A collaborative partnership approach to integrated waterside revitalisation : the experience of the Mersey Basin Campaign, north west of England

김준식 University of Liverpool 2002 해외박사

The central aim of this thesis is to investigate how a collaborative partnership approach as presented in contemporary planning theories can be applied to, and improve, a process of integrated waterside revitalisation. The emergence of a new model of governance, bringing together governmental and non-governmental forces to achieve the policy goal, calls for a novel form of partnership driven by interdependence and networking between a range of actors. Although this approach is often described as ‘collaborative planning’, there is widespread acknowledgement that the ‘new’ practice has operational difficulties. Collaborative planning has raised issues about how common values can be forged and applied in a real-life context, especially in the face of political inequality. This thesis draws on the results of a research project investigating a concrete example of collaborative partnerships, the Mersey Basin Campaign in the North West of England. The Campaign is a government-sponsored 25-year initiative that aims to improve water quality and the waterside environments of the Mersey Basin, a heavily urbanised area containing the two conurbations of Merseyside and Greater Manchester. In carrying out the study, six detailed case studies within the Campaign’s activities have been investigated; about 40 semi-structured interviews have been undertaken, and over 25 meetings and field works have been observed. The study investigated the establishment and operation of a particular collaborative partnership according to a four-stage life cycle of partnerships. By exploring the six cases of collaborative practice through the views of practitioners, the research has shown how collaborative efforts can be made in a real-life context. The results showed that waterside sustainability issues were essential to tackling a river basin ecosystem management by creating a win-win strategy for wider stakeholders. The sustainability issue however, was not a top priority for all key stakeholders in deciding whether or not to put their money, time and efforts into the partnership. The research showed that funding availability is the best way to attract reluctant stakeholders, although partner organisations seemed not to be interested in implementing the tasks of the partnership once the initial excitement of funding availability had died away. There is, therefore, the partnerships need to develop an understanding of the collaborative approach among stakeholders and to change their attitudes towards a collaborative form of planning practice. Collaborative partnerships need different implementation processes to tackle different problems in the face of the complexity of waterside agendas; some planning processes require continuity of leadership, whilst others need bottom-up approaches. In this context, the study identified three key aspects of integrated waterside revitalisation; consensus building, facilitation, and open participation. It also developed a mechanism of collaborative partnership service delivery in coordinating a top-down approach and a bottom-up approach. The study has shown that the role of representatives linking their parent organisations to the partnership is fundamental for effective service delivery. It has been seen that once the representatives have shared ownership of the partnership, they act as a catalyst to stimulate and motivate action from their parent organisations.

Partnerships of Korean Missionaries in World Missions

강병권 총신대학교 대학원 2014 국내석사

ABSTRACT In 2000, International Consultation on Global Partnership of World Missions Seoul 2000 was held in Seoul, Korea. At the opening service Dr. David Sang-Bok Kim, President, Torch Trinity Graduate School of Theology, emphasized, There are four millions churches around the world. If we all see the same vision and work together with a master plan, the vision of the possibility of world evangelization in our life time, and if we do not waste our resources going independently and in separate ways as we have been doing before, the fulfillment of our Lord's last command can be achieved in our generation. This mission is entirely possible! Yes, mission is possible! With this emphasis, he suggested two ideas that all the churches of Jesus Christ must share the same vision of the mission possible and the churches must cooperate with one another to finish the entirely possible task of world evangelization near future. I totally agree with him that through partnership in world missions, which comes from the vision based in the Bible, the great commission our Lord Jesus Christ has given to us will be accomplished. To have the same vision for partnership all the churches need to learn about the Biblical meaning of partnership and principles of partnership. When we follow the examples of the Triune God in the creation of the heavens and the earth and the salvation of the world, we surely can cooperate together in world missions. All three persons of the Trinity took different roles in creation of the universe and the earth. God the Father spoke the earth into being and God the Son carried out those words (John 1:3) and God the Spirit sustained and manifested God's presence in creation. In our salvation God the Father loved the world so much and sent his one and only Son into the world to save the sinners. And God the Son has come down from heaven and died on the cross in obedience to God the Father. When Jesus rose from the dead and ascended into heaven, he and the Father sent the Holy Spirit to apply the work of salvation to individual. In their works, we can see mutual respect and love. The Triune God shows us all about what partnership is and how to partner with one another. Based on these findings, this study suggested some implications for partnership practices. First, Korean missionaries have to partner with other missionaries from all other countries. Second, Korean missionaries should know our strengths and weaknesses in order to partner with others well. Third, Korean missionaries should prepare themselves for competence to work as global leaders in missions.

