, and firm size) in the model. Furthermore, this thesis presents and discusses empirical findings from a survey of 67 sellers and its 1675 buyers at Mongolian dairy and cashmere industries. In this thesis, hierarchical linear modeling (HLM 7.0) analysis was conducted to test the hypothesis. The result of the this thesis support the hypothesized relationships proposed in the theoretical model. Results showed that financial, social, structural and behavioral investments are determinant components of relationship loyalty. In addition, it is found that social and behavioral investments are an important determinant of relationship loyalty. These results demonstrate that if firms build close relationships with their partners based on social and behavioral investments, then it will result in more long-term relationships. And also buyer promoting relationship orientation influences on buyer relationship quality. The salesperson competence and product dependency are necessary determinants of the buyer promoting relationship orientation in a B2B context. The results also provide relationship quality is crucial components of relationship loyalty. This thesis contributes to theoretical and practical knowledge by providing for the first time, evidence about the seller's relationship investments and buyers promoting relationship orientation influence on buyer relationship outcomes in the two-level model in Mongolian cashmere and dairy industry and its buyers. The findings imply the need for industrial firms and their buyer relationships, to strategic lever on the key antecedents of a relationship quality and relationship loyalty including relationship investments and buyer promoting relationship orientations and can be more competitive advantage, and long-term relationship.

Relationships are More than Skin Deep: Associations between Testosterone, Relationship Quality, and Prosocial Behavior

Chin, Kristi A ProQuest Dissertations & Theses University of Mich 2022 해외박사(DDOD)

Testosterone is a steroid hormone that is important for close relationship processes (Edelstein & Chin, 2018). For instance, people who are single tend to have higher levels of testosterone compared to people who are in committed relationships (Mazur & Michalek, 1998), suggesting that testosterone lowers once one is in a relationship. Furthermore, lower testosterone might be functional for maintaining relationships: Both men and women who have lower testosterone report higher relationship quality (e.g., Edelstein, van Anders, Chopik, Goldey, & Wardecker, 2014). However, only a few studies have examined associations between testosterone and relationship quality in individuals, let alone in a sample of couples, and studies that include couples tend to have relatively small, homogeneous samples. Thus it is not yet clear whether similar testosterone-relationship quality links and any dyadic associations between partners would be found in other samples. The first goal of this study was to examine whether people reported higher relationship quality when they or their partners have lower testosterone. I also examined how people with lower testosterone behaved towards their partners. Given that lower testosterone is thought to be associated with nurturance and caregiving (van Anders, Goldey, & Kuo, 2011), the second goal of this study was to examine whether people with lower testosterone would be more likely to behave in more nurturant (i.e., prosocial) ways towards their partner. Finally, the third goal was to test prosocial behavior as a potential mechanism underlying testosterone-relationship quality links. To address these questions, I analyzed data from 595 heterosexual couples drawn from three samples (college-aged couples, couples with children, and newlywed couples) that included baseline measures of salivary testosterone, self-reports of relationship quality, and partner interactions that were coded for prosocial behavior. I found that, in the college-aged couples and couples with children, women who had lower testosterone indeed reported higher relationship quality and showed more prosocial behavior. In contrast to expectations, men in the newlywed sample who had lower testosterone reported lower relationship quality and engaged in less prosocial behavior. I also found dyadic associations: In the college-aged couples and couples with children, women who had lower testosterone had partners who reported higher relationship quality; in the newlywed sample, women who had lower testosterone had partners who reported lower relationship quality. I did not find that prosocial behavior accounted for any testosterone-relationship quality links, suggesting that people with lower testosterone felt better about their relationships, but not necessarily because they or their partners were more behaving in more prosocial ways. I discuss potential explanations for discrepant findings across samples: The newlywed couples knew prior to their lab session that they would be discussing a disagreement, which could have caused anticipatory increases in testosterone. This study advances social neuroendocrinology work by assessing the extent to which previous testosterone-relationship quality findings replicate in larger samples of couples and contributes important new information about the associations between testosterone and prosocial behavior.

