‘緣雨堂’ 海南尹氏家의 學問과 藝術

정윤섭(Jeong Yun-seob) 역사문화학회 2003 지방사와 지방문화 Vol.6 No.1

This paper looks into the scholarship and art of the Yun family of ‘Nokudang’ in Haenam, which has been a representative family name in Haenam and was a typical noble family of the Joseon Dynasty. The Yun family of Haenam in the Joseon Dynasty has produced distinguished figures such as Yun Seondo who was the best writer of tanga, a kind of short poem and Yun Duseo, one of the three best painters of the late Joseon Dynasty. The Yun family had grown into the noble family of Haenam area since Yun Hyojeong settled in Nokudang, Yeon-Dong, Haenam, and the family produced numerous figures ever since. These figures had prominent spirits of scholarship and art, and left an abundance of cultural heritages which are now designated and preserved as national assets. This paper pays attention to the spirit of family scholarship which made it possible to produce such a large collective cultural heritage and aims at systematically studying the spirit of scholarship of the Yun Family in Haenam. Tradition of scholarship of the Yun family in Haenam started with Yun Hyojeong and continued with conspicuous figures such as Yun Seondo, Yun Duseo, Yun Deokhui. The common spirit of scholarship of the Yun family in Haenam is that they studied a wide range of knowledge through the practicality of ‘seohaK’ (western science). It was Yun Seondo who established the practice of reading a variety of subjects, which became the basis of approach to and study on various fields of knowledge by figures of the Yun family in Haenam. Such a practice of studying a wide range of subjects had a great impact on Yun Duseo’s ‘silhak’ during the late Joseon Dynasty when silhak began to be acknowledged as a new science. Gongjae Yun Duseo had materialized such practical science by studying seohak and associating with Namin scholars who led silhak at the time, which is well portrayed not only in his academic work but also in his paintings. the most important field of Yun Duseo. When it comes to the Yun family in Haenam, there has been a large amount of work son the literary viewpoint of Yun Seondo who was acknowledged as the best writer of tanga. Another popular subject of research has been paintings of Yun Duseo. Construction and gardening. economic history of Nokudang, and life of the Yun family in Haenam have also been subjects of various studies as well.

3~6세기 해남지역 정치체의 성장과 변동

김낙중 ( Nakjung Kim ) 호남고고학회 2015 호남고고학보 Vol.51 No.-

This article examines the growth of the Haenam region on the basis of archaeological materials dated between ca. 3rd and 6th century AD. As early as the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period of Korea, the Haenam area was a hub of maritime transportation that connected China and Japan. The archaeological materials of the Haenam region are similar to those of the Yeongsan-River basin dated to the 3rd and 4th centuries AD. However, unique archaeological materials from the Yeongsan-River basin, such as large burial jars, were absent in Haenam. The Haenam region interacted with Baekje and Gaya around the 4th century AD. The primary purpose for this cultural interaction is thought to have been the acquisition and distribution of iron products, such as iron ingots. The Haenam region fully developed after the 5th century AD when exchange networks between Wa and Baekje were well established. Wa-type tombs first appeared on the southern islands under these historical circumstances. Later, keyhole-shaped tombs and Wa-type stone-chamber tombs were constructed over a wider region. These tombs have components of multiple regional origins, rendering it difficult to understand who constructed them. Yet it is highly likely that the tombs were constructed by local elites. The typical Sabi- style stone-chamber tombs are absent in the Haenam region during the Sabi period. This suggests that the political status of the Haenam region weakened due to changes in maritime transportation and trade routes in the early 6th century AD.

1~3세기 해남지역 정치체의 양상과 소국

서승연 한국고대사학회 2024 韓國古代史硏究 Vol.- No.113

Haenam is a region located at a strategic point in the southernmost part of the Korean Peninsula, connecting the sea routes in the West and South Seas. Due to the convenience of its location in terms of maritime transportation, historical sites such as Hwacheon or relics like the potteries of Yayoi culture, which date back to time around 1 AD, from the shell mounds of Goongok-ri. At that time, the tombs built in the region included those with flat fronts and round rears. After the beginning of the Baekjae dynasty, human burial urns and the pottery of Mahan style were also produced, indicating that the region’s culture persisted for quite some time. Due to the tendency of the historical relics in the Haenam region, many researchers attempted to locate small kingdoms and other issues related to the earlier days of the kingdom. Most of the studies were centered around the 4th through 6th centuries, covering the interactions of the kingdom with its neighboring countries. For this reason, less attention was paid to the polities’ birth, growth, and structure in the Haenam region around 1 AD. For this reason, the researcher attempted to investigate the physical relics and historical documents from the 1st through 3rd centuries, during which time polities in the Haenam region began to appear to understand the small kingdoms that could be comparable with a polity. The shell mound groups in Goongok-ri grew based on the advantages of the convenient maritime traffic, and, with the shell mounds of Goongok-ri at its center, the 3rd century began to see the formation of polities as the relics of Boonto, Anho-ri, and Seokho-ri, as well as the relics of Shingeum, were connected with each other. When compared with the small kingdoms that appear in the Romance of Three Kingdoms (Samgookji), in terms of their structures, the shell mound in Goongok-ri is classified as a kingdom-level entity, while the relics of Boonto, Anho-ri, Seokho-ri, and Shinguem were identified as villages. In addition, the researcher investigated the small kingdoms mentioned in the Romance of Three Kingdoms to see if they could be located in the Haenam region. The Kingdom of Shinwoonshin, which was one of the four small kingdoms of ‘加優呼’ and had to be located in a place where it could participate in the trade network of China (provincial level entities) - Kingdom of Mokji - Japan, either directly or indirectly, to wield its influence upon other small kingdoms. Centered around the shell mound in Goongok-ri, the polities of the Haenam region were the polities that grew based on the sea routes of high convenience, so the researcher located the Kingdome of Shinwoonshin in the region of Haenam.