Partnerships in Higher Education for Peacebuilding: Challenges, opportunities, and transformative possibilities

거스너 니키 로이스 서울대학교 대학원 2025 국내박사

사회의 변화는 교육, 행동주의, 연대, 그리고 평화의 문화를 구축하기 위한 변화의 필요성에 대한 이해 와 같은 행동들에서 시작됩니다. 글로벌 고등교육(HE) 파트너십은 평화 구축의 다양성과 관계적 측면 을 강조합니다. 현재 글로벌 남반구-북반구(S-N) 고등교육의 파트너십, 공정성, 생산성과 지속 가능성 에 대한 연구는 특히 중요합니다. 이러한 파트너십이 국제 고등교육의 관계, 연구, 사회 구조에서 중요 한 역할을 시작하고 있기 때문입니다. 그러나 글로벌 고등교육 네트워크와 관계성은 여전히 (신)식민 주의적이고 서구 중심적인 힘의 역학관계와 불평등에 시달리고 있으며, 국제 고등교육에서 특히 글로 벌 S-N HE 파트너십 분야에서는 여전히 개발되지 않은 문헌적 논의 및 대화의 영역이 상당히 있습니 다. 이 논문은 탈식민성의 관점에 기반하고 Lederach(1997)의 평화 구축 체계에 이론적인 영향을 받았 으며 고등교육의 역할, 책임, 파트너십 실천 및 평화 구축 분야의 문헌을 참고하고 있습니다. 연구자는 질적 연구 방식을 사용하고 내재적-민족지적 사례 연구 접근법을 통해 소말리랜드 대학교의 연구소에 서 활동하거나 이를 통해 협력하는 고등교육 관계자들의 지속가능한 관계를 조사합니다. 이 사례는 글 로벌 남반구-북반구(S-N) 고등교육의 파트너십을 평화 구축의 관점에서 접근하는 전환을 통해 권력 역 학의 재조정을 주장합니다. 실증적 데이터는 인터뷰, 기록 분석, 현장 노트, 자기 성찰, 그리고 주제 분 석 기법으로 분류된 기록 자료를 포함하고 있습니다. 이 연구의 목적은 글로벌 남반구-북반구(S-N) 고등교육의 파트너십에서 고등교육 관계자들의 관계와 관계성을 통해 평화 구축에 대한 이해와 기여를 탐색하고, 협력자들 역할의 공정성을 탐구하는 데 있 습니다. 이 논문은 전체적으로 평화 구축을 위한 파트너십에 참여하고 이를 활용하는 동료들과 협력을 통해 글로벌 S-N 파트너십이 지닌 공정성의 현실과 글로벌 평화의 문화 구축에 기여할 가능성을 다루 고 있습니다. 본 연구는 고등교육 관계를 통한 평화 구축의 변혁적 가능성(혹은 그 부재)을 더욱 잘 이 해하기 위하여 글로벌 S-N 고등교육 파트너십의 협력자, 관리자, 교수진, 구성원, 이해 관계자들의 다 양한 통찰과 실천에 집중하고 있습니다. 또한 이 연구는 고등교육 내 파트너십의 구조와 역할이 평화 구축을 위해 어떻게 작용하는지를 조사합니다. 실증적 데이터는 참여자들의 경험, 기회, 도전과제에 대 한 다양한 관점을 검토하며, 이를 통해 다른 글로벌 S-N 고등교육 파트너십에 보다 나은 실천 방안을 전파할 수 있기를 기대합니다. 연구 결과는 헤게모니적이고 서구 중심적 구조 내에서, 또는 이를 통해, 혹은 함께 활동하면서 고등교육에서, 또는 이를 통해 반복되는 폭력을 중단하기 위하여 평화 구축을 촉진하는 중간 범위 고등교육 관계자들의 핵심적인 역할을 강조합니다. 더 나아가, 연구 결과는 긍정적인 사회적 변혁과 공정한 관계로 나아가는 방법에 대한 통찰을 제공합 니다. 마지막으로, 본 논문은 고등교육 분야에서의 연구, 관계성, 실천에 대한 몇 가지 시사점과 미래 방향을 제시하며, 글로벌 S-N 고등교육 파트너십에서 더 나은 실천과 관계 구축을 위한 새로운 원칙 들을 제안합니다. 주요어 : 평화구축, 글로벌 남북, 파트너십, 형평성, 역량강화, 고등교육 Social change begins with acts of education, activism, solidarity, and understanding the need for change to move toward building a culture of peace. Global higher education (HE) partnerships emphasize the multiplicity and relational aspects of peacebuilding. Research into Global South-North (S-N) HE partnerships, their equitability, productivity, and sustainability is important, especially now, because they are beginning to play a critical role in international higher education relationships, research, and social structures. Yet, global HE networks and relationality are still plagued by (neo)colonial and Western-centric power dynamics and inequities and there are still quite a few areas that have yet to be developed in the literature debates and/or dialogues in international higher education; especially, in the area of Global S N HE partnerships. Overall, this thesis is theoretically informed by Lederach’s (1997) peacebuilding framework nested within decoloniality and draws on literature from the field of higher education roles, responsibilities, and partnership practices as well as peacebuilding. I employ qualitative inquiry with an intrinsic-ethnographic case study approach, examining the sustainable relationships of HE actors working in/with/through the Research Institute at Somaliland University (in the Horn of Africa), as this case claims to rebalance power dynamics through a shift that approaches Global S-N HE partnerships through a peacebuilding lens. The empirical data included interviews, document analysis, fieldnotes, reflexivity, artifacts, and archival materials, which were coded using thematic analysis. The purpose of this study is to explore the understandings of and contributions to peacebuilding through HE actors’ relations and relationality within Global S-N HE partnerships and the equitability of collaborators’ roles. In its entirety, this thesis addresses Global S-N partnerships’ reality of equitability and their potential to contribute to building a global culture of peace, in collaboration with colleagues participating in and using partnerships for peacebuilding. This study concentrates on various insights and enactments of Global S-N HE partnership collaborators, administrators, faculty, constituents, and stakeholders to better understand the transformative possibilities for peacebuilding through HE relationships. Also, it examines ways in which the structures and roles of partnerships in HE work toward peacebuilding. The empirical data examines the multiple perspectives of participants’ experiences, opportunities, and challenges in the hopes of transferring better practices to other Global S-N HE partnerships. The findings highlight the vital role of middle-range HE actors in fostering peacebuilding while working in/through/with hegemonic and Western-centric structures to disrupt violences perpetuated in/through HE partnerships. Furthermore, the findings provide insights on how to move toward positive social transformation and equitable relations. Lastly, this thesis provides several implications and future directions for research, relationality, and praxis in HE; and lessons to apply new principles to Global S-N HE partnerships for better practices and relationship building.