영성발달과 치유의 관계성에 관한연구

송기태 아세아연합신학대학교 신학대학원 2007 국내석사

The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between spirituality and healing. Spirituality is a process of living a life of a self toward Christlikeness in a Biblical relationship with God and people, which engenders a valuable character, that is other-centeredness and a valuable behavior, that brings spiritual power. Spirituality development is important not only for qualitative growth of the church and the ethical development of society, but also for individual healing. To clarify the nature of spirituality exploring history of spirituality, perspectives of scholars, biblical and theological views in chapter Ⅱ. Aspects of spirituality development in chapter Ⅲ, focused on Relationship, especially relationship with God, people and environment, which is the basis of spirituality development. And described three domain (cognitive domain, emotional domain, psychomotor domain), process (self, healing, development), christian education and the works of Holy Spirit. In chapter Ⅳ, a study on aspects of healing, described relationship, domain, process as aspects of spirituality development. Breaking the relationship with God is channel of a disease, that is worse off relationship with others. we can find that in the work of Jesus Christ. also through the works of Jesus Christ to make relationship. The common denominator of Spirituality and Healing is relationship, which is with God, people and environment. but an object is different from each other. In chapter Ⅴ, study deals with relationship, domain, mission charges and self. And finally, The two question, Is healing the sick engender spirituality development? Is spirituality development engender healing? was answered in aspect of relationship.

Construction and influence of South Korea’s country image on relationship maintenance behavior of KGSP alumni

Varpahovskis, Eriks 韓國外國語大學校 國際地域大學院 2019 국내박사

Exchange programs are argued to be public diplomacy instruments and tools for facilitation of relationship-building processes between countries (Nye Jr, 2008b; Scott-Smith, 2008; Snow, 2008a; Zaharna, 2008). The idea behind the scholarship programs is that targeted individuals who experienced the host country will have a more sophisticated image of the host country. This image should lead to more favorable behavior of the targeted audience towards the host country. Still, there exists a serious gap in understanding exact mechanisms of influence of the country image on the behavior of the targeted public who underwent exchange programs. There are often studied programs like Fulbright, but the Korean Government Scholarship Program (KGSP) is among rare-studied programs. The topic of relationship-building and the role of relationship maintenance is emerging, thus not well-studied yet. By conducting given research, the author addresses the gaps in the existing literature and contribute to the public diplomacy and public diplomacy-related inter-disciplinary fields. In the research, the author uses mix-method approach. The author has surveyed KGSP alumni and used the data to calculate the prediction power of the country image on relationship maintenance behavior. To do so, the author used the four-dimensional (4D) model of country image elaborated by Buhmann and Ingenhoff. Findings from in-depth interviews with KGSP alumni enriched findings from the quantitative method. The results of the study are many-folded. First, the 4D model of the country image showed its utility in explanation of how Korea's image is perceived. Secondly, the quantitative tests showed that the aesthetic dimension of country image is evaluated higher than other dimensions of 4D. However, the results differ when selected demographic groups are compared. Different demographic groups of KGSP evaluate country image differently. Thirdly, results showed that country image of Korea has prediction power on relationship maintenance behavior, but this power varies across different types of behavior and varies for different demographic groups of KGSP alumni. The results of in-depth interviews showed hinders that prevent relationship-building between KGSP students and South Koreans. Based on the findings, the author provided a set of implications for policies and future research suggestions. 교환 프로그램은 공공 외교 및 국제 관계 활성화를 위한 중요한 수단으로 간주된다(Nye Jr, 2008b; Scott-Smith, 2008; Snow, 2008a; Zaharna, 2008). 장학생 프로그램의 이면에는 프로그램 수료 대상자가 주최국에 대해 보다 정교한 이미지를 형성할 것이라는 믿음이 자리잡고 있다. 이러한 국가 이미지는 프로그램 수혜 대상자의 주최국을 향한 우호적인 행동으로 연결될 수 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 교환 프로그램 대상의 행동이 국가 이미지에 영향을 미치는 정확한 메커니즘을 파악하는 데는 심각한 공백이 존재한다. 풀 브라이트 프로그램을 주제로 한 학술연구가 활성화되어 있는 것과는 달리, 한국의 정부초청 외국인 대학원 장학생 프로그램(KGSP)에 대한 논의는 부족한 편이다. 국제 관계 형성 및 관계 유지에 관한 쟁점이 부상하고 있음에도 불구하고 이에 대한 연구의 성과는 아직 기대에 미치지 못하고 있다. 저자는 본 연구를 수행함으로써 기존 연구의 공백을 진단하고 공공 외교 및 관련 학제간 연구에 기여하고자 하였다. 본 연구는 혼합 연구방법론을 사용하였다. 저자는 Buhmann과 Ingenhoff가 발표한 국가 이미지의 4D 모델을 사용하여 KGSP 장학생을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하고 국가 이미지가 관계 유지 행동에 미치는 영향에 대한 설명력을 산출했다. 또한 정량적인 방법론을 활용하여 KGSP 졸업생들과 심층인터뷰를 실시함으로써 연구결과를 발전시키고자 하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다면적으로 도출되었다. 첫째, 국가 이미지의 4D 모델은 한국 이미지 인식을 설명하는데 유용했던 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 정량적 연구결과에 따라 국가 이미지의 미적 차원이 다른 차원 국가 이미지보다 높게 평가된 것으로 나타났으며, 이는 KGSP 장학생 내 인구통계학적 집단에 따라 차이가 있었다. 셋째, 한국의 국가 이미지는 관계 유지 행동에 대한 설명력을 지녔다. 그러나 이러한 예측력은 행동 유형 및 장학생의 인구통계학적 집단마다 다르게 나타났다. 마지막으로 심층 인터뷰 결과에 따라 KGSP 학생들과 한국인 간의 관계 구축을 방해하는 장애요인을 밝혔다. 본 연구 결과를 토대로 작성자는 정책 및 향후 연구 제안에 대한 일련의 함의를 제시하였다.

