한국어 학습자 말뭉치의 활용 및 구축 방안 연구

강찬미 연세대학교 대학원 2011 국내석사

Designing for Experiences in Smart Tourism : An Experience Design Process for Tourists’ Smart Experiences

Junjie Gao 국민대학교 테크노디자인전문대학원 2023 국내박사

The purpose of this research is to develop an experience design process for tourists’ smart experiences in smart tourism. This research first conducted systematic literature reviews about tourists’ smart experiences and experience design in smart tourism. The researchers used the meta-synthesis method and the qualitative meta-synthesis method to conduct the literature reviews, respectively. The literature reviews provided some theoretical implications for tourists’ smart experience design, including the characteristics of tourists’ smart experience and experience design, the structure and the content of tourists’ smart experience, etc. Then, the researcher performed case studies to gain practical implications for tourists’ smart experience design. This research chose two Chinese smart destinations and conducted in-depth interviews and participatory observation to collect the data. Based on the theoretical background and practical implications, this research proposed a “CSLP” experience design process model for tourists' smart experience design. The design process model contains an iterative circle (one circle), front stage and backstage (two stages), technology layer, context layer, service layer (three layers), and pre-travel phase, on-travel phase, post-travel phase, synthesis phase (four phases). Finally, this research used the “CSLP” experience design process model to promote tourists’ smart experiences at The Rice Paper Cultural Park. This research systematically articulated the theoretical foundations and dimensions of tourists’ smart experience design, which provides theoretical implications for future researchers. The “CSLP” experience design process model can also help designers plan and design for tourists’ smart experiences and enhance smart services provided by smart tourism destinations. 본 연구의 목적은 스마트 관광에서 관광객의 스마트 체험을 위한 체험 설계 과정을 개발하는 것 이다. 본 연구는 먼저 스마트 관광에서 관광객의 스마트 체험과 체험 설계에 대한 체계적 문헌 고찰을 실시하였다. 연구자들은 메타합성법과 정성적 메타합성법을 이용하여 각각 문헌 고찰을 실시하였다. 문헌 고찰은 관광객의 스마트 체험 및 체험 설계 특성, 관광객의 스마트 체험 구조및 내용 등 관광객의 스마트 체험 설계에 대한 몇 가지 이론적 시사점을 제공하였다. 그리고 나서 연구자는 관광객의 스마트 체험 설계에 대한 실무적 시사점을 얻기 위해 사례 연구를 수행하였다. 본 연구는 중국의 스마트 여행지 2곳을 선택하고 심층 인터뷰와 참여 관찰을 실시하여 자료를 수집하였다. 본 연구는 이론적 배경과 실무적 시사점을 바탕으로 관광객의 스마트 체험 설계를 위한 "CSLP" 체험 설계 과정 모델을 제안하였다. 설계 과정 모델은 반복적인 원(원), 전·후단계(2단계), 기술 계층, 맥락 계층, 서비스 계층(3계층), 여행 전 단계, 여행 중 단계, 여행 후 단계, 종합 단계(4단계)를 포함한다. 마지막으로 본 연구는 쌀 종이 박물관에서 관광객의 스마트 체험을 홍보하기 위해 "CSLP" 체험 설계 과정 모델을 사용하였다. 본 연구는 관광객의 스마트 체험 설계의 이론적 토대와 차원을 체계적으로 분절화하여 향후 연구자들에게 이론적 시사점을 제공하였다. "CSLP" 체험 설계 과정 모델은 또한 디자이너들이 관광객의 스마트 체험을 계획하고설계하여 스마트 관광지에서 제공하는 스마트 서비스를 제고하는 데 도움을 줄 수 있다.

A Study on the Development of Design Thinking in China from the Progress Path of the United States and Korea - Based on Case Studies -