농산물 공급망의 파트너십과 성과와의 메커니즘에 관한 연구

기소운 목원대학교 대학원 2024 국내박사

농업은 1차산업으로서 국민 생활과 밀접한 관련이 있다. 대중들의 생활 수준이 향상되고 소비습관이 변화함에 따라 농업 식품산업은 지난 20년 동안 거대한 변화를 겪었고 새로운 상황과 도전에 직면하고 있다. 현재 소비자 중심으로 식품 품질과 안전은 경쟁의 핵심 요소가 되었으며 농산물 공급망은 생산 중심의 관리 방식에서 수요 지향으로 전환한다. 공급망 핵심 기업의 관리 중에 농업 관련 기업은 장기적인 파트너십을 구축하여 정보 공유 및 조정을 효율적으로 수행하고 시장의 수요 변화에 공동으로 대응한다. 농업 기업이 지속적인 경쟁 우위와 성과 산출을 달성하도록 보장하여 치열한 시장 경쟁에 더 잘 대응해야 한다. 농산물 공급망 구성원의 전략적 파트너십 구축은 농업 관련 기업의 발전 원동력이자 원천이며 식품 품질 및 안전 관리의 중요한 부분이다. 현재 중국 농산물 공급망 구성원의 협력에는 다음과 같은 현실적인 문제가 있다. 공급망 구성원은 단기 이익에 더 추구하며 장기 파트너십 구축에 더 많은 관심을 기울이지 않았다. 공급망 조정 수준이 낮고 이익 공유 메커니즘이 미흡하다. 정보 공유 수준이 낮고 공동 의사 결정을 신속하게 형성할 수 없으며 종합적이고 체계적인 공급망 성능 향상 전략이 부족하여 농산물 공급망 성능의 추가 향상을 방해한다. 따라서 농산물 공급망의 조정 문제를 연구하는 것은 이론적 가치와 실질적인 의미가 있다. 본 논문은 중국 농산물 공급망의 핵심 기업을 연구 대상으로 하여 중국 농산물 공급망의 효율적인 조정을 위한 이론적 근거와 연구모형을 제공하는 것을 목표로 한다. 체계적인 선행연구를 통해 연구 변수의 개념을 정의하고 각 변수의 측정 차원을 구분한다. 국내외 성숙한설문지를 바탕으로 중국 농산물 공급망의 실제 상황과 결합하여 조사 설문지를 체계적으로 설계하고 구조 방정식 모델을 통해 파트너십과 농산물 공급망의 성과에 미치는 영향에 대한 실증 분석을 수행했다. 마지막으로 연구결과와 공급망 협력 영향 요인을 기반으로 공급망 협력 전략 수준, 전술 수준 및 기술 수준에서 농산물 공급망 성과 개선 전략 모델을 체계적으로 구축하고 모델의 영향 요인에 따라 해당 성과 개선 전략을 제안한다. 연구결과는 파트너십의 신뢰, 약속 및 권리가 농산물 공급망 성능에 직접적인 긍정적인 영향을 미친다. 기업 규모가 파트너십과 농산물 공급망의 성과 관계를 긍정적으로 조절한다는 가설은 성립되지 않다. 공급망 협력의 일관된 인센티브는 농산물 공급망 성능에 상당한 긍정적인 영향을 미친다. 일관된 인센티브는 정보 공유 및 동시 의사 결정에 상당한 직접적인 영향을 미치고 정보 공유는 동시 의사 결정에 직접적인 영향을 미치며 정보 공유 및 동시 의사 결정은 공급망 성과에 직접적인 영향을 미친다. 정보 공유 및 동시 결정은 일관된 인센티브와 공급망 성능 사이에 부분적인 중개 효과가 있다. 정보 공유 및 동기화된 의사 결정은 인센티브 일관성과 공급망 성능 사이의 관계를 지속적으로 중개한다. 파트너십은 농산물 공급망 성능에 상당한 긍정적인 영향을 미치며 전체 효과는 직접 효과와 간접 효과로 나눌 수 있다. 공급망 협력은 파트너십과 농산물 공급망 성능 사이에 부분적인 매개효과가 된다. 파트너십은 공급망 조정에 상당한 긍정적인 영향을 미치고 공급망 조정은 농산물 공급망 성능에 긍정적인 영향을 미친다. 본 논문은 농산물 공급망 핵심 기업을 연구 대상으로 하여 협력 관계와 공급망 조정이 농산물 공급망 성과(재무 성과, 운영 성과)에 미치는 영향에 대한 이론적 배경을 혁신적으로 구축하고, 협력 관계 요인이 농산물 공급망 성과에 미치는 영향 메커니즘을 심층 실증 및 분석하고, 공급망 협력 요인이 농산물 공급망 성과에 미치는 영향 메커니즘을 논의하고, 협력 관계와 공급망 협력이 농산물 공급망 성과에 미치는 영향을 검증한다. 연구 결과는 정부 부처와 농업 관련 기업 관리자가 산업 지원 정책을 수립하고 공급망 조정을 구현하는 데 중요한 이론적 근거와 계획을 제공한다. 공급망에서 협력할 때 농업 관련 기업은 파트너십 강화(신뢰, 약속, 권력, 적응)를 기반으로 수익 공유 메커니즘을 전제로 정보 공유 및 동시 의사 결정을 보장하고 정보 기술을 지원하며 체계적인 관점에서 파트너십과 공급망 조정을 촉진하고 농산물 공급망의 성과를 향상시켜야 한다. The establishment of strategic partnerships among Agricultural supply chain members is the driving force and source of the development of agricultural-related enterprises, which is an important part of ensuring food quality and safety management. It can broaden the circulation channels of agricultural products, promote farmers' income, drive industrial poverty alleviation, and improve the performance, thus promote the development of agriculture and rural areas in China. At present, there are the following practical problems in the cooperation of Agricultural supply chain members in China. Firstly, supply chain members are more concerned about short-term interests rather than establishing long-term partnerships. Secondly, the degree of supply chain collaboration is not high, the revenue share mechanism is imperfect, the degree of information share is low. It cannot form synchronous decision-making quickly. Thirdly, the lack of a comprehensive and systematic supply chain performance improvement strategy hinders the further improvement of Agricultural supply chain performance. Therefore, studying the collaboration issues of Agricultural supply chain has certain theoretical value and practical significance. This article takes the core enterprises of Agricultural supply chain in China as the research object. Based on the synergy view, resource-based view and relational view, the article uses methods such as questionnaire, structural equation model and conceptual model to analyze supply chain collaboration issues. It aims to provide theoretical basis and method model for efficient collaboration of Agricultural supply chain in China. First, this article uses systematic literature analysis to conceptually define the research variables, namely, partnerships, supply chain collaboration and Agricultural supply chain performance, and divide the measurement dimensions of each variable. Based on mature questionnaire scales at home and abroad, combined with the actual situation of Agricultural supply chain in China, a survey questionnaire was systematically designed. A large-scale questionnaire survey was conducted on core enterprises in the domestic Agricultural supply chain through online and offline multiple channels, and finally 204 valid enterprise samples were obtained. Secondly, this paper uses structural equation modeling to conduct an empirical analysis on the impact of partnerships (trust, commitment, power, adaptation) and Agricultural supply chain performance (financial performance, operational performance), as well as the moderation effect of enterprise scale between the two; conducted an empirical analysis on the direct and intermediary effects of supply chain collaboration (incentive consistency, information share, synchronous decision-making) and Agricultural supply chain performance (financial