문화재 강강술래의 형성과정과 전승방안

김혜정 한국민요학회 2017 한국민요학 Vol.49 No.-

강강술래는 한국의 대표적인 놀이 노래로서 해남과 진도의 강강술래가 1966년 국가무형문화재로 지정되었고, 2009년에는 유네스코 인류무형문화유산에 등재되었다. 이 글에서는 문화재 지정 전후 강강술래에 나타나는 구성의 변화와 음악적 변화, 해남과 진도의 지역적 차이, 또 전승자의 세대교체에 따른 변화 등을 음악학적 입장에서 살펴보았다. 강강술래는 문화재 지정 전에 진강강술래, 자진강강술래와 같은 악곡 중심으로 전승되었고 부수놀이들 역시 독립된 놀이로 존재했다. 그러나 1975년 경연대회 출전을 계기로 현재와 같이 여러 부수놀이를 순서대로 놀이하는 형태로 고착화되었다. 이후 진도는 세대교체에 따라 새로운 놀이들이 추가되어왔지만 해남은 1975년 형태를 대체로 고수하고 있는 상황이다. 그 결과 현재 문화재 강강술래 내에는 ‘해남강강술래’, ‘진도강강술래’, ‘문화재강강술래’가 각기 다른 형태로 연행되고 있다. 해남에는 진도에 없는 가마등이 있고, 진도에는 해남에 없는 개고리타령, 밭갈이, 손치기발치기, 덕석펴기, 강아지타령, 옥단추 등이 추가되어 있다. 또 남생아를 비롯한 다수의 악곡들에서 형식, 선율, 가사의 차이가 발견된다. 위와 같은 변화 과정을 통해 전승 방안과 관련해 고민해야 할 문제점을 살펴볼 수 있다. 첫째, 해남과 진도의 강강술래 통합 운영에 대한 정리가 필요하다. 마을마다 다르게 전승되는 것이 민속예술의 속성이므로 각 지역별 독자성을 인정하고 각각 개성을 살려 전승될 수 있도록 배려할 필요가 있다. 둘째, 기존에 지정된 문화재 강강술래에 매이지 않고 열린 구조의 강강술래를 지향해야 한다. 지금도 전남의 여러 마을에서 새로운 강강술래 놀이와 노래가 조사되고 있다. 해남과 진도 역시 마을마다 독특한 놀이와 노래들이 있었던 지역이므로 얼마든지 새로운 것을 수용하여 확장할 수 있어야 한다. 아울러 이러한 강강술래의 확장과 자유로운 변주를 위해 문화재와 관련 없는 여러 마을들을 대상으로 하는 강강술래 조사가 광범위하게 이루어져야 할 필요가 있다. 몇몇 보유자 중심으로만, 또 그들의 기억에 의존하여서만은 한계가 있기 때문이다. 이와 같은 열려 있는 구조의 강강술래 전승이야말로 새로운 문화재보호법에 의거한 문화유산으로서의 강강술래를 전승해 나가는 방안이 될 수 있을 것이다. Ganggangsulae is a representative Korean play song from which Haenam and Jindo Ganggangsulae were designated as important intangible cultural asset in 1966 and in 2009, they were designated as UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. This article examined the organization changes and musical changes of Ganggangsulae before and after the designation of cultural heritage; the regional differences between Haenam and Jindo; and finally, the changes triggered by the generation shift of transmitter from the point view of musicology. Before the listing, Ganggangsulae was mainly transmitted by songs such as Jinganggangsulae and Jajinganggangsulae, and subordinate plays existed as independent entities. However, since the contest in 1975, a form emerged in which different subordinate plays are played in order like the present time. Since then, Jindo has added new playes with generation shifts while Haenam has adhered to the form of 1975. As a result, in the present Ganggangsulae, “Haenamganggangsulae”, “Jindoganggangsulae”, “Cultural asset Ganggangsulae” are performed in different manners. There is gamadeung in Haenam, absent in Jindo while there are Gaegoritaryung, Botgali, Sonchigibalchigi, Deoksukpyugi, Gangajitaryung, Okdanchu in Jindo, absent in Haenam. Also, in many songs such as Namsanga, there are differences in forms, melodies, and lyrics. There are issues about transmission measures through above-mentioned changes. Firstly, there needs to be an arrangement on integrated management of Ganggangsulae for Haenam and Jindo. It is a feature of folk arts to see different transmission from village to village, therefore, local identity needs to be respected and should be allowed to transmit according to their characteristics. Secondly, there needs to be Ganggangsulae with open structure which is not bound by the current cultural asset Ganggangsulae. Even now, there are new Ganggangsulae plays and songs from various villages in Jeonnam that are under study. Haenam and Jindo also saw unique plays and songs in their premises, so there must be new possibilities for novelty. In addition, in order to expand Ganggangsulae to a new variation, there needs to be a extensive research on Ganggangsulae in many villages that are not linked to cultural assets. Relying on some artisans and their memories is bound to be limiting. Ganggangsulae with open structure shall be a measure to transmit Ganggangsulae as a cultural heritage based on the new cultural properties protection law.