유각 홍익대학교 국제디자인전문대학원 2022 국내박사

With the rapid development of the global economy, science and technology, innovation has become an indispensable part of national core competitiveness, and it is also the demand of this era. Design is a creative activity and an important and effective way to realize innovation. Design thinking is an effective and widely accepted innovative thinking method. More and more countries and enterprises are leading by vigorously carrying out innovation exploration and practice with design behavior. The negative effects of the industrial revolution changed our planet's climate, and cheap goods fostered a culture of overconsumption and appalling waste. If we rely solely on the results of the new technological revolution, we may be in deeper trouble. We need an impactive, efficient and widely adoptable approach to innovation that can be integrated at all levels, from business to society, where individuals and teams can create breakthrough ideas and implement them to make them work in the real world. Design thinking is a common method used by designers to solve design problems. It is different from traditional thinking in solving problems. Traditional thinking mainly relies on logical reasoning, while design thinking focuses on the human-centered attitude around the core of human thinking and uses nonlinear ways to solve problems. Design thinking is an effective and widely accepted innovative thinking method. First used by innovative companies such as Apple, Google and IDEO, refined and popularized by the Stanford D.School, governments businesses and social nonprofits worldwide have adopted design thinking in the past decade, with widespread impact. It is becoming the common language of innovators around the world. Tim Brown, CEO of IDEO, points out that design thinking is a holistic, human-centered method inspired by a designer's approach and tools to achieve breakthrough innovation by integrating human desirability, technological feasibility and what is needed to achieve business viability. The need for design thinking is growing because the world is ever-changing and the problems we face are getting more complex. We cannot just solve them with our knowledge and experience, we need innovative solutions to solve these challenging problems, and design thinking is extremely effective in these situations. The research of design thinking originated from the field of design and management. Some innovative enterprises in the world are thinking about applying this method to practice. It also advocates the extension of design thinking to a broader range of human activities. Everyone can generate creative solutions when facing challenges and achieve breakthrough innovation. Richard Buchanan's post "Wicked Problems in Design Thinking" points out that design thinking can be extended to all areas of social life. Moreover, many scholars believe that design thinking can help us produce innovative solutions. As a result, more and more companies are trying to use design thinking to solve business problems, and some business schools are incorporating design thinking into their curricula. Researchers put forward the framework of design thinking and elaborated the connotation, characteristics and value of design thinking, as well as the innovative practice of enterprises applying this concept and method. Design thinking can be applied to work from three different design, management, and engineering perspectives. Roger Martin proposed the value and significance of design thinking for enterprise innovation and competitiveness improvement. At the same time, in the field of education, design thinking has a relatively complete theoretical system and model support, which can assist teachers in divergent thinking, externalize implicit knowledge, and promote the reform of teachers' teaching methods. Through literature research, we can see that the current research directions of international design thinking focus on: first, the exploration of design thinking itself; second, the practice of design thinking in different fields such as engineering design, education, commerce, architecture, and services application. Third, the relationship between design thinking and innovation demonstrates that design is an important method and the way to achieve innovation and the close connection between design thinking and innovation. Scholars have conducted extensive research on design thinking, but there is no unified understanding. However, design thinking provides a way of thinking and research rather than ready-made dogma, and it is essentially a process of exploration. This study mainly uses the methods of literature collation and expert interviews to conduct theoretical and practical research on the research objects. The application and development process of design thinking in different types of universities and well-known companies in different fields in the three countries of the United States, Korea and China are analyzed. First of all, based on a complete understanding of the definition, history, design thinking process, design thinking tools and methods, and taking into account the influence of cultural and technological factors on design thinking. Secondly, since design thinking originated and developed in the United States, we analyzed the application cases of design thinking in teaching in seven comprehensive universities in the United States, and made a detailed analysis of the development of design thinking process in six American companies in different industries, to understand the role of design thinking in the actual operation process. Thirdly, the application and development cases of design thinking in the same number of universities and enterprises in Korea and China are studied. We find that when design thinking is applied to different universities and enterprises, they will form new development modes according to their own conditions to develop design thinking models that meet their own needs. Furthermore, because of the influence of different factors such as culture and technology, every country develops in different ways. Comparing the stages of the design ladder shows the different stages of design thinking in China, Korea, and the United States. As China is in a period of economic transformation, the development of design thinking in China is still in its infancy, and innovation is the focus of economic development now and for a long time to come. Design thinking is not used widely in Chinese universities, and enterprises are relatively unfamiliar with the concept. How to improve the innovation ability of Chinese universities and enterprises has become an urgent field to explore. Finally, the author studies and compares the successful cases of advanced design thinking by referring to the application and development models of design thinking in universities and well-known enterprises in the United States and Korea. Based on China's national policy, the actual situation of the development of design thinking and the research experience of the existing Chinese design thinking researchers, a model of design thinking is summarized for Chinese universities and enterprises, in order to propose a new direction for the development of Chinese design thinking in the future. The model incorporates the Stanford D.school Design Thinking 5-Steps Process with Chinese characteristics, to innovate the "Double-Heart Double-Power" (쌍심쌍력) Double Diamond model suitable for Chinese universities and companies, which is easier for Chinese people to get used to and understand. In this model, Curiosity (好奇心) and Empathy (同理心) used as drivers, and the two critical abilities of Thinking (思考力) and Execution (执行力) are used. The Divergent and Convergent Double Diamond Models into a complete chain of design processes, with rapid feedback based on in-depth research needs to be developed. Based on the development of Chinese universities and enterprises, the development of multidisciplinary integrated education in China and the influence of location factors. As well as the current development of design thinking in Chinese universities and enterprises, this study judges the possibility and trend of the future development of design thinking in various fields in China with the development of new technology. It is expected that there will be more new theoretical directions of Chinese-style innovation after design thinking in China has been thoroughly applied. 글로벌 경제와 과학기술의 급속한 발전으로 혁신은 이제 국가 핵심 경쟁력의 중요한 부분이면서 반드시 충족시켜야 하는 조건이 되었다. 디자인은 창조적인 활동이므로 하나로 혁신을 실현하는 중요하고도 가장 효과적인 방법이다. 산업혁명의 부정적 영향은 우리 지구의 기후를 변화시켰고, 값싼 상품은 과소비와 경이로운 낭비 문화를 낳았다. 신기술혁명의 성과에만 의존한다면 우리는 더 깊은 곤경에 빠질 수 있다.우리에게 필요한 것은 영향력 있고 고효율에 널리 채택된 혁신적인 방법이다. 이 방법을 통해서 기업으로부터 사회에까지 다양한 측면에서 통합하고 개인과 팀이 혁신적인 아이디어를 만들어 실제로 사용하고 혁신하는데 큰 역할을 할수 있다. 디자인씽킹은 디자이너가 디자인 문제를 해결하는 방법으로, 전통적인 사고방식과는 다르다. 전통적인 사고방식은 논리적 추리에 의존하는 반면, 디자인씽킹은 인간적 사고의 핵심을 둘러싼 인간 중심의 태도와 비선형적 방식으로 문제를 해결하는 데 중점을 두었다. 디자인씽킹은 효과적이고 광범위하게 받아들여지는 혁신적인 사고 방법이다.갈수록 많은 국가와 기업이 디자인 위주로 한 혁신적인 모색과 실천을 대대적으로 전개하고 있다. 애플(Apple)·구글(Google)·아이디오(IDEO)등 혁신 기업 중 가장 먼저 사용됐던 디자인씽킹은 스탠퍼드대 디자인스쿨(Stanford D.school)을 거쳐 지난 10여 년간 전 세계 정부·기업 및 사회적 비영리단체에 의해 채택됐고, 광범위한 영향을 미치며 전 세계 혁신자들의 공통 언어로 자리 잡고 있다.세계적인 디자인 회사인 IDEO의 CEO Tim Brown은 디자인씽킹은 디자이너의 방법과 도구에서 영감을 받아, 사람의 욕구, 기술의 실현 가능성 및 비즈니스 지속가능한 발전을 위해 필요한 조건을 통합하여 획기적인 혁신을 실현한다고 지적했다. 디자인씽킹에 대한 수요가 늘고 있는 것은 세상이 빠르게 변하고 있기 때문이고, 우리가 직면한 문제는 갈수록 복잡해지고 있기 때문이다. 우리는 단지 우리의 지식과 경험만으로 그것들을 해결할 수 없고, 더욱 창의적인 방안을 필요로 하며, 이러한 상황에서는 디자인씽킹이 매우 효과적이다. 디자인씽킹 연구는 디자인학·경영학 분야에서 비롯됐으며, 국제적으로 창의적인 기업들이 이를 어떻게 실천에 옮길지 생각하고 있다. 또한 디자인씽킹을 더 넓은 범위의 인간 활동으로 확장하여 사람들이 도전에 직면할 때 창의적이고 창조적인 아이디어가 나올 수 있도록 하는 획기적인 혁신을 달성할 수 있도록 지지한다. Richard Buchanan은 Wicked Problems in Design Thinking이라는 글을 통해 디자인씽킹이 사회생활 전반에 걸쳐 확대될 수 있다고 지적했다. 또 많은 학자들이 디자인씽킹 창의적인 해결책을 만들어낼 수 있다고 생각하기 때문에 비즈니스 문제를 해결하는 데 활용하려는 기업이 늘고 있으며, 일부 경영대학원은 디자인씽킹을 교과 과정에 포함시키고 있다. 연구자들은 디자인씽킹의 골격을 제시하며 디자인씽킹의 내실, 특징과 가치, 그리고 기업이 이를 활용하는 혁신적인 실천을 제시한다. 디자인씽킹는 디자인학 분야, 경영학, 엔지니어링 분야에서 디자인씽킹 연구의 세 가지 다른 시각으로 작동한다. Roger Martin은 기업의 혁신과 경쟁력 강화를 위한 디자인적 사고의 가치와 의의를 제시했다. 또 교육분야에서 디자인씽킹이 이론체계와 모델링이 잘 갖춰져 있어 교사들의 사고발산을 돕고, 내재된 지식을 외현화시켜 교사의 교육방법을 변화시킬 수 있다.문헌 연구를 통해 우리는 현재 국제 디자인씽킹의 연구 방향이 집중되어 있음을 알 수 있다: 첫째, 디자인씽킹이 자체에 대한 탐색, 둘째, 디자인씽킹이 엔지니어링, 교육, 상업, 건축, 서비스 등 다양한 분야에서 응용되고 있다.셋째, 디자인씽킹과 혁신의 관계, 논증 설계는 혁신을 실현하는 중요한 방법이자 경로, 디자인씽킹과 혁신의 긴밀한 상관관계이다. 학자들은 디자인씽킹에 대해 폭넓게 연구해 왔으며 아직 통일된 인식은 없다. 그러나 디자인씽킹은 기존의 방식이 아닌 사고방법과 연구방법을 제공해 본질적으로 탐구하는 과정이다. 본 연구는 문헌 정리와 전문가 인터뷰 방식으로 연구 대상에 대한 이론과 실천 연구를 진행한다. 디자인씽킹이 미국·한국·중국 세 나라 중 유형별 대학과 분야별 유명 기업의 응용·발전 과정을 분석했다. 우선 디자인씽킹의 정의, 역사, 디자인씽킹 과정(Design Thinking Process), 디자인씽킹의 도구와 방법에 대한 충분한 이해와 문화적·과학기술적 요소가 디자인씽킹의 영향을 고려했다. 둘째, 미국에서 디자인씽킹이 생겨나고 발전하였기 때문에 연구에서 미국의 7개 종합대학에서 디자인씽킹이 가르치는 사례를 분석하고, 6개 업종별로 미국 회사들의 디자인씽킹 과정 (Design Thinking Process) 의 발전상을 자세히 분석했다. 실제 조작 과정에서 디자인씽킹이 작용하는 상황을 이해했다. 셋째,디자인씽킹을 통해 한국과 중국의 같은 대학과 기업에서 적용·발전시킨 사례를 연구한다.우리는 다양한 대학과 기업에 디자인씽킹을 적용했을 때 자신의 상황에 따라 새로운 발전모델을 형성해 자신의 필요에 맞는 디자인씽킹을 발전시킬 수 있다는 것을 발견했다. 그리고 문화와 기술 등 다양한 요인의 영향으로 국가마다 발전 방식이 다르다. 디자인 사다리 (Design Ladder) 의 단계를 비교함으로써 중국, 한국, 미국의 디자인 사고방식이이 서로 다른 발전 단계에 있음을 알 수 있다. 중국은 경제 전환기에 있고 중국 디자인 사고의 발전은 아직 초기 단계에 있으므로 혁신은 현재와 미래의 경제 발전의 주요한 과제이다. 중국 대학에서 보편적으로 활용되지 않고 있고, 기업들도 이 개념이 생소하다. 중국 대학과 기업의 창의력을 어떻게 높일지도 시급히 모색해야 할 분야다. 마지막으로, 본문은 디자인씽킹이 미국과 한국의 대학과 유명 기업에서 적용되고 발전하는 모델을 참고로 하여, 중국 대학과 기업의 발전상과 중국에서의 다양한 학과 융합 교육의 발전과 지역적 요인의 영향에 따라, 현재 중국 대학과 기업에서의 디자인씽킹의 발전 현황을 분석하고, 신기술의 발전에 따라 중국 각 분야에서 디자인씽킹의 미래 발전 가능성과 추이를 판단하여, 중국의 디자인씽킹의 이후의 방향을 추정한다.마지막으로 이 글의 저자는 미국과 한국의 대학과 유명 기업의 디자인 씽킹의 적용 및 개발 모델을 참고 자료로 사용하고,고급 디자인 씽킹의 성공적인 사례를 배우고 비교하며, 중국의 국가적 여건과 정책, 디자인씽킹의 실제 발전과 기존 중국 디자인씽킹 연구자들의 연구경험을 바탕으로,디자인 씽킹의 모델은 중국 대학과 기업을 위해 요약되었으며, 향후 중국에서 디자인 씽킹의 발전을 위한 새로운 방향을 제안하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이 모델은 중국 특성을 기반으로"스탠포드 5단계” "Stanford D.school Design Thinking” 의 개념을 통합한다.중국인들이 보다 쉽게 적응하고 이해할 수 있도록 중국 대학 및 기업에 적합한 "쌍심쌍력" (双心双力) 더블다이아몬드 모델을 혁신한다. 이 모델에서는 호기심 (Curiosity好奇心) 와 공감 (Empathy同理心)를 사용하고 이 두 개의 "마음"을 원동력으로 사용하고 사고(Thinking思考力)와 실행(Execution执行力)의 두 가지 능력을 사용하고,발산 (Divergent) 및 중합 (Convergent)더블 다이아몬드 (Double Diamond)모델의 두 단계는 완전한 디자인 사고 프로세스 체인을 형성하고, 심도 있는 연구를 바탕으로 신속한 피드백을 실현한다. 중국 대학 및 기업의 발전, 중국의 다학문 통합 교육의 발전 및 위치 요인의 영향, 중국 대학 및 기업의 디자인 사고의 현재 발전 상황을 바탕으로,신기술의 발달로 판단하면,중국의 다양한 분야에서 디자인 씽킹의 미래 발전 가능성과 동향, 그리고 디자인 씽킹 이후 중국에서 더욱 새로운 중국 스타일의 혁신적인 이론 방향의 출현을 기대한다.