performance, operational performance); conducted an empirical analysis on the impact of partnerships and supply chain collaboration on Agricultural supply chain performance, as well as the moderation effect of enterprise scale among the three. Finally, based on the above empirical analysis results and the influencing factors of supply chain collaboration (partnerships, key activities and information technology), this paper systematically constructs the improvement strategy model of Agricultural supply chain performance from the strategic, tactical and technical levels. Corresponding performance improvement strategies are proposed based on the influencing factors in the model. This paper draws the following research conclusions. Trust, commitment and power in partnerships have a direct positive impact on Agricultural supply chain performance (financial performance, operational performance). The hypothesis that enterprise scale positively moderates the relationship between partnerships and Agricultural supply chain performance (financial performance, operational performance) is not valid. However, in the relationship between trust and Agricultural supply chain performance, small enterprises have a negative moderation effect compared with medium-sized and large enterprises, that is, trust is more important in small enterprises. Incentive consistency in supply chain collaboration has a significant positive impact on Agricultural supply chain performance (financial performance, operational performance). Incentive consistency has a significant direct impact on information share and synchronous decision-making; information share has a direct impact on synchronous decision-making; information share and synchronous decision-making have a direct impact on supply chain performance (financial performance, operational performance). Information share and synchronous decision-making have a partial mediating effect between incentive consistency and supply chain performance (financial performance, operational performance). Information share and synchronized decision-making continuously mediate the relationship between incentive consistency and supply chain performance (financial performance, operational performance). Partnership has a significant positive impact on Agricultural supply chain performance, and its total effect can be divided into direct effects and indirect effects. Supply chain collaboration has a partial mediating effect between partnerships and Agricultural supply chain performance. Partnership has a significant positive impact on supply chain collaboration; supply chain collaboration has a positive impact on Agricultural supply chain performance. The positive moderation effect of enterprise scale on partnerships, supply chain collaboration and Agricultural supply chain performance is not significant. Agricultural supply chain performance improvement strategy model to ensure supply chain performance improvement from a systemic perspective. This model aims to improve supply chain performance (financial performance, operational performance) by analyzing and summarizing three types of influencing factors, namely, partnerships (trust, commitment, power, adaptation), supply chain collaboration (incentive consistency, information share, synchronous decision-making) and information technology. Based on the characteristics of the model elements, a supply chain performance improvement strategy is proposed, which are partnership guarantee mechanism, revenue share mechanism and information share incentive mechanism. This paper takes the core enterprises of the Agricultural supply chain as the research object and innovatively constructs a theoretical framework for the impact of partnership and supply chain collaboration on the performance (financial performance, operational performance). It conducts an in-depth empirical analysis of the impact of partnership factors on the Agricultural supply chain performance and explores the mechanism of supply chain collaboration factors on Agricultural supply chain performance. It verifies the impact of partnership and supply chain collaboration on Agricultural supply chain performance. The research results of this article provide important theoretical basis and solution reference for government departments and agricultural-related enterprise managers to formulate industrial support policies and implement supply chain collaboration. When agricultural- related enterprises collaborate in the supply chain, they should be based on enhancing partnership (trust, commitment, power, adaptation), taking the revenue share mechanism as the premise, using information share and synchronous decision-making as the guarantee and using information technology as the support, which aims to promote partnerships and supply chain collaboration from a systemic perspective to improve Agricultural supply chain performance. Keywords: Partnership; Supply Chain Collaboration; Agricultural Supply Chain Performance; Supply Chain.