The impact of relationship-oriented behaviors on firm financial performance in the restaurant industry

김병용 Iowa State University 2004 해외박사

This study investigated how relationship-oriented behaviors of suppliers and customers affected financial performance of firms through three relationship performance outcome variables: (1) supplier relationship performance, (2) product and service quality performance, and (3) customer relationship performance. A mailed survey was used to collect data nationwide from 1,000 randomly selected restaurant owners and presidents in the United States. Results showed that relationship-oriented behaviors (i.e., supplier and customer relationship-oriented behaviors) positively and significantly affected relationship performance outcomes and in turn financial performance. Results supported the usefulness of the framework that synthesizes concepts of both business-to-business and business-tocustomer relationship marketing/management. Findings suggest that building relationships with suppliers and customers plays an important role in providing value to restaurant firms and stockholders such as suppliers and customers, leading to high financial performance of the firms. Furthermore, customer-related issues such as customer needs, customer complaints, and employees' interpersonal skills received the highest mean scores, implying that customer care should be the top priority in employee training.

Structural Relationships Among Interpersonal Relationships, Negative Emotions, and Happiness of Private College Students in Shanghai

노이동 계명대학교 대학원 2026 국내박사

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPIRITUAL MATURITY AND ANGER AMONG FILIPINO EXPATRIATES IN KOREA

Shovicnik Ejaz Torch Trinity Graduate School of Theology 2007 국내석사

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between spiritual maturity and anger among Filipino expatriates in Korea. This study emphasized the importance of spiritual maturity to decreased anger in people. In this study the results of the statistical analysis shows that Hypothesis 2 and 3 were confirmed as predicted. Hypothesis 1 and 4 were confirmed as predicted but were not statistically significant. Finally, Hypothesis 5 was invalidated in contrast to the predicted outcome and was, therefore, not supported by the statistical analysis. Hypothesis 1 predicted that the awareness of God would be negatively correlated with anger. However, even though there was a negative correlation between the awareness of God and anger, it was not statistically significant. Thus, hypothesis 1 was not supported and confirmed by statistical analysis. The people who are aware of God’s presence are able to have low level of anger as compared to those who are not aware of God’s presence. The reason is because people who commit their lives to God have faith in His ability to help them in living faithful lives. Such people depend upon the Holy Spirit whose presence, among other things include self-control one of the fruits the Spirit (Gal. 5:22). According to some researches, Filipino expatriates respondents may have the tendency to be reserved. Reserved people try to avoid expressing their emotions, and keep their distance in their relationship with people and God. That could possibly be the reason for the result. Furthermore, R. Vitaliano and S. J Gorospe, (2005) observe: Filipinos norm of behavior is purely external, a split between the ideal Christian norm of morality and the actual Filipino norm of morality. He will put on the externals of Christian moral behavior in front of the authority figure while at the same time follow in “real life” an inconsistent moral behavior when the latter is “at a distance.” [Therefore], the problem for the Filipino individual is to be “aware” that the two inconsistent norms of morality are allowed to coexist in his personality and life. Awareness of God as an aspect of spiritual maturity is also understood through reflective spirituality (Hall and Edwards, 1996). It involves becoming increasingly aware of how God is intricately involved in every aspect of one’s life. When individuals grow in their spiritual maturity, they become more aware that life and religious experience are interrelated. People who reflect on their relationship with God through meditation and other Christian disciplines grow in spiritual maturity as they seek to grow in Christ likeness. Christ likeness is the cultivation of behaviors that allow the Spirit of God to be seen in one’s life instead of the works of the flesh, which include uncontrolled anger. Hypothesis 2 predicted that instability would be positively correlated with anger. The result showed a significant positive correlation between instability and anger at the level of p < .05. Therefore, hypothesis 2 was confirmed in the predicted direction by statistical analysis. Unstable people have difficulty separating their good and bad self-images. Therefore, they easily change their behaviors, emotions, and thoughts about God and other people. This also associated with their relationship with God. In addition, unstable people are usually very impulsive. Their