해남윤씨(海南尹氏) 재실(齋室)건축 연구 ― 강진 추원당과 영모당을 중심으로 ―

최정미 ( Choi Jung-mee ),천득염 ( Cheon Deuk-youm ),이효원 ( Lee Hyo-won ) 전남대학교 호남학연구원 2020 호남학 Vol.0 No.68

전남 강진군 도암면 계라리와 강정리에 위치한 해남윤씨추원당(海南尹氏追遠堂)과 영모당(永慕堂)은 우리에게 어부사시사로 널리 알려진 고산 윤선도(1587-1671) 문중의 재실(齋室)이다. 강진은 해남윤씨 재실 중에 건립년도가 가장 오래된 추원당과 시조부터 7대조를 모신 묘역이 조성된 영모당이 있는 곳으로 다른 지역과는 의미가 다르다. 재실건축은 문중의 입향조나 중시조를 모시고 이를 중심으로 제향 공간을 구성하는 것으로 향교나 서원과 같은 유교관련 건축과는 조영의미가 다르다. 재실이 다수 건축되는 것은 이 공간이 향촌을 중심으로 형성된 씨족사회의 구심점이 되는 건축이며, 그 공간 안에서 문중의 결집이 형성되고 발현되는 결과이기에 그 건립 이유를 유추 해볼 수 있다. 재실을 일구기 위해서는 근본적인 동력으로 문중의 조직력과 경제적 능력이 따라야 하며, 조영의 방법도 영향을 받는다. 본 연구는 강진 해남 일대 60여개에 이르는 재실건축을 이루어낸 해남윤씨 문중을 중심으로 가장 구심점이 되는 두 건물인 추원당과 영모당을 비교 분석한 연구이다. 두 건물 사이에 어떠한 건축인자가 존재하며 변화하는지에 대해 알아보고자 건축 구성요소를 분석 정리한 결과이다. 문중 내 건축조영은 기본 모델이 되는 건물을 중심으로 계승되는데 의장형식과 규모는 시간의 흐름과 조영의 주체, 경제력에 따라 변화한다. 본 연구는 재실건축의 공간구성과 구성요소의 변화와 정착의 과정을 두 건물을 중심으로 비교 분석하며, 그 차이를 분석하였다. 또한 기본 모델이 되는 건물에서 어떠한 건축 구성 인자가 변화하여 완성되는지를 분석하는 것이 연구의 목적이다. 연구 분석 방법은 분석대상의 개요를 살펴 본 후 조성의 배경, 배치 및 입지여건, 공간구성, 공포 및 가구구성 등을 중심으로 분석하였다. 고찰된 결과는 주연구방법인 비교와 차이분석을 통해 건축적 특성 규명을 하고자 하였으며 문중 내 건축 조영에 영향을 주는 관계적 요인까지 분석하고자 하였다. 이 연구를 통해 해남윤씨가의 재실 건축 조영에 있어 추원당이 기본모델이 되고 영모당으로 계승 되는 것을 확인 할 수 있었다. 선대의 건축을 따르며 보완 발전하는 것은 재실뿐만 아니라 주거건축에서도 나타나는데 이는 해남윤씨가의 큰 특징이다. 본 연구는 실측조사를 통한 실증적 연구로 형태 분석을 통한 문중내의 재실건축 구성인자를 정리 한 것으로 제례, 사회사와 같은 요인을 반영하지 못하였다. 본 연구가 연구의 대상이 확장되고 종합적으로 문중과 재실의 건축적 특성을 제시해 나가는 지속적 연구의 기초 자료가 되기를 기대한다. Located in Gyerari-ri and Gangjeong-ri, Doam-myeon, Gangjin-gun, Jeollanam-do, HaeNam-Yoon's Chuwondang(追遠堂) and Yeongmodang(永慕堂) are the Jaesil architecture of the family of Gosan Yoon Seon-do(1587-1671), which are famous for traditional poetry ubusashisa. Gang-jin is a place where Chuwondang, the oldest of the Haenamyun clan's residences, and Yeongmodang, where the tombs enshrined from Haenamyun's ancestors to the 7th generation, are located. Jaesil architecture enshrines the clan's ancestral group or ancestral ancestral group and organizes the space for the ancestral rites around it, and has a different meaning from Confucianrelated architecture such as Hyang-gyo and Seowon. Jaesil is an architecture that is the central point of the clan society formed around Hyangchon, and it can be inferred that it has become a lot of architecture because it is the result of the formation and manifestation of the cult in the space. In order to operate, the clan's organizational power and economic ability must follow as the fundamental driving force, and the method of building construction is also affected. This study compared and analyzed the two buildings, Chuwondang and Yeongmodang, which were the most central points, centering on the clan of Haenam-yoon, who built more than 60 buildings in Haenam, Gangjin. And it is the result of analyzing and organizing architectural components to find out what architectural factors exist and change. Architecture related to the clan affects the building that becomes the basic model, and the design style and size change according to the passage of time, the subject of contrast, and economic power. This study compares and analyzes the spatial composition and changes of constituent elements and settlement process of the Jaesil architecture centering on two buildings, and analyzes the differences. In addition, the purpose of the study is to analyze which architectural factors change and complete in the building that becomes the basic model. The research analysis method was conducted focusing on the background, arrangement and location conditions, spatial composition, Gong-po, and wood structure composition after examining the outline of the analysis target. The reviewed results were intended to identify architectural characteristics through comparison and difference analysis, and also to analyze relational factors affecting the construction work. Through this study, it was confirmed that Chuwondang became the basic model for the construction of houses in HaeNam-Yoon's and later had an effect on the construction of the Yeongmodang building. Building according to the ancestral architecture, complementing and developing its method can be found not only in Jaesil architecture but also in the residential architecture of the Yun clan of Haenam. This study is an empirical study through field investigation. It was a detailed study of the form and the architectural characteristics of the Jaesil architecture, which did not reflect factors such as rites and social history. In the future, it is expected to become the basic data for continuous research that comprehensively presents the architectural characteristics of the Jasil architecture related to the clan.