Public-Private Partnerships for enabling ICT in Education in the Philippines

Jenna Rachelle S. Dizon Hankuk University of Foreign Studies. Graduate Sch 2015 국내석사

Public-Private Partnerships for enabling ICT in Education in the Philippines: A case study of Text2Teach Information and communication technology (ICT) permeates economic and social processes, both of which have a direct bearing on the provision of education. As such, different sectors including the government, businesses, and educational institutions have recognized the potential of ICT in improving education in terms of access, equity, and quality. Transforming the education landscape, however, consists of financial, infrastructural, and technical challenges that have led developing countries like the Philippines to turn to public-private partnerships (PPP) for enabling ICT in education. This exploratory research employs secondary data analysis to discuss the roles, impacts, and implementation process of PPPs in ICT in education as well as the characteristics of successful partnerships. Through the case study analysis, this research examines the best practices, success factors, and the extent to which Text2Teach contributes to the basic education sector in the Philippines. Findings suggest that PPPs are essential service delivery mechanisms, which require the adoption of a multi-stakeholders approach in fostering local ownership and project sustainability.

Influence of Agents' Risk Tendencies on Global Partnerships: Case on Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance

한석진 서울대학교 대학원 2015 국내석사

Global partnership has been the center of discussion in the field of global governance especially since the creation of the Millennium Development Goals. Paris Declaration in 2005 and Accra Agenda for Action in 2008 have also emphasized global partnership as a major principle for development aid effectiveness. The 4th High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness has also put grave importance on global partnerships, especially the role of non-governmental agents. Post 2015 development agenda puts value on actual implementation of development policies, and global partnership is critical in doing so. Despite the mentioned importance, global partnership faces double road block in the field of both theory and practice. While global governance is surely taking place in various sectors, the actual realization of partnerships is limited both in number, quality, fund, and its effectiveness. Current literature on global partnerships makes attempts to explain why agents form global partnerships, but fails to elaborate on when and in what actual condition global partnerships occur. Moreover, discussions on incentives for partnerships and how to fund them also have many rooms for addition. The primary concern of the paper is to attempt to provide answers to the upper mentioned problems. The paper incorporates J. von Neumann and O. Morgenstern’s Expected Utility Theory and the concept of risk tendency of economics to the field of global partnerships to provide a new framework for evaluating in what condition global partnerships occur. The paper categorizes agents of global partnerships into risk neutral, risk averse, and risk seeking agents and attempts to clarify whether or not they would participate in a fair partnership, favorable partnership, and unfavorable partnership. Then the paper will attempt to cast light on the quantitative amount of incentives that are needed to induce the agents to form partnerships, and how to fund them. In attempting to provide answers to these problems, I will be applying graphical evidences as an attempt to provide quantitative insights to the problem and differentiate my paper from the existing literatures. Then the paper analyzes the case of Gavi, the vaccine alliance with the proposed framework.

MISSION PARTNERSHIP IN THE UNION OF MYANMAR : MISSION PARTNERSHIP IN THE UNION OF MYANMAR

RAM CUNG MANG 장로회신학대학교 대학원 2011 국내석사

This study is to investigate the cooperative mission activities of the Union of Myanmar Churches. Since 1990s, mission’s spirit began to awaken in the Union Myanmar churches. Many church leaders comedown to the mainland and started their ministry. But the mission work in the Union of Myanmar could not grow for several reasons. This remains a challenge for churches to evaluate from within and assess mission strategies to be more effective in ministering to the un-reached masses. Like some countries in Asia, since the Union of Myanmar is under the Junta rule, the church faces a lot of difficulties in mission and partnership activities. The Union of Myanmar was colonized for more than 60 years by the British. Like other colonial countries, Burmese people dislike Westerners and Christianity because they think that Christianity belongs to the West. Since the ruling Junta government is getting pressured from the Western countries like Britain, France and the USA, where those countries are Christian, the church in the Union of Myanmar is considered a western ally and thus the government’s political enemy. The church is restricted by the government. General Khin Nyunt, the former prime minister of the Union of Myanmar (dismissed and arrested in 2003), told his special intelligence department neither to restrict Christians nor to give licenses to built church buildings and block registrations. His point is to split the church so that unity, partnership and cooperation would be weakened in the Union of Myanmar church. Eight states make up the Union of Myanmar. There are 135 languages in the Union of Myanmar, formerly known as Burma and 65% speak Burmese. Among Myanmar’s Christians, 0.5% speak Burmese. The states from Kachin, Karen