relationships and their emotions may often be characterized as being shallow. Something which is all good one day can be all bad the next, they don’t have a sense of continuity and consistency about people and things in their lives. They have a hard time experiencing an absent loved one as a loving presence in their minds. They also have difficulty seeking all of the actions taken by a person over a period of time as part of an integrated whole, and tend instead to analyze individual actions in an attempt to divine their individual meanings. They idealize potential caregivers or lovers at the first or second meeting, demand to spend a lot of time together, and share the most intimate details early in a relationship. However, they may switch quickly from idealizing other people to devaluing them. These symptoms are related to instability and consistent with this study’s result. (Borderline Personality Disorder, Google website). Hypothesis 3 predicted that disappointment/defensiveness would positively correlate with anger. The result showed that there is a significant positive correlation between disappointment/defensiveness and anger at the level of p <.05. Therefore, hypothesis 3 was confirmed by statistical analysis. Disappointment/defensiveness means one’s disappointment towards others and also towards God. Angry people usually withdraw, attack themselves, and attack or avoid others. These are defense mechanisms. It means that angry people do not confront their realities. Hypothesis 4 predicted that grandiosity would be positively correlated with anger. However, even though there is a positive correlation between grandiosity and anger, it is not statistically significant. So, hypothesis 4 was not supported and confirmed by statistical analysis and has no significant meaning. Grandiosity refers to those people who are preoccupied with grandiose fantasies. These people compare themselves with others, and think that they are better than others. The present study hypothesized that those people may have internal weaknesses, but they pretend that they are strong. Their grandiosity would be positively correlated with anger. There may be several possible reasons. First, those people who have high grandiosity may not be aware of their emotions and do not reveal their true and real self. It means that they are showing a false self and repression may have influenced the result. According to Lewise (1995), even though the symptoms of borderline personalities and narcissistic personalities are different, they share an origin, or starting point, of symptoms (as cited in Nathanson, 1987). This means that they are rarely exhibited. A found possibility for the insignificant result of hypothesis 4 is that, this study used self-report questionnaires. It may have influenced the way the respondents revealed themselves. Therefore, all these things may have affected the result. Among the five hypotheses, only hypothesis 5 is proved to be the opposite of the predicted direction. Hypothesis 5 predicted that anger is negatively correlated to realistic acceptance, but the result shows positive correlation. Its correlation is statistically significant at p <.05. According to some researches (as it was explained in hypothesis 1), reserved people have tendency to avoid expressing their emotions, and keep their distance in their relationship with people and God. Also it’s difficult for reserved people to acknowledge and accept both positive and negative feelings just as they are. The reason is that reserved people fair to offend others by expressing themselves openly. That could possibly be the reason for the result of hypothesis 5. Reserved people are on the one end of the continuum of the degree of expression of anger. On the other end are those who have realistic acceptance. Realistic acceptance refers to one who can acknowledge and accept both positive and negative feelings together as they really are. In object relations theory such individuals are well integrated and psychologically healthy persons. This is considered as the norm of high spirituality, with awareness of God on this scale. Reality acceptance refers to one’s ability to integrate both good and bad emotions together and to the toleration of these feelings in their relationship with God and others (Hall and Edward 1996, 2002). The multiple regression analysis shows that awareness independent variable is significant at .017 (T value -2.449). The result affirms that awareness of God is a strong predictor of anger. The important aspect of spiritual maturity is the awareness of God. This aspect includes an awareness of God’s communication and presence in one’s life. For God’s communication with people, Willard suggests six main ways in which people are addressed by God within the Bible: “(1) Phenomenon plus voice, (2) a supernatural messenger or angel, (3) dreams and visions, (4) an audible voice, (5) the human voice and (6) the human spirit or the still small voice” (as cited in Hall, 1996, p. 236). This view of the nature of communication with God is supported by the incident in Matthew 28:20, Jesus promised to be with