Risk-Based Design and Management of Chemical Processes Considering Process Life Cycle

이영근 서울대학교 대학원 2019 국내박사

화학공정의 안전성은 그 중요성으로 인해 설계 단계부터 오퍼레이션 및 유지, 관리 단계까지 전 공정주기에서 여러 안전관리기법이 활용되고 적용되고 있다. 그러나 대부분의 기법은 정성적이고, 일부 정량적인 기법의 경우에는 화학공정의 복잡성 증가로 인해 적절한 위험성을 평가하는데 한계를 가지고 있다. 따라서 공정주기 및 공정 특성을 고려한 정량적 공정 안전 관리방법의 필요성과 중요성이 크다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 화학공정의 안전을 관리하기 위해 공정주기 및 공정 특성을 고려한 위험도 기반의 설계 및 관리 방법을 제안한다. 첫째, 개념 설계 단계에서 공정 안전을 고려하기 위한 위험도 기반의 설계 방법을 제안하고, 이를 적용하였다. 정량적 위험성 평가 기법을 활용한 내재적 안전 설계 방법론을 사용하여, 공정의 안전성을 정량적으로 고려되도록 하였다. 위험도 기반 설계 방법론은 액화 천연 가스의 냉기 활용 수단 중 하나인 유기 랭킨 사이클의 설계에 적용하였으며, 열역학 측면과 안전성 측면을 동시에 고려하여 설계될 수 있도록 하였다. 두 가지 측면을 동시에 고려하기 위한 방법으로는 다목적 최적화 방법론을 적용하였다. 주요 설계 인자인 작동 유체의 조건들을 변수로 설정하고, 최종적으로 세 가지 카테고리 (순수 성분, 이원 성분, 삼원 성분)의 총 여섯 가지 작동 유체에 대해서 운전 조건에 따른 결과를 비교 분석하였다. 결과적으로 개념 설계 단계에서 위험도 기반 설계 방법론을 기반으로 위험도를 정략적으로 고려하여 유기 랭킨 사이클 공정을 설계할 수 있게 하였다. 둘째, 기본 설계 단계에서 지진 영향을 고려한 위험도 평가를 통한 위험도 기반 관리를 제안하고, 이를 적용하였다. 기존의 정량적 위험성 평가 기법을 베이지안 네트워크 기법을 사용하여 도미노 효과 및 다중 위험 영향을 포함한 지진 영향으로 인한 위험성을 평가할 수 있도록 개선하였다. 구체적으로, 빈도 분석이 인과 관계를 기반으로 하기 때문에, 인과 관계를 분석 가능한 베이지안 네트워크 기법을 활용함으로써 도미노 효과와 다중 위험 영향을 효과적으로 고려할 수 있었다. 해당 방법론은 지진의 영향을 받기 쉬운 지중 저장을 위한 탑사이드 플랫폼에 설치된 이산화탄소 주입공정 시스템에 적용하였다. 결과적으로, 기본 설계 단계에서 지진 지역에 설치되는 화학 공정의 안전성을 개선된 정량적 위험성 평가 기법을 활용하여 평가하고, 이를 기반으로 관리될 수 있게 하였다. 마지막으로, 오퍼레이션 단계에서 위험도를 고려한 배관 관리를 위하여 위험도 기반 순찰 방법론을 제안하고 적용하였다. 위험도 기반의 순찰 방법론은 천연 가스 파이프 라인의 정량적 위험도를 기반으로 하여, 차별적 안전 관리를 위하여 제안되었다. 방법론의 전체 구조는 실패 확률과 실패 결과로 구성된 위험도 기반 검사 방법론의 구조를 기반으로 구성하였으며, 순찰 측면에서의 위험도 평가의 목적에 맞게 천연가스 파이프 라인의 위험도에 영향을 미치는 위험 요소를 고려하기 위한 인덱스를 제안하였다. 결과적으로, 오퍼레이션 단계에서, 천연가스 파이프라인에 대한 위험도 매트릭스 결과에 따른 위험도 수준을 기준으로 최소 순찰주기가, 위험도 값을 기준으로 순찰 계획이 산출될 수 있게 하였다. Process safety has been considered and used to the chemical process from the design stage to the operation stage due to its importance. Several types of safety management techniques are applied and used in each stage of process life cycle. However, some techniques are qualitative, while some are quantitative, but have limitations in applications due to increased process complexity. Therefore, it is necessary to apply quantitative process safety management method considering process life cycle with process characteristics. In this thesis, risk-based design and management methodology considering process life cycle are proposed and applied for process safety management. First, risk-based design methodology is proposed and applied to consider process safety in the conceptual design stage. The inherent safety design (ISD) methodology with quantitative risk assessment (QRA) are used to consider the safety of process quantitatively. The risk-based design methodology is applied to organic Rankine cycle (ORC) design utilized as a method of utilizing the cold energy of liquefied natural gas (LNG). ORC design considering the thermodynamic and safety aspects is explored with a multi-objective optimization methodology to consider safety in conceptual stage. Considering the working fluid as the main factor for optimal ORC design, six working fluids in three categories (pure component, binary components, ternary components) are investigated. As a result, the ORC process considering safety aspect as well as thermodynamic aspect can be designed and selected based on the risk-based design methodology in the stage of conceptual design. Secondly, risk-based management with risk assessment considering the seismic effect is proposed and applied to consider the specific characteristics of process in the basic design stage. The QRA are improved to assess the risk of seismic effect with domino effects, and multi-hazard impacts by using a Bayesian network (BN). This analysis is applied to a topside CO2 injection system for underground storage, which is susceptible to seismic effects. Because frequency analysis is based on a causal relationship, the BN can be used to simultaneously consider domino effects and multi-hazard risks. As a result, the safety of the CO2 injection process to be installed in seismic area are managed with by evaluating the risk including seismic effect in the stage of basic design. Lastly, risk-based patrol for management is proposed and applied to consider the risk in the stage of operation. The risk-based patrol is applied to natural gas (NG) pipeline to manage NG pipeline safety with quantitative risk. The overall structure, which is made up of probability of failure (PoF) and consequence of failure (CoF), of methodology for risk-based patrol is based on risk-based inspection (RBI) methodology. Moreover, the risk factor that affect the risk of NG pipeline in aspect of patrol are proposed and added to make the methodology more reasonable. As a result, minimum patrol period is obtained from the result of risk matrix, and the risk value give the insight of patrol plan by applying the risk-based patrol for management in the stage of operation.