and Chin, who are minor ethnicities, make up 85% of the Union Myanmar Christians. Still among them, there are many dialects or languages. For example, the Chin state has 48 dialects or languages. The different cultures, customs, and languages create barrier and separate the church in the Union Myanmar. Nationalism is one of the causes which block the church in the Union of Myanmar to unite. We already mentioned that the Union Myanmar has 135 different languages. Among them, the Bah-ma is the largest tribe; it is most civilized and has strong nationalism. However, including the Bah-ma Christians, they never see the country as the Union of Myanmar but only as Myanmar. Such attitude causes disunity. Even though Burmese speaking Christians are few in numbers, their status in society led by Burmese speaking churches who are only a few in number. Actually, if we look at mission and unity view, they have more power and capacity to lead the Christians in the Union of Myanmar. An effective mission partnership in the Union Myanmar will be built on the basis of a good relationship or cooperation between Bah-ma and minor ethnicities. The different religious background is one of the reasons which cause the Union of Myanmar’s Christian to cooperate in partnership. There are two kinds of Christianity in the Union Myanmar. The first kind of Christian is Buddhism-oriented Christianity which is widespread among the Bah-ma Christians who came from a Buddhist background. They approached Christianity from a Buddhist view rather than a cultural perspective. The second kind of Christianity is cultural-oriented Christianity. It is found among the various ethnic groups such as, Karens, Chins, Kachins and Shans. They approach Christianity from a cultural perspective. These two levels of approach co-exist side by side. The relationship between mainline churches and independent churches is also another reason that cause mission work cannot grow. This problem is not only confined in the Union of Myanmar but other Asia churches face a similar problem. Nevertheless, the Union of Myanmar’s case is a greater concern. Today the churches in the Union Myanmar are divided into many parts. For example, Rangon Chin Baptist Church (RCBC) splits into Zomi Baptist Church, Lai Baptist Church, Matu Baptist Church etc. There are twelve Chin Baptist churches in Yangon (Rangon) at present. Because of dialects and regional royalties, the Zomi Baptist Convention is comprised of 25 associations in Chin State. Therefore, even the single (Baptist) denomination’s mission could not be as strong as it should be. While mainline churches are not active in mission as before, some evangelical churches are practicing sheep stealing instead of evangelizing. Therefore, understanding, respect, and theology are needed for partnership. The lack of mission spirit and understanding on the meaning of mission also causes the decline of mission work in the Union Myanmar. The leading organizations such as Myanmar Council of Churches (MCC), Myanmar Baptist Convention (MBC) are not active in mission. The church in the Union Myanmar is like the “Dead Sea.” The members attend to the church on Sunday morning because of their duty as Christians. The pastor preaches because also because of his duty. The church in the Union of Myanmar should be a missional church where members as well as ministers would be active in mission and partnership, and one where the mission spirit is awakened. The relationship between native and international mission agencies and organizations need to be considered. After 1963, the government not only expelled all missionaries from abroad but also closed the door to international communities. From 1990s, the Junta government has somehow reopened door to international communities. The Christians in the Union of Myanmar once again could communicate with international Christian community. However, this reunion is very limited. Such limitation includes government policy on Christianity, lack of experience with international Christian activities , and knowledge and practices of partnership in mission. In the short words, the Union of Myanmar Christian experiences with the international Christian community very young. The Church in the Union of Myanmar celebrated more than 196 years of Christianity, but has not made any significant impact on unbelievers. In light of the above discussion, the question to be tackled in this study is: what are the main reasons that block the church in the Union of Myanmar to work together in partnership in mission? This study is aimed at those who participate in mission work in the Union of Myanmar. When considering mission work in the Union of Myanmar, there are the reasons which cause the Union of Myanmar’s church to cooperate in mission. First, the different cultures, customs, and languages created barriers. The churches in the Union of Myanmar need to leave the inherited old idea of regional and denomination royalty and strong feeling of linguistic through open eyes. In the Scripture, Paul said that there is neither Jewish nor Samaritan in Christ. Second, the relationship between Bah-ma and minority ethnic blocks the spirit of mission. National reconciliation is required this problem. The churches in the Union of Myanmar need to learn from the past history and should focus on national reconciliation. The MCC’s role in leadership is needed for the Christians. Third, they lack of experience with international mission agencies and maturity. The church in the Union of Myanmar needs to develop, not only spiritually but also in educationally and morally. The above problems make it difficult to separate any single organization or mission work in the Union of Myanmar.