His disciples to the very end of the age. The disciples of Jesus will be conscious of His presence, and will communicate with Him, though they would not see Him. It provides insight into the way that God communicates to His people when cannot be visible to them. This result indicates that people who are aware of God’s presence have a personal and close relationship with God; and have a tendency to accept themselves as they are. Such people have low level of anger. Those who have awareness of God’s presence understand that God is always with them and they are acceptable in His eyes, thus giving them a sense of security. Implications of the Findings The findings of this study show that spiritual maturity and anger among Filipino expatriates in Seoul and in Yesan have a significant correlation. The findings of this study have important implications for Filipino expatriates, Christian counselors, pastors and church educators. First, dealing with anger is important for enhancing spiritual maturity among Filipino expatriates. This study shows that anger is associated with one’s relationship with God and their awareness of God. This study implies that pastors and church educators should be aware of the psychological states of Filipino expatriates. They should help Filipinos expatriates grow spiritually by providing different religious practices like prayer, Bible study, praise, and regular church attendance as spiritual disciplines. Clinebell (1993), “the spirit has relations with mind, body, job, relationship, and the world” (p.23). In other words, spiritual maturity is closely related to psychological condition. This study implies that there is a significant relationship between psychological functioning, anger and spiritual maturity. Benner (1998) states that the biblical perspective about human nature places an emphasis on unity within the human being. This means that the clinical field needs to be concerned with spiritual maturity as well as psychological maturity. As whole beings, human beings should be considered both spiritual and psychological. Therefore, counselors or psychotherapists who deal with clients that have anger problems need to consider their relationship with God, especially the instability of their relationship or possible disappointment/defensiveness towards God. Second, this study has meaningful implications for daily life. Christianity is not simply a performance of ritual or gathering of religious knowledge, but is centered on building an actual relationship with God in every area of life. The Filipinos expatriates should focus on knowing God more deeply and then help other people to know God personally. By doing this they will build an intimate relationship with God in all areas of life and become representatives of God. Third, it is believed that one’s awareness of God alone is not enough to lessen the level of anger. Therefore, when dealing with anger, Christian counselors need to focus more on the maturity of the individual’s relationships with God rather, than their awareness of God per se. For example, when a Christian counselor counsels a client, the counselor needs to explore the client’s relationship with God carefully. Limitations and Recommendations The limits of this study are as follows. First, the sample was limited to Filipino expatriates in Seoul and in Yesan only. This limitation affects the generalization of the results. More diverse samples should be selected for further study. Second, this survey used self-reported measures regarding an individual’s perception of his/her spiritual maturity and anger. There is the possibility that respondents did not respond honestly. Also, this research was conducted in a church setting. It may have made respondents feel that they have to respond in an appropriate manner. Therefore, these variables could have affected the respondents’ responses. Third, there is a further limitation regarding the instruments used for this research study. The Spiritual Assessment Inventory Scale and Anger Scale were both developed in a foreign country. Thus, cultural differences could have influenced the results. Therefore, a modified Filipino version of the SAI and CAS are recommended for further study. This suggestion is made because many Filipino expatriates do not have a good command of the English language. Thus, there may have had difficulty in understanding the questions. It would be better if these instruments were translated in their native language. Fourth, this study only examined the correlation between spiritual maturity and anger. However other research studies are also recommended. For example, a study of the consequence or influence of anger would be beneficial. In spite of these limitations, the findings of the research are a useful resource for future studies on this topic. It is hoped that the research and findings of this study will be used to assist the understanding and growth of spiritual maturity of Filipino expatriates in Korea. Also, it is hoped that the results of this thesis will be widely utilized in the fields of church ministry, church education and Christian counseling.