해남 고려청자 요지의 세계유산 등재 추진 전략

김희태 한국중세고고학회 2023 한국중세고고학 Vol.- No.14

This paper reviews recent trends related to the UNESCO World Heritage system and domestic cases of World Heritage promotion, and summarizes the direction for promoting the World Heritage registration of key elements of Haenam Goryeo celadon. The domestic procedures for listing the “Gangjin Shore Site” on the World Heritage Tentative List in 1994 and the “Buan Goryeo Blue Heritage Site” on the World Heritage Tentative List in 2019 are different in terms of name, scope, area, promoter or method of explanation, and 25-year time gap. different. Here, “Haenam Goryeo celadon gist” can be said to be a new object. However, in accordance with Article 63 of the “Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention,” the procedure must be followed again from registration [adjustment] on the tentative list. It is considered that the first task is to adjust the tentative list of the 1994 “Gangjin Island Site” as a single heritage site to a serial heritage site of “Korea’s Goryeo Celadon Heritage” with Haenam, Gangjin, and Buan. In relation to the World Heritage system, a preliminary consultation and preliminary evaluation system was introduced, and a heritage impact assessment procedure related to development was established. And the perspective on implementing the World Heritage Convention changed from focusing on registration to focusing more on conservation management after registration. The conditions for OUV verification based on the World Heritage Convention include listing criteria, authenticity, integrity, protection and management plan, etc. The criteria for listing Goryeo celadon sites need to be reviewed focusing on item (iii). As a traditional craft industrial facility during the Goryeo Dynasty, it is the largest distribution center that produced the largest quantity of Goryeo celadon, natural and geographical location environment for large-scale ceramics, development of celadon production technology through changes in kiln structure, process of decline of ceramics based on historical facts, and pottery and pottery. The fact that it is unrivaled physical evidence that organically shows Goryeo's celadon distribution system through furnaces should also be clearly described in the "Summary of Goryeo Celadon in Haenam.“ In terms of authenticity, the Haenam Goryeo celadon site is a large-scale kiln site from the early Goryeo period and is an important relic that can solve the problem of the production site of early celadon. It is also an important relic in the study of Korea's ceramic history as it can also solve the relationship between earthenware and Goryeo celadon. For completeness, it is necessary to reveal the securing of water sources, accumulation of fuel and collection of raw materials, transportation and distribution through nearby ports and sea routes, and space of the potter's life history, focusing on the key point and surrounding rivers and mountains. Regarding the scope of registration and establishment of heritage areas, designated areas and protected areas should be set as heritage areas, and historical and cultural environment preservation areas (300-500m) should be set as buffer zones, but it is necessary to take into account natural topography such as mountains and hills. The establishment of cultural heritage zones and protection zones according to domestic law must be reexamined, and designation of the Hwawon-myeon area as a nationally designated cultural heritage (historic site) must be promoted. It is also necessary to promote public ownership of heritage land. Conservation management items must also present the current status of conservation management up to the time of application and the conservation management plan after registration. In particular, cooperation between local governments and local residents for maintenance around heritage areas is absolutely necessary. The promotion organization should be implemented in a way that the public an... 본 논문은 유네스코 세계유산 제도 관련 최근 동향과 세계유산 국내 추진 사례를 검토하고 해남 고려청자 요지의 세계유산 등재 추진 방향을 정리한 글이다. 1994년의 「강진 도요지」 세계유산 잠정목록 등재와 2019년의 「부안고려청자유적지구」세계유산 잠정목록 국내 절차 추진은 명칭과 범위와 구역, 추진 주체나 설명의 방식, 25년의 시차 등에서는 다르다. 여기에 「해남 고려청자 요지」는 새로운 대상이라 할 수 있다. 「세계유산협약 이행을 위한 운영지침」제63항에 따라 잠정목록 등재[조정]부터 다시 절차를 밟아야 한다. 1994년의 「강진 도요지」 단독유산을 해남‧강진‧부안이 함께 「한국의 고려청자유산」 연속유산으로 잠정목록을 조정하는 것이 첫 번째 과업이라 여겨진다. 세계유산 제도와 관련하여 사전자문, 예비평가 제도가 도입되었고 개발 등 관련 유산 영향평가 절차가 마련되었다. 그리고 등재에 초점이 맞춰졌던 것이 등재 이후의 보존관리에 보다 중점을 두는 것으로 세계유산협약 이행 관점이 변화되었다. 「세계유산협약」에 근거한 OUV 입증 조건은 등재기준, 진정성, 완전성, 보호 및 관리계획 등이다. 고려청자요지 등재기준은 (iii) 항목 중심으로 검토가 필요하다. 고려시대 전통 공예 산업 시설로서 고려청자를 가장 많이 생산한 최대 집산지이고 대단위 요업을 위한 자연 지리적 입지 환경, 가마 구조의 변화를 통한 청자제작 기술의 발전, 역사적 사실에 근거한 요업의 쇠락 과정, 조창과 조운로를 통한 고려의 청자유통 체계를 유기적으로 보여주는 독보적인 물적 증거라는 점을 「해남 고려청자 요지」에서도 잘 서술해야 할 것이다. 「해남 고려청자 요지」는 진정성 측면에서 고려 전기의 대규모 가마터로 초기 청자의 생산지 문제를 풀 수 있는 중요한 유적이며, 토기와 고려청자의 관계도 함께 풀어갈 수 있는 우리나라 도자기 역사 연구에 중요한 유적이다. 완전성은 요지와 주변의 하천과 산을 중심으로 수원 확보와 연료 집적 및 원료 채취, 인근 포구와 바닷길을 통한 운송과 유통, 도공 생활사 공간 등을 밝혀야 할 것이다. 등재범위와 유산구역 설정은 지정구역과 보호구역은 유산구역으로, 역사문화환경보존지역(300~500m)은 완충구역으로 설정하되 산이나 구릉 등 자연 지형을 고려할 필요가 있다. 국내법에 의한 문화재구역과 보호구역 설정을 재검토해야 하고, 화원면 요지는 국가지정문화재(사적) 지정을 추진해야 한다. 유산 소재 토지의 공유화를 추진하는 것도 필요하다. 보존관리 항목은 신청 시점까지의 보존관리 현황과 등재 이후의 보존관리 방안도 제시해야 한다. 특히 지자체와 지역주민의 유산지역 주변 정비를 위한 협력은 절대적으로 필요하다. 추진기구는 민관이 공동 참여하는 방식으로 이루어져야 할 것이다.