제품디자이너의 인지적 사고과정 분석

김기수 홍익대학교 2007 국내박사

Design is creative activity that satisfies the physical and mental desire of human being since the beginning human civilization. Traditionally, the concept of design has been known as crafted art that artisans conduct with personal intuition and experience. The artisans basically could make exquisite design without a theoretical understanding about objects that designed by themselves and had design processes that they could make with conventional design patterns without any technical drawings. However, after the Industrial Revolution, the whole process of design was devide designing goods and manufacturing goods, so manufacturing process could not be started until after finishing visual works including designers' These visual works should contain informations about finished goods so, in the processes for these results, designers should collect various informations, make abstract concept about designer's ideas and users needs more specific shape using analysis of the goods' needs and functions. Designers and Researchers have tried to minimize imprecision from the designers' experience and intuition in design processes since early 1960s and have switched over design method using designers' intuition to design method using exploring design activities since the middle of 1970s. Among the whole of design processes, a process that a designer specifies her/his design-intention is most important. However design speciality proceeded from this intricacy procedure is sometimes tacit and inherent.Design activities by using designers' intuition and experience are not accuracy, and tend to produce deferent results according to the deference between designers' abilities and characteristics and even cannot be described by professional designers.This is very important problem in design field and especially in design education field. The purpose of thisstudy is to explore human cognitive activities using objective and systematical methods through using protocol analysis that is one of the typical qualitative survey.The important purpose of this study is to examine which contents andforms designers use and how designers can make decision and design solution. For this, this study explored typical cognitive science and information processing theory for understanding the preceding researches about cognitive analysis and design methodology in design process, developed a coding system which is basic tool for observation cognitive activities and tried to understand the characteristics of designers' thought in design process using analysing professional the cognitive activities of designers and amateur designers. The main contents of this study are as following: 1. This study explored logically systematically cognitive science and information processing theories through analysing typical preceding studies. First, this study explored Content-Oriented Approach that is method about what designers see and think. Second, this study explored Process-Oriented-Approach that considers the design processes as 'Problem Solving Processes.' 2. This study developed the cording system as a strong scheme for analysing product design process. Product design Process for analysis of coding system in basic scheme are as following: 1) Visualization Category: D-Action(make depictions) -Physical Depictions Action -Basic Sketching, -Detailed Sketching M-Action(motion simulation) -Inference simulation, -Hand / Tool 2) Perception Category: L-Action (look) - Intuition looking, - A Steady Gaze, -Looking Previous, -Depictions or an Image Map 3) Function Category: F-Action (Product Evaluation) -Preference ( Like Dislike) -Form (Good-Bad) -Sensibility (Beautiful-Ugly) -Economics (Expensive-Cheap) 4) Strategy Category: S-Action(Rule Operator) - Evoke, Derive, Infer (Instance Operator) - Generate, Refine, Evaluate 5) Concept Category: C-Action (Understand / Construct)-Design goal, Design Understand C-Content (Design Factors) -Design Latency, -Design application, -Design Factors 3. Using protocol method, which is one of the cognitive psychology methods and also qualitative study methods, this study tries to find the core of design activities of designers. Protocol analysis contained 'Content-Oriented Approach' and 'Process-Oriented Approach'. This study developed the analysis framework for product design process reflecting the characteristics of the product design after reviewing each approach. For this, the framework of a design action category was set up to derive a frame from the studies of top-down method. And then, subclasses of each category were distinguished through reviewing of the studies of bottom-up method. This study developed coding scheme suitable for product design process based on it. This study proposed the product designer's cognitive model in phrase of the concept design through the new coding schema. 4. This paper grasped the characteristics of designers' thought that is progressed in the process of design by scientifically analyzing professionals' and non-professionals' cognition activities based on the developed coding system, targeting product design experts, middle-graders, and beginners. 1) In the type of product designers' thought, they showed different ways to find out a solution to a design problem so, to create ideas and make a decision suitable for the given conditions was most important in solving design problems. Professional behavioral changes were made in the step of conceptualization more than in any other factors, which means that experience of product production is important and practical working factors take a big portion.It was also found that the design knowledge designers apply to design process was subjective and professional, and designers' personal characteristics could determine the goals for problem solution.Partially happening problems were corrected in other categories and they showed difference in reaching the final step. 2) From the viewpoint of creativity, some fields require each different design. The field of product design where the field requiring fast processing at the practical level exists