다문화가정 유아의 또래관계에 어머니의 양육불안과 아버지의 양육참여가 미치는 영향 : 모-자녀 관계와 유아의 놀이성의 매개 효과

손금옥 중앙대학교 대학원 2021 국내박사

Peer relationships during infancy involve the process of acknowledging and communicating with others through self-centered behavior and forming a basic understanding regarding social rules and morality. Peer relationships formed at this stage influence the growth and development at later stages as well. This also holds true for children from multicultural families, which are rapidly increasing in society. Children from these families in Korea, whose mothers often immigrated for marriage, experience difficulties in peer relationships due to confusion, differences in parenting culture, and social discrimination in a bicultural environment. It is important to encourage and develop healthy peer relationships to ensure that these children can develop as healthy individuals as a part of the future generation of society. This study examines the direct and mediating effect of mothers’ parenting anxiety, fathers’ parenting participation, mother-child relationships, and infant playfulness on peer relationships in multicultural families. Through a literature review of the parenting characteristics of married immigrant women and fathers and the characteristics of playfulness and peer relationships of children in multicultural families, a research model has been prepared for this study. The collated information was affirmed through expert advice and preliminary research. Based on the country of origin of the mothers, research tools were translated into Korean, English, Chinese, and Vietnamese, and research drawings were distributed and collected through cooperation with early childhood education institutions in C and J region. After collating the data, descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis, and structural equation model analysis (SEM) were performed using SPSS 22.0 and AMOS 22.0. The results of the direct effect analysis indicate that infant playfulness is significant in terms of the effect of mother-raising anxiety, father-rearing participation, mother-child relationship, and infant playfulness on the infant peer relationship in multicultural families. This indicates that these factors are not significant as direct explanatory variables for infant peer relationships. Regarding the effects of mother-rearing anxiety and father-rearing participation, the mother-child relationship and infant playfulness were fully mediated and displayed a double-mediated effect. This was divided into simple and double mediation effects. The four simple mediation effects were examined. First, a negative mediating effect of the mother-child relationship was found on the relationship between mother-rearing anxiety and infant play performance in multicultural families, and a positive mediating effect was found on this relationship between fathers’ parenting participation and infant play performance. Second, the mediating effect of the mother-child relationship was not seen in the relationship between mother parenting anxiety and infant peer relationships in multicultural families, and it was not observed in the relationship between fathers’ parenting participation and infant peer relationships. Third, there was no mediating effect of infant playfulness on the