문헌 자료를 중심으로 본 고대 해남의 포구세력과 해양교류

강봉룡 호남사학회 2023 역사학연구 Vol.89 No.-

This study tried to restore the history of maritime exchanges of the ancient port powers in Haenam, focusing on he literature data. First, in conjunction with the literature on the 3rd-century East Asian coastal sea route in the 『Samgugji』, it raised the possibility that the area of Gungok-ri, located on the southern coast of Baekpo Bay, Haenam, served as an important base port from B.C. 2nd to A.D. 3rd century. Next, through a related article in 『Jinseo』, it was examined that the 'Ancient Pottery Coffin Tomb Society' maded up of 29 countries in the Yeongsangang River Basin, tried to check Baekje, which was growing rapidly, by sending envoys to Jin dynasty for the first time in 282 using Sinmi-guk as a negotiating channel. In the process, the ruins of Anho-ri and Seokho-ri, Hwasan-myeon, located on the north coast of Baekpo Bay, were presumed to Sinmi-guk. Subsequently, the "Chimmidarye" in the related article of 『Ilbonseogi』 was regarded as the successor to Sinmi-guk, and the meaning of the event in which the Chimmidarye was slaughtered by Baekje in the late 4th century was examined. In addition, considering 'Tamra' in the article of King Munju and King Dongseong of 「Baekje Bongi」 of 『Samguksagi』 as Haenam and Gangjin area, not Jeju Island, it is estimated that it was a port force in the coastal area of ​​Doam Bay in Bukilmyeon, Haenam. It was identified as attempting self-directed foreign negotiations. Finally, by analyzing articles such as 『Yangseo』, 『Buksa』, 『Hanwon』, it was noted that Baekje changed from the '22 Damro system' to the 'Five-Bang system'. And in the process, the possibility that the area around Hyeonsan-myeon located in the middle of Baekpo Bay was organized as ‘Saegeum-hyeon’ and the area along the coast of Doam Bay in Bukil-myeon as ‘Dongeum-hyeon’ was suggested. 본고는 문헌자료를 중심으로 해남 고대 포구세력의 해양교류사를 복원해 보고자 하였다. 먼저 『삼국지』에 나오는 3세기 단계의 동아시아 연안해로에 대한 문헌 자료를 통해서, 해남 백포만의 南岸에 위치한 군곡리 일대가 동아시아 연안해로를 통한 문물교류에서 B.C.2세기~A.D.3세기에 중요한 거점포구로 기능했을 가능성을 제기하였다. 다음에 『진서』의 관련 기사를 통해서, 29國으로 이루어진 영산강유역 ‘옹관고분사회’가 신미국을 교섭창구로 삼아 282년에 처음 집단적으로 晉에 사신을 파견함으로써 급성장하고 있던 백제를 견제하고자 했음을 살폈다. 그 과정에서 백포만 북안에 위치한 화산면 안호리·석호리유적을 신미국의 유적으로 추정하였다. 이어 『일본서기』의 관련 기사에 나오는 ‘침미다례’를 ‘신미국’의 후신으로 보고, 4세기 후반 침미다례가 백제에 의해 도륙된 사건의 의미를 살폈다. 또한 『삼국사기』 백제본기의 문주왕과 동성왕대의 기사에 나오는 ‘탐라’를 제주도가 아닌 해남·강진 일대로 보아 해남 북일면 도암만 연안 일대의 포구세력으로 비정하고, 5세기 후반 북일면 도암만 연안의 ‘탐라’세력이 자기주도적 대외 교섭을 시도한 것으로 파악하였다. 마지막으로 『양서』과 『북사』, 그리고 『한원』 인용의 『괄지지』 등의 기사를 분석하여 백제가 ‘22담로체제’에서 ‘5방체제’로 전환한 것을 주목하였다. 그리고 그 과정에서 백포만 중간지점에 위치한 현산면 일대를 ‘새금현’으로, 북일면 도암만 연안 일대를 ‘동음현’으로 편제했을 가능성을 제시하였다.