together, has various design processes and different problem solutions and design outcome, depending on personal characteristics and capabilities. However, it is expected to make a contribution to the methodology of design education to try to clarify what contents and type designers think based on the design acts and outcome, and how designer's problem solution and decision-making are made. 3) The result of this study revealed that the complex design behavior was simplified by problem behavior graph. In the case of expert and intermediate designer, it was derived from the feature of abstraction and generalization from form space to conceptual space and design solution through the parallel process. For novices, however,it was derived from the characteristics of practice and specification from conceptual space to formspace and design solution through the serial process. This study found the prediction and the reviewing for it; in addition, the goal-oriented feature as a cognitive activity of the design process. This paper was carried out for the theories for cognitive analysis of the product design process and for system development. Through this research, a future direction for the design process efficient for design practice and education will be set; suggestive images and uncertainty by intuition and experience in the process of product design will be minimized; design will be systematized in logical and rational ways; training of professional product designers will be given in consideration of the range of expertise and of performance capabilities.In addition, it provided a theoretical scheme of design methodology and it suggested that product designers' behavioral patterns will be able to be expressed as a formative scheme and structure despite that the design process is not standardized. 디자인은 인간생활의 시작에서부터 문명과 밀착되어 인간의 물질적, 정신적 욕구를 최대한 만족시키는 창조적 활동이다. 전통적으로 디자인의 창조적 활동은 숙련된 장인들의 직관과 경험에 의해 이루어지며, 사람들이 계획하고 그 이미지를 구체적으로 실현하는 기술적 행위로 인식되어져 왔다. 이들은 기본적으로 자신이 디자인하는 대상에 대한 이론적인 이해가 없어도 매우 정교한 디자인을 모순 없이 조리 있게 만들 수 있었다. 반면, 산업혁명 이후 현대사회에서의 디자인 행동은 사물을 디자인하는 작업과 제작하는 과정이 완전히 분리되어 있어서 디자인을 하는 사람의 생각이 담긴 시각적 표현물이 완성되어야만 제작과정으로 들어갈 수 있다. 이러한 시각적 표현물은 사물의 제작된 상태에 대해 가능한 한 많은 정보를 담고 있어야 하며, 따라서 이러한 결과물이 나오기까지의 과정에서는 여러 가지 정보들을 취합하고, 디자인 대상의 용도와 기능을 정확히 분석하여, 디자이너의 추상적인 아이디어나 사용자의 요구를 실제의 형태로 만들어 내는 작업이 필요하다. 제품디자인 과정에서의 직관과 경험에 의한 불명확성을 최소화하고 논리적이고 합리적인 방법으로 디자인을 체계화 하려는 노력은 1960년대 초반부터 활발히 진행되고 있었으며 1970년 중반부터는 직관적 이해로부터 사실적 기술을 통한 디자인 행위가 과학적 탐구 방향으로 전환하여 실제 디자인의 작업과정, 디자이너의 사고방법, 디자인 문제해결방법, 디자인행위의 본질에 관한 연구가 지속적으로 이루어져 왔다. 디자인과정에서 디자인방향을 구체화시키는 단계는 제품디자인 프로세스 중에서 가장 중요한 단계이나 이러한 복잡한 과정을 통해 진행되는 디자인 전문성은 종종 암묵적이고 내재적이다. 직관과 경험으로 이루어진 디자인행위는 명확하지 않고 개인적인 능력차이나 특성에 따라 다른 결과를 도출시키는 경향이 있으며 심지어 전문적인 디자이너마저도 그들이 디자인하는데 사용되는 방법이나 사고과정을 언어로 표현하기 어려운 한계를 가지고 있다. 이것은 디자인 교육계가 갖고 있는 주요 문제이기도 하다. 본 연구는 인지과학의 대표적인 질적연구 방법인 “프로토콜 분석방법”을 이용하여 디자이너의 제품디자인 프로세스상의 인지적 행동을 객관적이고 체계적인 방식으로연구하는데 목적이 있다. 즉 디자인 과정에서 이루어진 디자이너의 분석사고 및 행위와 디자인 결과를 바탕으로 디자이너가 어떤 내용과 형식을 사고하고 문제해결에 대한 해결방법과 의사결정이 어떤 영향으로 이루어지는가를 규명해 보려는 것이다. 본 연구의 주요 내용 및 성과는 다음과 같다. 첫째: 디자인 방법론과 관련된 인지과학 및 정보처리이론의 대표적인 선행연구에 대한 고찰을 통하여 제품디자이너의 사고특성을 파악하기 위한 논리적이고 체계적인 연구방법을 정립하였다. 그 첫 번째는 행위에 대한 반영 관점의 연구로서 디자이너가 디자인하는 동안 무엇을 보고, 생각하며, 세부적인 문제해결에 어떤 관심을 가지는지에 중심을 두는 “내용지향적인 연구방법”이다. 두 번째는 시간적인 분배와 순차적인 적용을 처음부터 고려하고 감성적인 직관보다 디자인프로세스 진행과정을 문제해결 과정으로 보고 디자인문제를 해결해 가려는 “절차지향적인 연구방법”이다. 본 연구는 이 두 가지 선행연구를 병행하여 고찰하였다. 둘째: 선행연구에 대한 고찰을 통해 전체적인 틀을 구조화하고, 실제 프로토콜에서 발견되는 디자인 행동들을 중심으로 “코딩시스템”을 개발하였다. 인지분석을 위한 코딩시스템은 대표적인 선행연구의 이론적 고찰과 실험을 통해서 수집된 실증적 자료를 바탕으로 기본적인 “코딩시스템”을 하향식 방식(Top-down Method)으로 개발하였으며, 디자인 범주로는 시각화, 지각화, 기능화, 전략화, 개념화로 구분하고 각 범주에 해당되는 주요목표와 세부목표를 분석하여 코드화 시켰다. 제품디자이너의 사고과정 분석을 위한 코딩시스템의 세부범주는 다음과 같다. 1)시각화 범주:D-Action (Make Depictions) - 물리적인 그리는 행위 :M-Action (Motion Simulation) - 추론적인 시뮬레이션 2)지각화 범주:L-Action (Look) - 직관적인 보기, 응시하기 3)기능화 범주:F-Action (Product Evaluation) - 제품에 대한 기능적 평가 4)전략화 범주:S-Action (Rule Operator / Instance Operator) - 법칙공간 과 예제공간에 대한 정신적인 작용소 5)개념화 범주:C-Action (Understand / Reconstruct) - 디자인목표에 대한 이해, 표상 :C-Content (Design Factors) - 디자인요소, 잠재성, 사용성 셋째: 인지심리학의 질적 연구방법이기도 한 “프로토콜 분석방법”을 이용하여 제품디자이너가 어떠한 내용과 형식의 사고를 하는가를 규명하고자 하였다. 전문가, 중급자, 초보자의 디자인 작업과정은 크게 분석단계, 개념화단계, 시각화단계, 최종결정단계로 나눌 수 있다. 디자인 분석단계는 디자인 컨셉에 대한 이해와 목표설정, 용도구상, 활용계획, 제품개발계획 등의 행위가 많이 발생되었고, 개념화단계는 디자인 컨셉에 대한 경제성 분석, 사용성, 자유로운 발상, 디자인 전개, 재질설정, 소비자 선호도 등의 행위 빈도를 나타내었다. 또한, 시각화단계에서는 시각적 표현물을 집중적으로 생성하고 디테일스케치를 포함한 구조적인 예측, 디자인 표현을 위한 초기렌더링, 감성분석, 조형분석 등의 행위가 순차적으로 이루어졌으며, 최종결정단계인 설득과정에서는 디자인 정립 및 확정, 도면계획, 양산에 대한 평가를 전반적으로 진행하였다. 실험에서 수집된 자료를 이용하여 각 단계별로 나타나는 제품디자이너의 사고과정 및 문제해결방법은 다음과 같다. 1) 전문가는 초기분석과정에서 전체적인 기본개념구상이 되는 반면에 초보자는 단계마다 각기 다른 디자인 개념을 도입하여 마지막 단계에서도 지속적인 해결안을 도출하지 못하였다. 2) 전문가와 중급자의 경우 시각화 단계에서 병렬적인 처리과정(Parallel Process) 을 통해서 3가지 유형의 시각적 표현물을 도출한 반면 초보자의 경우 각 단계를 하나의 단위로 해서 각각 순차적인 처리과정(Serial Process)을 통하여 3가지 유형의 시각적 표현물을 한 번에 하나씩 시각적 표현물로 도출하였다. 3) 문제해결과정에서 서로 다른 인지활동을 통제하고 조절하는 인지능력이 전문가는 초보자에 비해 디자인 결과물에 대한 만족도가 높고 다양한 정보를 적절하게 이용하며, 각 범주에 해당되는 주요 목표와 세부 목표를 분석하고 조절하면서 디자인을 수행하는 능력을 가지고 있었다. 4) 전문가는 중급자와 초보자에 비해 문제해결 과정에 대한 이해가 높고 전체적인 디자인의 행동을 통제하고 조절하는 시간 인지 능력이 우수하였다. 이러한 시간 인지 능력은 목표한 디자인 결과물을 도출시키는 높은 수준의 인지활동으로 평가 할 수 있었다. 5) 본 연구결과, 과거 챈(Chan, 1990) 의 프로세스에 대한 인지적 활동연구에 대한 결과보다 이론적 발전을 이룬 것은 목표지향적인 디자인 프로세스 외에도 제품디자이너의 인지적 활동 중에는 항상 예측을 기반으로 하고 이러한 예측을 실제 형상적인 형태(Figural)로 표현하는 것을 발견하였다. 이러한 인지적 활동은 기존의 건축 디자인 분야에서는 발견되지 않은 제품디자인 활동의 고유한 행동 특성에 해당한다. 이와 같이 제품디자인 프로세스에는 예측(Predict: Pre)과 이에 대한 검토(Predictive Structure: D ps / Motion Simulation: M sim)가 전문가, 중급자, 초보자 모두에게서 발견이 되었다. 이러한 특성은 전문성이 높아짐에 따라예측과 그 예측에 대한 검토 행위의 빈도가 증가하였다. 6) 전문가, 중급자의 디자인작업 시 이전에 작업한 시각적 표현물로의 회귀가 디자인 전체 과정에서 나타나며 특히 시각화 단계에서 높게 나타났다. 초보자의 경우도 개념화와 시각화에서 회귀 현상이 발생하며 마찬가지로 시각화 단계에서 높은 빈도로 발생하였다. 이러한 전문가, 중급자, 초보자의 문제해결을 위한 회귀현상은 제품디자이너의 활발한 인지적 사고특성으로 파악 할 수 있었다. 본 연구는 제품디자이너의 인지적 사고 분석을 통해 디자인 방법론에 대한 이론적 틀을 제시한 것과 제품디자인의 행동 패턴을 구조화시키는 것에 대해 고찰 하였다. 또한 제품디자인 실무과정에서 디자이너가 어떤 내용과 형식을 사고하고 문제해결에 대한 해결방법과 의사결정이 어떤 영향으로 이루어지는지를 논리적이고 합리적인 방법으로 분석하였다. 이러한 분석으로 효율적인 디자인 작업을 위한 방향설정이 가능하고, 직관과 경험에 의한 불확실성을 최소화할 수 있다. 교육적인 측면에 있어서는 인지적 접근방식을 통해서 전문성에 대한 범위와 수행능력을 재평가하여 전문적인 제품디자이너 양성을 위한 교육적 방향성을 제시하였다.