relationship between mother-rearing anxiety in multicultural families and the peer relationships of infants, and a mediating effect was not seen in the relationship between fathers’ parenting participation and infant peer relationships. Fourth, the positive mediating effect of infant's playfulness was significant in the relationship between the mother-child relationship of multicultural families and the peer relationships of infants. Furthermore, mothers’ parenting anxiety and fathers’ participation in parenting had a complete mediating effect, with the mother-child relationship as the primary mediator and the infant's playfulness as the secondary mediator, affecting the peer relationships of infants. These results show that parenting methods, such as mothers’ parenting anxiety, fathers’ participation in childrearing, and mother-child relationships, are not direct explanatory variables for the infant's peer relationships and implies that these can affect the peer relationship of infants only through the mediating variable of the infant’s playability. In-depth research on the influence of each factor is required by further diversifying studies that have examined the effects of children's playability and peer relationships with a focus on parental factors. 유아기에 또래관계는 자기중심적 행동에서 타인을 인정하고 소통하며, 사회적 규칙과 도덕성을 형성해 나가는 과정이다. 이 시기의 또래관계는 이후 시기의 성장과 발달에 지속적으로 영향을 미친다. 최근 우리 사회에서 빠르게 증가하고 있는 다문화가정 유아의 경우도 마찬가지이다. 결혼이주여성이 어머니인 경우가 많은 한국의 다문화가정 유아들은 이중문화 환경으로 혼란과 양육문화의 차이, 사회적 차별 때문에 또래관계에서도 많은 어려움을 겪고 있다. 따라서 다문화가정 유아들이 우리사회의 미래세대로서 건강하게 성장할 수 있도록 건강한 또래관계를 형성하고 발전시켜나는 것이 매우 중요하다. 이에 이번 연구에서는 다문화가정 어머니 양육불안, 아버지 양육참여, 모-자녀 관계, 유아 놀이성이 유아의 또래관계에 미치는 직접효과와 매개효과를 살펴보고자 하였다. 본 연구는 결혼이주여성과 다문화가정 아버지의 양육특성, 다문화가정 유아의 놀이성과 또래관계에 대한 문헌 고찰을 통해 연구모형을 설정하고, 전문가 자문과 예비조사를 통해 연구도구를 확정하였다. 다문화가정 어머니의 출신국가를 고려하여 연구도구를 한국어, 영어, 중국어, 베트남어로 번역하여 제공하였으며, C도와 J도의 유아교육기관의 협조를 통해 자료를 배포하고 수집하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS 22.0과 AMOS 22.0를 이용하여 기술통계, 탐색적 요인분석, 확인적 요인분석, 상관분석, 구조방정식 모형 분석을 실시하였다. 이를 통해 얻어진 결과는 다음과 같다. 먼저, 직접효과에 대한 분석 결과, 다문화가정 어머니 양육불안, 아버지 양육참여, 모-자녀 관계, 유아 놀이성이 유아 또래관계에 미치는 영향에 대해서는 유아 놀이성만 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 즉 다문화가정 어머니 양육불안, 아버지 양육참여, 모-자녀 관계는 유아 또래관계에 대한 직접적인 설명변수로 유의하게 나타나지 않았다. 다음으로 다문화가정 어머니 양육불안과 아버지 양육참여가 유아의 또래관계에 미치는 영향에서 모-자녀 관계와 유아 놀이성은 완전매개 형태로 이중매개 효과가 나타났다. 이를 단순매개 효과와 이중매개 효과로 구분하여 살펴보았다.먼저 단순매개 효과는 다음과 같이 나타났다. 첫째, 다문화가정 어머니 양육불안과 유아 놀이성과의 관계에서 모-자녀 관계의 부적 매개효과가 나타났고, 아버지 양육참여와 유아 놀이성과의 관계에서 모-자녀 관계의 정적 매개효과가 나타났다. 둘째, 다문화가정 어머니 양육불안과 유아 또래관계와의 관계에서 모-자녀 관계의 매개효과가 나타나지 않았고, 아버지 양육참여와 유아 또래관계와의 관계에서 모-자녀 관계의 매개효과도 나타나지 않았다. 셋째, 다문화가정 어머니 양육불안과 유아 또래관계와의 관계에서 유아 놀이성의 매개효과가 나타나지 않았고, 아버지 양육참여와 유아 또래관계와의 관계에서 유아 놀이성의 매개효과도 나타나지 않았다. 넷째, 다문화가정 모-자녀 관계와 유아 또래관계와의 관계에서 유아 놀이성의 정적 매개효과가 유의하게 나타났다. 다음으로 이중매개 효과를 살펴본 결과, 다문화가정 어머니 양육불안과 아버지 양육참여는 모-자녀 관계를 1차 매개변인, 유아 놀이성을 2차 매개변인으로 하여 유아의 또래관계에 영향을 미치는 완전 매개효과가 나타났다. 이 결과는 그동안 다문화가정 유아의 또래관계에 영향을 미치는 요인으로 제시되어 온 어머니의 양육불안, 아버지의 양육참여, 모-자녀 관계와 같은 부모의 양육 방식은 유아의 또래관계에 대한 직접적인 설명변인이 되지 못하고, 유아의 놀이성이라는 매개변인을 통해서만 유아의 또래관계에 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 의미한다. 따라서 이번 연구의 결과는 그동안 부모 요인을 중심으로 유아의 놀이성과 유아의 또래관계에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았던 연구들을 보다 다양화하여 각 요인이 영향을 미치는 경로에 대한 보다 면밀한 연구가 필요함을 시사하고 있다.