해남(海南) 대흥사(大興寺) 청허(淸虛) 휴정(休靜)의 부도(浮屠)와 석비(石碑)에 대한 고찰

이수경 ( Lee Su-kyong ),임성춘 ( Lim Seong-chun ),김다빈 ( Kim Da-bin ) 전남대학교 호남학연구원 2017 호남학 Vol.0 No.62

이 글은 해남 대흥사의 청허 휴정대사 비를 소개하고 부도와 함께 문화재적 차원에서 검토를 중점에 두었다. 따라서 그의 비를 소개하였고, 나아가 그의 문집, 비문, 대둔사 소장 비의 금석문, 사지(寺志), 지리지를 연관지어 그의 행적과 사명(寺名), 석조문화재 지정명칭 등을 검토하였다. 조선 전기 지리지 『신증동국여지승람』과 조선 후기 『여지도서』에는 ‘頭輪山 大芚寺’라는 산명과 사명을 확인할 수 있었고, ‘大興寺’는 1647년 이곳에 세웠다고 전하는 ‘海南縣大興寺淸虛大師碑銘’이란 금석문과 1823년 간행된 『대둔사지』에서 각각 찾을 수 있었으므로 두륜산의 ‘輪’자와 ‘대흥사’라는 절의 명칭이 일제 강점기에 생긴 것은 아니라는 사실을 확인하였다. 해남 대흥사에는 청허 휴정 대사의 유물이 다수 보관되어 있으며 그 중 국가문화재 보물과 전남유형문화재로 지정되어 관리·전시되고 있다. 특히 부도전에 있는 보물 제1347호 ‘해남 대흥사 서산대사탑’의 탑신부에는 ‘청허당’이란 호가 새겨져 있다. 문화재 명칭과 실제 탑신부에 새겨진 명칭이 일치하지 않아 청허 휴정 대사 또는 서산대사에 관한 용례를 문헌으로 검토해 본 결과 부도의 명칭은 ‘해남 대흥사 청허 휴정부도’로 수정되어야 할 것이다. 「淸虛堂行狀」, 『淸虛集』, 1630년 월사 이정구가 찬한 비문, 1632년 계곡 장유가 찬한 비문에서는 청허 휴정이 대흥사에 주석하였다는 사실과 자신의 의발(衣鉢)을 해남 대흥사에 전하라는 유언이 있었는지는 여부를 당대나 17세기의 사료로 직접적인 양자의 관계가 확인되지 않았다. 다만 1727년에 채팽윤이 지은 ‘해남대둔사사적비명’을 고려하면 현존하는 휴정의 의발이 17세기 중반 무렵 전해졌을 가능성을 추정할 수 있다. 특기할 만 사항은 1791년 서유린이 찬한 ‘海南大興寺西山大師表忠祠紀蹟碑文’에는 휴정의 행장과 문집, 금석문에서 언급되지 않았던 휴정의 의발 유의처로 대흥사와의 상관관계를 최초로 언급하였고, 후대에 쓰인 문헌자료에 영향을 주고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 마지막으로 1778년에 건립된 청허 휴정 대사의 탑비를 분석하였다. 이 비문의 찬자 장유의 『계곡선생집』에 수록된 청허 휴정의 비명에 의하면 휴정이 남방에서 주석하였다고 한 곳은 ‘伽倻海印寺’로 기록되었을 뿐만 아니라 비명(碑銘)도 ‘淸虛大師碑’로 대흥사나 대둔사의 사명(寺名)이 비명에 기록되지 않은 반면, 1647년 해남 대흥사에 세웠다고 전하는 금석문에서는 휴정이 남방에서 주석하였다고 한 곳이 ‘伽倻海印寺’ 대신 ‘天冠諸庵頭輪大興寺’로 기록되어 있으며 비명도 ‘海南縣大興寺淸虛大師碑銘’으로 장유가 지은 비문과 금석문이 서로 다름을 알 수 있었다. 더구나 131년 후에 같은 비문으로 청허 휴정 대사의 비를 다시 세우는데, 그에 관해서는 이유를 연담(蓮潭) 유일(有一)의 문집에서 확인하였다. This article introduces the stone stele of Buddhist Master Seosan at Daeheungsa Temple and reviews that with the stone stupa from a view of cultural properties. Accordingly, this study introduced the stone stele of Master Cheongheo Hyujeong at Daeheungsa and reviewed his activities, temple, and name used in the designation as stone cultural property by relating to his collection of literary works, the inscription or epigraph on the stele at Daedunsa temple, Saji, and Jiriji. There appeared the name of the mountain and the temple, ‘Duryunsan and Daedunsa’ in geographic books, 『Sinjeung Donggukyeojiseungram』 in early Joseon and 『Yeojidoseo』 in late Joseon, and ‘Daeheungsa’ as another name of Daedunsa in the epigraph, ‘Haenamhyun-Daeheungsa-Cheongheodaesa Bimyeong (meaning Stele of Master Cheongheo at Daeheungsa in Haenam-hyun)’ built in 1647 and 『Daedunsaji』 published in 1823. Thus, it is true that the letter, ‘Ryun’ of Duryunsan and the name of ‘Daeheungsa’ were not made in the Japanese colonial period. Daeheungsa has lots of Master Cheongheo Hyujeong’s relics, and some of them have been maintained and displayed as designated Treasure of National Cultural Property and Tangible Cultural Property of Jeonnam. Especially, Treasure No. 1347, ‘Stele of Master Seosan at Haenam Daeheungsa’ in Stupa Hall shows his pen name, ‘Cheongheodang’ engraved on the body of the stele, which is different from the name used in the cultural property. His collection of literary works was entitled as 『Cheongheodangjip』 meaning Cheongheodang Collection, and late-Joseon Dharma lineage and literary collections of Buddhist monks show his official pen name as Cheongheo, which means that his name used on the stupa should be changed to ‘Stele of Master Cheongheo Hyujeong at Haenam Daeheungsa’ by reflecting the historicity of the official name. Lastly, the study analysed the stone stupa of Cheongheo Hyujeong established in 1778. According to the inscription of Cheongheo Hyujeong shown in 『Gaegok Seonsengjip』 by Jang Yoo who was the writer of the inscription, the place where Hyujeong joined a Buddhist monastery in the southern part was recorded as ‘Gaya Haeinsa Temple’, and also the stele was mentioned as 「Stele of Master Cheongheo」 with no record of the name of Daeheungsa nor Daedunsa. While the stele known as built in 1647 at Daeheungsa in Haenam says the place where Hyujeong joined a buddhist monastery in the Southern part was ‘CheongwanJeam- DuryunDaeheungsa’ instead of ‘Gaya Haeinsa’, and the name of the stele as ‘Stele of Master Cheongheo at Haenamhyun-Daeheungsa’ different from that of Jang Yoo. After 131 years, the stele for Master Cheongheo Hyujeong was rebuilt with the same inscription, and the reason was presented in Yeondam Yoo Il’s collection of works.