The partnership between the art and the business : a case study of the NTT interCommunication center in Japan

서영 이화여자대학교 대학원 2002 국내박사

기업의 문화예술 후원활동은 중세시대의 거대부호 메디치가에서부터 그 기원을 찾을 만큼 오랜 전통으로 전해져 내려오고 있다. 그러나, 최근 급격한 민주화, 자본주의, 기술의 발전 등으로 인하여, 이전의 관행이었던 기업의 순수 문화예술 지원의 당위성은 기업과 사회 전반으로부터 의구심을 받게 되고, 최근 들어서는 예술과 기업의 호혜성을 강조하는 파트너쉽이라는 용어가 등장, 기업과 문화예술 협력의 새로운 틀을 모색하고 있다. 그러나, 파트너쉽에 대한 기존의 연구는 파트너쉽 참여를 통해 기업이 얻게 될 혜택들에 주로 초점이 맞추어져 있고, 몇몇 성공사례를 묘사하는 수준에 그치고 있어, 파트너쉽의 정의나 그 구조, 분석방법에 대한 연구는 거의 진행되어 있지 않다. 따라서, 본 논문은 파트너쉽의 정의와 구성요소, 구조 등을 연구, 정리하고 이를 이용하여, 실제사례 분석에 유용한 틀을 구성해 보고자 한다. 분석의 틀은 사례분석을 용이하게 하여 이해를 도울 수 있으며, 더 나아가서는 기업과 문화예술단체 간의 파트너쉽에 대한 문제점을 파악, 이에 대응한 해결책 모색에도 통찰력을 제공할 수 있을 것으로 보인다. 본 논문에서 기업과 예술의 파트너쉽은 공동의 이해관계와 상호참여를 특징으로 하는 지속적 협력활동이라 정의 내리고, 파트너쉽 모형의 구성요소로, 파트너, 공동목적 및 이해, 그리고 공동목적 달성을 위한 활동들을 들었다. 본 모형은 기업의 예술지원 형태에 따라 네 가지로 분류될 수 있으며, 의사결정과정 체계, 그리고 위원회의 참여/간섭 정도에 따라서 두 가지로 분류될 수도 있다. 본 모형과 분류체계를 바탕으로 한 분석틀을 실제 사례 분석에 적용시켜 본 결과, 체계적인 분석에 도움이 되었으며, 당면 문제점들과 문제해결 방안 모색에도 긍정적 역할을 하였다. 다만, 분류체계에 대한 보다 심층적인 연구가 뒷받침되어져야 할 필요성이 있는 것으로 보인다. 보다 의미 있는 분류체계는 사례분석을 한층 단순화하여 접근할 수 있도록 하기 때문이다. Partnerships between arts and business sectors that emphasize a mutual relationship have become popular these days. Nevertheless, there have not been much comprehensive studies on the partnership. Literatures on this subject tend to focus on the outcome of collaboration between arts and business sectors, but do not deal with the overall structure of a partnership, nor framework for a case analysis. This paper aims to define a partnership and set up a framework for a case analysis. The framework can be used as a guideline for an actual case analysis and can suggest solutions to improve partnership relations. The partnership defined in this paper has three components; partners, interests, and activities. The framework for a case analysis is constructed as a set of three analyses; component analysis, conditional analysis, and classification analysis. Findings on the case study of the ICC-NTT partnership confirm that the framework for a case analysis proposed in this paper is a workable guideline for case analyses. According to the component analysis and the conditional analysis, ICC and NTT are well-matched partners and their partnership has a high level of mutual benefit potential. However, their activities and problems indicate that they lack trust and respect for each other even though they share a high level of commitment. In addition, there are no clear expectations about who leads or coordinates the collaboration of NTT and ICC. With the classification analysis, the ICC-NTT partnership falls under the ownership-based support model in terms of its support structure. At the same time, the partnership also falls under the corporate contributions program model in terms of the hierarchical decision-making process. The results of the classification analysis suggest that the ICC-NTT partnership might be sustainable due to a high level of commitment of the two partners. However, NTT's interference with the autonomy of ICC could impede the development of the partnership. The ICC-NTT partnership, an example of the corporate contributions program model, involves many levels of decision-making process. This model allows the decisions-makers to come up with important decisions collectively after consideration from various angles. However, they cannot respond quickly enough to environmental changes and challenges.