A study on the process of applying participatory design for city brand development : focused on Ulaanbaatar city brand development

Nyamsuren Gombodoo Graduate School, Yonsei University 2023 국내박사

As the media landscape evolves, the application of participatory design has become increasingly important in effectively engaging more active user (stakeholder) participation in city brand development. While participation methods such as citizen contests have been used in the past for developing city brands, it is necessary to enhance these methods to align with the latest trends. Furthermore, Mongolia is a country known for its exotic traditions, rich culture, and history. However, Ulaanbaatar, the capital of Mongolia, does not have a city brand or a representative image yet. Despite various attempts and efforts made by the city government and promotion offices to develop the city brand, the results have been insignificant. The purpose of this study was to analyze the elements of citizen participation in the city brand development process and the application of participatory design in the managing phase for the continuous management of the city brand. Specifically, it aimed to minimize problems occurring after development through the use of participatory design and ensure the effectiveness and sustainability of the city brand design process. Therefore, in this study, theoretical research on the design process and participatory design methodology were conducted, along with case studies, and in-depth interviews with city brand design experts. Experimental research was conducted through the Ulaanbaatar city brand development student workshop to effectively apply user participation to city brand development. The purpose of the theoretical research was to derive the necessary steps and their validity for reestablishing the city brand design process and developing the city brand through the design process methodology. The case study of cities focused on analyzing specific city brand development processes, with the goal of extracting key points from this analysis. The purpose of the in-depth interviews with city brand design experts was to understand the entire process of city brand development by deriving the overall flow, identifying important factors in development, exploring the boundary between experts and citizen participation, and addressing post-development issues. The purpose of the student design workshop was to explore the feasibility and methods of applying participatory design processes to the city brand development process. Additionally, it aimed to extract keywords of Ulaanbaatar city, establish brand position maps and design directions for the city brand, and develop city brand concepts. Finally, the purpose of the development research was to create logo proposals of the Ulaanbaatar city brand based on the results analysis of the experimental study of the student design workshop. The scope of theoretical research included a literature review on the design process, brand identity, city brand design process, and participatory design methodology. The case study targeted on 10 city brands that were developed by applying the participatory design process or citizen participatory design programs among recently developed city brands. The preliminary study 1 was conducted on brand design experts among city brand stakeholders. In-depth interviews were conducted on a total of 8 experts from South Korea and Mongolia. Including two brand design experts with experience in South Korean city brand development, two officials responsible for city brand management in the city office of South Korea, one brand marketing expert from Mongolia, one Mongolian university design educator, and two officials responsible for Ulaanbaatar city promotion and marketing in Mongolia were interviewed. These in-depth interviews were conducted to collect qualitative data of city brand design experts. Additionally, two overseas city brand design experts’ data were collected through offline and online participation of City Brand International Forum. Preliminary Study 2 was conducted with 119 university students from Mongolian two universities through Ulaanbaatar city brand development student design workshop. Based on the analysis of 19 Ulaanbaatar city brand logos created during the student workshop, keywords of the Ulaanbaatar city, city brand concepts, design directions for city brand development, and position maps were extracted. Based on the results from Preliminary Studies 1 and 2, the main study presented the Ulaanbaatar city brand logo proposals.

Modeling and optimal design of natural gas liquefaction and regasification processes

송기욱 서울대학교 대학원 2014 국내박사

Natural gas is the world’s fastest-growing fossil fuel, favored for electric power and industrial sectors because of its low carbon intensity and reduced emissions. International natural gas trade is expected to double from 1 trillion cubic meter (tcm) in 2010 to 2 tcm in 2030. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) accounts for a growing share of world natural gas. The core of LNG value chain is the phase change of natural gas that makes it feasible for ship transportation to remote regions. This thesis addresses modeling and optimal design for LNG value chain and it contains two main processes: one is the liquefaction process in the production plant and the other is the regasification process in LNG receiving terminal. These two processes occupy the main parts in the whole in LNG value chain and are worth to be studied in depth. This thesis has five main parts. First, modeling and simulation of a liquefaction plant is conducted. Second part proposes a simulation-based optimization methodology, taking full advantage of commercial simulator in process design step. The methodology is applied to a case study of double-expander process optimization to prove its performance. A novel process design of natural gas liquefaction using nonflammable refrigerants is developed in the third part. Safety issue for floating LNG drives interest in minimization of hydrocarbon refrigerants. A new N2O-N2O-N2 cascade liquefaction process with nitrous oxide for the pre-cooling and condensation section and nitrogen gas for the sub-cooling section is proposed. Lastly, retrofit design scheme is introduced for boil-off gas handling process in LNG receiving terminal.