고분자료로 본 해남지역 마한 장송의례

한옥민 백제학회 2023 백제학보 Vol.- No.46

본 연구는 마한시기 해남지역 고분 자료에서 확인된 장송의례(葬送儀禮) 내용을 검토한 결과이다. 고고학적 물질자료는 행위의 기저에 내재된 당대인들의 사고와 관념을 반영하므로 매장풍습 속에 함축되어 있는 장송의례 일면을 파악하고자 하였다. 자료 검토 결과, 주요 내용은 네 가지 정도로 정리된다. 첫째, 영혼의 안식처인 ‘해남식옹관(海南式甕棺)’ 의 제작은 독특한 매장풍습과 집단의 정체성을 표방하려는 해남지역 고유의 옹관 형식이다. 이는 단순히 사자(死者)를 담은 관의 형식적인 특징이 아니라 내세관이 반영된 산물로 볼 수 있다. 둘째, 영산강유역 마한사회의 대표 의례 유형은 고고자료와 문헌기록 양자에서 모두 확인되는 ‘입주의례’로 언급할 수 있는데, 해남지역은 가장 성행하였던 지역사회 중 한 곳이었다. 셋째, 자연·지리적 환경 때문인지 해양문화에 기저를 둔 조상신과 천신·지신 등 다양한 자연 신앙적 의례 대상이 상정되었다. 넷째, 사자의 안식처인 묘역은 단순한 무덤의 영역을 뛰어넘어 지역사회의 화합장소이자 장송축제의 장으로 이용된 종합적인 복합공간임을 이해할 수있었다. 한반도 서남해 연안 해상교통로의 교차결절지에 위치한 해남지역 마한사회는 어느 지역 못지않게 역동적인 문화접변 현상이 전개된 곳이다. 특히 토착 의례문화와 결합된 새로운 유형의 의례문화가 창출되는 여정속에서 해남지역만의 독특한 매장 관(해남식옹관)을 출현시켰다는 점이 주목된다. 장송의례의 주체는 가족 단위의 혈연적 범주로부터 마을 공동체 전체가 참여하는 지연적 범주가 확인되며, 의례 대상은 조상신으로부터 천신·지신과 같은 초월적인 존재도 상정되었다. 그 목적은 사자의 애도와 추모는 물론이고, 생자의 안녕을 위한 염원도 중시된 것으로 보인다. 더불어 묘역의 가장 높은 지점에 의례 시설물을 시설한 묘역 경관을 완성함으로써 당대인들의 매장풍습을 이해할 수 있었다. 앞으로 고분 연구는 물질·정신문화 중 어느 한쪽에 치우치지 않는 균형 잡힌 시각으로 진행되어야 하며, 이를 바탕으로 매장 의례와 풍습도 함께 복원되어야 할 것이다. 또한 분구·매장시설·부장품 외에도 입주물(立柱物), 의례 시설물 등을 아우른 묘역 경관의 인식과 이해가 병행될 때 마한 장송의례 연구도 한 단계 진전될 수 있을 것으로 기대해 본다. This study is the result of reviewing Mahan's funeral and burial rituals identified in Haenam. Since archaeological material data reflect people's thoughts and ideas at the time of the act, we tried to understand one aspect of Mahan's funeral and burial rituals implied in the burial custom. The results of the review are summarized into four contents. First, a unique locality was confirmed in the production of the ‘Haenam-style big jar-coffin’ a resting place for the soul, which reflects the afterlife view. Second, it can be seen that the most popular 'iptu ritual' is prevalent in the Mahan society in the Yeongsangang River basin. Third, for this reason, rituals were held to gods of heaven and earth, including ancestors. Fourth, the tomb space was used as a complex space in Mahan as a place for harmony with the local community. Haenam area is located at the intersection of the maritime transportation route on the southwest coast of the Korean Peninsula, so there are many cultural points of contact, and in particular, Haenam's unique biglarge jar-coffin has been created. The theme of the ceremony was from family to village community. The subjects are the ancestral gods, and the natural gods, who are transcendent beings. The purpose was to mourn the dead and pray for the well-being of the living. In addition, the custom of constructing a memorial service at the highest point in the tomb space to complete the scenery with the mound was also confirmed. In the future, research on ancient tombs should be conducted from a balanced perspective that is not biased toward material and spiritual culture. In addition to burial mound, burial facilities, and burial relics, the graveyard should be viewed from the perspective of harmonizing ipjumul and facilities for ancestral rites.