Making space for co-production : university-community partnership in local planning

Mores, Lovely S 중앙대학교 대학원 2019 국내석사

University-community partnerships paved the way for more meaningful university engagements with the community. However, studies on university-community partnerships are still limited particularly in the area of local planning and studies prior to partnership formation. Hence, this study investigated university-community partnerships in local planning before the partnership begin. The objective of the study is to determine the actual needs of local government units and planning resources available from universities to assess partnership potential and draw out factors that will enable partnership sustainability. Mixed method research was used, and results showed that there is a need for university-community partnership in local planning as LGUs still experience technical capacity limitations in preparing their local plans. Further, assessment of university capability and resources showed that they can match the needs of the LGUs, thus, partnership potential was evident. However, there is a need to lay down the foundations of sustainable university-community partnership prior to partnership formation and this can be achieved through policies such as partnership institutionalization, secure funding, and systematic monitoring and evaluation system. 대학 - 커뮤니티 파트너십은 지역 사회와 더 의미있는 대학 계약을 맺을 길을 열었습니다. 그러나 대학 공동체 파트너십에 관한 연구는 파트너십 형성 이전에 지역 계획 및 연구 분야에서 특히 제한적입니다. 따라서이 연구는 파트너십이 시작되기 전에 지역 계획에서 대학 - 커뮤니티 파트너십을 조사했습니다. 이 연구의 목적은 파트너십 가능성을 평가하고 파트너십의 지속 가능성을 가능케 할 요소를 도출하기 위해 대학에서 제공하는 지방 정부 단위 및 계획 리소스의 실제 요구를 결정하는 것입니다. 혼합 방법 연구가 사용되었고, 결과는 LGU가 여전히 지역 계획을 준비하는 데 기술 역량 제한을 경험했기 때문에 지역 계획에서 대학 - 지역 사회 파트너십이 필요함을 보여주었습니다. 또한 대학의 역량과 자원에 대한 평가를 통해 LGU의 요구 사항을 충족시킬 수 있음을 보여줌으로써 파트너십 잠재력이 입증되었습니다. 그러나 파트너십 형성 이전에 지속 가능한 대학 공동체 파트너십의 토대를 마련 할 필요가 있으며 파트너십 제도화, 자금 확보 및 체계적인 모니터링 및 평가 시스템 등의 정책을 통해 달성 할 수 있습니다.

Non-governmental organizations and Business Partnerships for strengthening Social Development in Mozambique: A case study of Mozal S.A.R.L

Lara Marisa Jo?o Conselho Hankuk University of Foreign Studies. Graduate Sch 2014 국내석사

To what extent can partnerships between NGOs and businesses contribute to Maputo city’s development? Considering that a vast portion of the economic activity in Mozambique consists of businesses and the fact that NGOs have been significant players in the development arena in Mozambique since the early 1980s, this thesis explores NGOs and business partnership as a potential mechanism through which social development can be achieved. This exploratory research uses the case study method to discuss the characteristics of successful partnerships, corporate social responsibility (CSR) within Mozambique and to what extent CSR contributes to the well-being of communities surrounding the Mozal Industrial area in Maputo. Findings suggest that social development is achievable but mainly on the micro level.