Designing AI Utilization Processes for Brand Identity Design

RYU JOON SANG 연세대학교 일반대학원 2026 국내박사

Research Background・Purpose Brands are a key element in conveying a company's identity and values ​​to consumers, and brand identity design is utilized as a means to enhance a company's competitiveness and establish a positive image in the market. Recently, AI(Artificial Intelligence) technology has been utilized in various fields requiring creativity, and research on its application in brand identity design is also underway. Recent research primarily focuses on AI logo design platforms using the "Wizard Process" method and the image generation capabilities of generative AI. While AI logo design platforms offer advantages in accessibility and efficiency, their reliance on user input through a fixed system can limit design quality and creativity. In contrast, generative AI possesses autonomous design generation capabilities, enabling the creation of diverse design styles. However, it requires a prior understanding of the user's brand concept and has limitations in producing clear design results. Compared to these characteristics, designer-focused traditional approaches offer easier access to sophisticated design results through brand strategy development. However, they limit idea expansion and require significant time. Accordingly, this research aimed to complement the functional limitations of AI discussed in previous studies, analyze AI's design generation mechanism from a brand identity perspective, and then combine it with a designer-focused traditional method to design an efficient design process utilizing AI tools. In the context of this research development, this research set the following research questions. Research Questions RQ 1. What is an efficient design process for utilizing AI tools (AI logo design platform・generative AI) for brand identity? RQ 2. Are there differences in users’ usage and perception of AI tools (AI logo design platform・generative AI) depending on their level of expertise? RQ 3. What are the principles of BI design produced by AI tools (AI logo design platform・generative AI)? RQ 4. What are the effects of AI utilization in terms of creativity in BI design? Research Methods The research process and methods are as follows. In Step 1, the researcher established a designer's traditional brand identity design process by collecting and analyzing previous research, domestic brand identity design cases from the past five years, and process data from a design agency. In Step 2, the researcher analyzed the top eight AI logo design platforms in Google Search, designed an AI logo design platform process by combining it with the traditional process, and verified it through user research. In Step 3, the researcher conducted multiple brand logo design experiments using an AI learning method and combined them with the traditional process to design a generative AI learning process. User research was conducted to verify the efficiency of the process, explore the potential for application design, and propose a process that subdivided the roles and collaboration methods of designers and AI. In Step 4, the researcher applied the designed AI learning process to an actual corporate project, from strategy development to application system implementation, recording and analyzing the details. After the project was completed, a survey was conducted on the perception of the design results. This established the practical applicability of the AI ​​learning process and the relationship between designers & AI. Conclusion Within the context of the previous research, this study was conducted around four main research questions (RQ1-RQ4). To systematically respond to each research question, a theoretical framework was established, and an analysis of the functional characteristics and efficiencies of AI tools was conducted from the perspective of their utilization. Additionally, by investigating the differences in users’ usage and perception of AI tools depending on their level of expertise, the researcher examined the various approaches that emerge in the process of utilizing AI. In addition, the researcher analyzed AI's design generation mechanism and the visual patterns of the resulting design results, and closely observed how AI contributes to the creativity of BI design through practical projects that applied iterative experiments and processes. Through this, the research results corresponding to each research question were organized as follows. First(RQ1), Regarding the efficient design process utilizing AI tools, the AI ​​logo design platform offers the advantage of quickly producing design results through wizard-based, easy setup. However, its limited automation system limits its ability to fully reflect the designer's strategic thinking and step-by-step design execution. Accordingly, this study planned an effective design process design that can reflect the designer's expertise. Specifically, by segmenting the industry selection category during the user information input stage, expertise was enhanced in the initial setup stage. Next, the user configured it so that users can set key visual elements such as concept keywords → design type → font, and color in stages, ensuring clarity in setting the design direction. Lastly, based on the input values set in the design creation stage, AI automatically generates multiple design drafts, and the user selects, compares, and finally selects a preferred design among them, thereby increasing the efficiency of design result selection through a systematic approach structure. Therefore, the efficient design process of the AI logo design platform is to strengthen the expertise of the initial setup for users and design a systematic system that increases the usability of the design development process, thereby enhancing the expertise and decision-making effectiveness of BI design. Generative AI(DALL-E) is based on autonomous image generation technology and has potential applications in a wide range of fields. However, unlike the AI logo design platform, it is not specialized for BI design, limiting its ability to produce design results that reflect the unique characteristics of a brand. Consequently, this study designed an organic design process that would incorporate the expertise and thought processes of BI design into the generative AI's operations step by step. To achieve this, data such as the brand's background, concept, and visual standards were input. A design exploration process based on this data was then conducted to guide the generative AI's operation in a direction consistent with the brand context. Next, the collaborative loop was strengthened through repeated prompt adjustments and result interpretation to gradually converge on the brand's visual exploration scope. Finally, the mutual exchange of opinions between the designer and the generative AI resulted in improved design results. Therefore, an efficient design process utilizing generative AI is to form a creative collaborative system where designers and AI organically interact based on 'BI design expertise' and gradually develop and converge BI design results. Second(RQ2), User surveys of the AI logo design platform and the generative AI revealed differences in users’ usage and perception of AI design tools depending on their expertise. Non-designers tended to use the AI logo design platform by accepting the provided options and automatically generated results, and were more satisfied with ease of access and ease of use than with the design's completeness. This trend was similar in the generative AI, where greater significance was placed on the experience of using the generative AI than on the results of the creation itself. Conversely, designers focused on the speed of design creation and the way visual elements were presented based on option settings when using the AI logo design platform. With the generative AI, they placed greater value on the process of changing the design output through prompt adjustments. These differences suggest that users have different usage purposes and expectations for AI tools depending on their expertise level. Therefore, these user characteristics should be taken into account when designing AI tools for BI design. Third(RQ3), Analysis of the design generation mechanisms and visual patterns of design results from the AI logo design platform and the generative AI revealed that the two AI tools generate BI designs based on different operating principles, which also presented limitations. The AI ​​logo design platform operates on the principle of repeatedly combining and presenting existing stored database designs according to an algorithm. User-entered information such as logo shape, color, and font are used to limit the design scope. The AI ​​then selects images that match these criteria from the database and combines them with brand name text in a limited system font to generate the design. Afterwards, users refine the final design using the limited editing features provided by the platform and purchase it. This template-based design approach can be effective in ensuring consistency in design results and work efficiency. However, it has limitations in ensuring originality and differentiation in BI designs, and problems can arise in the process of securing rights, such as trademark registration. Meanwhile, the generative AI operates on the principle of predicting and suggesting visual elements suitable for BI design based on user-entered prompts, based on a large amount of diverse data learned. The generative AI, based on a mechanism that converts linguistic information into visual representations, interprets the meaning contained in brand names, concepts, and directives, and then probabilistically combines related typography and symbolic images to generate design results. Compared to the AI ​​logo design platform mentioned above, this generation method has no fixed rules or structure in the generation process, and shows more flexible design performance in expanding the user's intention and combining the spelling structure of the brand name with visual images. However, the generative AI can significantly vary in the accuracy of its results depending on the linguistic interpretation of the input prompt, and it also exhibits limitations in repeatedly generating specific styles or visual elements. Furthermore, generative AI, which is based on image combinations based on existing data learning, may face trademark rights issues, such as the AI logo design platform, if it is not accompanied by a designer's post-processing process. Fourth(RQ4), A close examination of AI's contribution to the creativity of BI design revealed that the AI ​​logo design platform and the generative AI demonstrated different utilization effects. The AI ​​logo design platform, through its repeated presentation of visual results, provided designers with a foundation for comparing, reviewing, and establishing the visual direction of BI designs. This characteristic can serve as a supplementary tool, reducing trial and error in the designers' initial idea generation phase by structuring the design selection and comparison process. Therefore, from the perspective of creativity in BI design, the effectiveness of utilizing the AI logo design platform lies in increasing the efficiency of setting initial design directions by providing designers with creative judgment criteria. However, designers' involvement is limited to the final stages of design results, limiting their ability to reflect the inherent creativity of humans through diverse experimentation and exploration. The generative AI has been shown to effectively expand designers' creative thinking and explore new ideas by engaging them step-by-step throughout the entire thought process through interaction with them. During the rebranding development process through collaboration with AI, the researcher deepened their understanding of the brand mission and concept through interaction with AI from the initial strategy stage. They then categorized, selected, and collected relevant keywords and ideas, input them into the AI, and attempted to combine different visual elements. Through these repetitive actions, the researcher captured clues for new design expressions and applied and developed those clues into actual brand designs. This demonstrates that combining a designer's unique creativity with AI technology can lead to effective design results. Therefore, from a creativity perspective in BI design, the effectiveness of generative AI lies in expanding designers' thinking and facilitating creative judgment through a co-learning process with them. In a context where AI literacy and designers' collaborative abilities are increasingly required, this research aims to contribute to the field of brand identity design based on the following research findings. First, the the AI logo design platform research diagnosed the limitations of existing online platforms and proposed a design method that reflects the expertise of designers, thereby suggesting the possibility of the AI logo design platform providing expertise and strategic value. Next, the generative AI research proposed a method to expand designers' creative thinking and strengthen their problem-solving capabilities by designing a creative structure(co-learning) in which designers and AI organically collaborate. Finally, by applying this process to actual corporate projects and analyzing the collaboration methods, role division, and factors that facilitated thinking expansion between designers and AI. This analysis suggested a direction for human creativity and automated creativity to operate in a complementary manner. Through this, this research is significant in that it systematizes practical methods for future designers to utilize the efficiency and creativity of AI in a balanced way. Suggestions The design field is entering an era of co-creation, where designers and AI collaborate. This research analyzed the characteristics of the AI logo design platform and the generative AI and explored ways to increase their efficiency for brand identity design. Through this, the researcher aims to redefine the role and thinking of designers and to discuss changes in the future brand identity design structure. Previous research has demonstrated that AI logo design platform and generative AI each promote creativity in different ways. In this context, the roles and thoughts of designers who encounter each type of AI are summarized as follows. First, in utilizing the AI logo design platform, designers must strengthen their exploratory attitude to analyze the visual patterns and structures of AI results, seek creative clues, and recognize themselves as curators capable of selecting possibilities within the results. The generative AI emphasizes the designer's proactive ability to reflect and adjust various elements of clear intent, realism, and concept within prompts. Beyond controlling AI, designers must design the AI ​​generation process itself and broaden their depth of thinking to address problems. Finally, this researcher would like to emphasize that AI is facilitating changes in the way brand identity design is produced and created. Brands are evolving into complex systems that reflect online-centric consumer values and lifestyles. From this perspective, online-based AI can rapidly convey evolving consumer sentiments and culture to designers. Therefore, the future brand identity design production structure will be reorganized into an online creative platform that combines AI automation with designers' real-world contexts, acting as a creative medium connecting designers with the language of the times. However, advanced brand identity design is still achieved through human communication, and it is expected that AI will have difficulty completely replacing the areas of professional designers, such as strategic judgment, realistic brand identity design, and typography implementation.