해남 고려청자 요지의 세계유산 등재 추진 전략

김희태(Kim Heetae) 한국중세고고학회 2023 한국중세고고학 Vol.- No.14

This paper reviews recent trends related to the UNESCO World Heritage system and domestic cases of World Heritage promotion, and summarizes the direction for promoting the World Heritage registration of key elements of Haenam Goryeo celadon. The domestic procedures for listing the “Gangjin Shore Site” on the World Heritage Tentative List in 1994 and the “Buan Goryeo Blue Heritage Site” on the World Heritage Tentative List in 2019 are different in terms of name, scope, area, promoter or method of explanation, and 25-year time gap. different. Here, “Haenam Goryeo celadon gist” can be said to be a new object. However, in accordance with Article 63 of the “Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention,” the procedure must be followed again from registration [adjustment] on the tentative list. It is considered that the first task is to adjust the tentative list of the 1994 “Gangjin Island Site” as a single heritage site to a serial heritage site of “Korea’s Goryeo Celadon Heritage” with Haenam, Gangjin, and Buan. In relation to the World Heritage system, a preliminary consultation and preliminary evaluation system was introduced, and a heritage impact assessment procedure related to development was established. And the perspective on implementing the World Heritage Convention changed from focusing on registration to focusing more on conservation management after registration. The conditions for OUV verification based on the World Heritage Convention include listing criteria, authenticity, integrity, protection and management plan, etc. The criteria for listing Goryeo celadon sites need to be reviewed focusing on item (iii). As a traditional craft industrial facility during the Goryeo Dynasty, it is the largest distribution center that produced the largest quantity of Goryeo celadon, natural and geographical location environment for large-scale ceramics, development of celadon production technology through changes in kiln structure, process of decline of ceramics based on historical facts, and pottery and pottery. The fact that it is unrivaled physical evidence that organically shows Goryeos celadon distribution system through furnaces should also be clearly described in the Summary of Goryeo Celadon in Haenam.“ In terms of authenticity, the Haenam Goryeo celadon site is a large-scale kiln site from the early Goryeo period and is an important relic that can solve the problem of the production site of early celadon. It is also an important relic in the study of Koreas ceramic history as it can also solve the relationship between earthenware and Goryeo celadon. For completeness, it is necessary to reveal the securing of water sources, accumulation of fuel and collection of raw materials, transportation and distribution through nearby ports and sea routes, and space of the potters life history, focusing on the key point and surrounding rivers and mountains. Regarding the scope of registration and establishment of heritage areas, designated areas and protected areas should be set as heritage areas, and historical and cultural environment preservation areas (300-500m) should be set as buffer zones, but it is necessary to take into account natural topography such as mountains and hills. The establishment of cultural heritage zones and protection zones according to domestic law must be reexamined, and designation of the Hwawon-myeon area as a nationally designated cultural heritage (historic site) must be promoted. It is also necessary to promote public ownership of heritage land. Conservation management items must also present the current status of conservation management up to the time of application and the conservation management plan after registration. In particular, cooperation between local governments and local residents for maintenance around heritage areas is absolutely necessary. The promotion organization should be implemented in a way that the public and priva