산업공정에서 분리벽형 증류탑의 설계와 최적화 : Design and Optimization of Dividing Wall Column for Process Industry

구웬롱 영남대학교 대학원 2012 국내박사

분리벽형 증류탑은 상당한 에너지를 감소 시킬 수 있는 매우 유망한 기술이다. 간단한 shell형태의 증류는 3가지 이상의 물질을 높은 순도의 생산물을 분리 할 수 있게 해준다. 그러나 분리벽형 증류탑(DWC)의 설계는 많은 자유도를 가지기 때문에 기존의 방식보다 더 복잡하다. 이 변수들은 서로 상호관계에 있으며 일괄적인 최적화를 통해서 가장 적합한 구조를 찾는다. 최적화 방법으로는 반응표면분석법(RSM)과 요인분석적 설계법(factorial design)을 사용한다. 이러한 방법을 통한 최소한의 공정모사로 분리벽형 증류탑의 최적화된 구조를 찾을 수 있다. 분리벽형 증류탑 구조는 지상과 해상의 NGL회수공정에 적용하여 공정의 효율을 향상 시킬 수 있다. 일반적인 분리벽형 증류탑(CDWC)과 탑정형 분리벽 증류탑(TDWC) 그리고 탑저형 분리벽 증류탑(BDWC)을 통하여 모사한 결과 공정 시스템에 많은 이점들을 제공하였다. 예를 들면 냉각비용을 포함한 운전비용과 재비기와 응축기의 열 소비량을 기존의 공정에 비해 절감할 수 있었다. 또한, 분리벽형 증류탑의 효과를 더욱 증가 시키기 위해 탑 상부의 열을 통합하고 중간 재비기 시스템을 탑 하부에 설치하였다. 또한 이번 연구에서 에너지 효율 향상을 위해 탑저형 분리벽 증류탑과 열 펌프와의 다양한 결합구조가 제안되었다. 그 결과 증류탑의 내•외부의 새로운 열 통합을 통해 운전비용을 감소 시킬 수 있었다 : 탑저형 분리벽 증류탑은 탑 상부의 기체를 재 압축하는 열 펌프 혹은 부분 하부 훌래쉬 열 펌프가 쓰인다. 에너지 효율을 향상시키기 위해 이중배열 예비 분리기(DPA)와 이중 배열 분리벽형 증류탑을 포함하는 새로운 복잡한 형태의 배열들이 제안 되었다. 추가적으로 이번 연구는 증류탑의 측면을 개조하는 것과 분리벽형 증류탑의 구조 그리고 측면 정류기를 포함하는 열 결합형 증류배열(TCEDS-SR)에 의해 에너지가 절감 된다는 것을 보여준다. 이는 기존의 증류탑을 활용하여 분리벽형 증류탑과 열 결합형 증류배열(TCEDS-SR)로 개조할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 이로 인해 공정의 수용력을 증가 시킬 수 있다는 것을 보여준다. 분리벽형 증류탑은 처리량 증가에 따른 증류탑의 병목현상을 제거하기 위해 사용되기도 한다. 여러가지 실험을 통해 분리벽형 증류탑을 사용하는 것이 병목현상의 제거와 투자비용, 에너지 소비량을 절감 할 수 있다는 것을 보여주기 위해 분석되었다. Dividing wall columns (DWCs) represent a very promising technology allowing a significant energy requirement reduction. It is a simple shell, capable of separating mixtures of three or more components into high purity products. However, the design of DWCs is more complex than conventional arrangements because of the greater number of degrees of freedom. These variables interact with each other and need to be optimized simultaneously to obtain the best design. Thus, practical methods employing response surface methodology (RSM) and factorial design are proposed for DWC design and optimization. The optimum DWC structure can be found in a practical manner while minimizing simulation runs. They effectively cope with interactions between optimizing variables and their predictions agreed well with the results of rigorous simulation. Furthermore, the application of dividing wall column is focused to improve the performance in NGL recovery process for both onshore and offshore plants. The results show that the conventional DWC (CDWC), top DWC (TDWC), and bottom DWC (BDWC) can offer many benefits to the system, e.g. decreasing the operating cost including refrigeration cost, and minimizing the reboiler and condenser duty. Furthermore, to further enhance the dividing wall column performance, heating is integrated on the top and an interreboiling system is installed at the bottom section of the dividing wall column. In this study, various configurations incorporating a heat pump in a bottom diving wall columns are also proposed to enhance energy efficiency further. The result showed that operating cost could be reduced most significantly through novel combinations of internal and external heat integration: bottom dividing wall columns employing either a top vapor recompression heat pump or a partial bottom flashing heat pump. New complex distillation arrangements, including the double prefractionator arrangement (DPA), and the double dividing wall column arrangement (DDWC) are also proposed to improve energy efficiency. In addition, this work shows that energy saving can be obtained by retrofit the side distillation column and extractive distillation sequence to a dividing wall column and a thermally coupled extractive distillation (TCEDS-SR) with small modification. Retrofit to a DWC and a TCEDS-SR could not only exploit the existing columns, but also increase the process capacity. The systematic identification and design of column sequences involving the DWC is applied for removing the column bottleneck problem due to throughput increase. Several cases are analyzed to show that use of the dividing wall column is a promising method for debottlenecking, as well as investment cost and energy consumption saving.

Optimization of sustainability in process design based on covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy

김익현 서울대학교 대학원 2014 국내박사

Preliminary design in chemical process furnishes economic feasibility through the calculation of both mass balance and energy balance, and it makes the process possible to produce a desired product under the given conditions. Through this design stage, the process possesses unchangeable characteristics, since the materials, reactions, unit configuration, and operating conditions are determined. Therefore, it becomes more important to design process considering sustainability. For this reason, this thesis proposes the solution procedure to integrate sustainability into traditional process economic optimization. The process modeling is conducted by the general-purpose sequential modular simulator employed for both convenience and reliability to analyze and design chemical process. However, using the sequential modular simulator is hard to obtain derivatives of process models for the deterministic optimization strategy, and it is also difficult to satisfy the process constraints and design specifications multidirectionally interacting with design variables. Therefore the covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMA-ES), which is a stochastic black-box optimization algorithm, is adopted to overcome these difficulties in this thesis. The CMA-ES is an improved methodology in terms of accuracy and reliability to find optimal solution in comparison with other stochastic sampling based algorithms, and it has several advantages that: 1) it has much fewer initial settings required by the user, 2) it can deal with the non-convex multimodal problem even though the problem contains discontinuous decision variables so that it solves the optimization problem which is too complicated to interpret mathematical model explicitly, and 3) it has an excellent ability to optimize the multi-variable problems. These advantages improve the performance of the solution procedure proposed in the thesis. The proposed solution methodology for optimizing the sustainability of the process is an iterative procedure which executes the nested loop consisting of the inner loop for the process model simulation and the outer loop for the economic and sustainability optimization. Thus, 1) the CMA-ES for finding an optimal solution with much fewer function evaluations and 2) the rejection method for avoiding the execution of simulator in case of infeasible individuals make the convergence of a nested loop faster as well as expand the searching domain economically. The effectiveness and usefulness of the proposed solution methodology in this thesis are verified by the application to practical process design problems. At first, the most profitable operating condition of an offshore oil and gas production process is determined with the consideration of the Reid vapor pressure specification and wastewater treatment cost as an environmental aspect. Second, regarding the inherently safer design of the offshore natural gas liquefaction process which involves the risk of explosion, the quantification of an inherent explosion consequence and integration of inherent risk into economic analysis make it possible to show the numerical relation between conflicted objectives and assist a decision-making to design inherently safer process. As a result of this thesis, the proposed methodology makes it possible to design the sustainable chemical processes. It is expected to be useful in designing the sustainable process since the sustainability factors in the process can be numerically monitored during preliminary process design stage using process simulator. Furthermore, it contributes to decrease various uncertainties during the process lifetime and minimize the risk and further expenses regarding the economic, environmental and safety aspects.