조선 예종~명종대 陵寢寺의 설치현황과 특징

탁효정 조선시대사학회 2018 朝鮮時代史學報 Vol.- No.87

This study is a study that examined the characteristics of the Temples belonging to Royal Tombs installed from King Yejong to King Myeongjong in Joseon dynasty. During the Joseon Dynasty, Buddhist temples were built to help the sacrifices of the royal tombs. However, according to the deepening of the Confucian example, the character of the royal tomb guard temple changed greatly, and it can be divided into three periods. The first group is from King Taejo to King Sejong, the second group is from King Yejong to King Myeongjong, and the third is from King Sunjo to late Joseon Dynasty. The period from the King Yejong to King Myeongjong covered in this article corresponds to the period of revival of the royal guardian temple which was abolished by the order of King Taejong. Although it was reinstated by the deep Buddhist beliefs of the royal family, as the understanding of Neo-Confucianism of the Joseon bureaucrats became much more intense than in the previous period, it received constant criticism from the bureaucrats. In response to the criticism of the bureaucrats, the ruler of the royal family was established as a private religious institution of the royal family, not a national organization, and the ruler led the royal family. In this paper, I looked at four sites of Temples belonging to Royal Tombs established during the period of about 200 years from King Yejong to King Myeongjong in Joseon dynasty. First, Temples belonging to Royal Tombs in this period were established by Queens, not King. Secondly, it was installed irregularly in some major royal tombs, not all of the royal tombs. Third, It was installed outside the area of tomb and the fourth, it was characterized by the fact that a special temple called 御室 was installed in the temple. This is a transitional feature of the conflict between Buddhist faith of the royal family and Confucianism of the royal ceremony due to the political advancement of the Confucian scholar. 본고는 조선 예종대부터 명종대까지 설치된 능침사의 특징을 고찰한 연구이다. 조선시대에는 태조대부터 고종대까지 지속적으로 왕릉의 관리 및 제사를 돕는 사찰이 설치되었다. 왕릉수호사찰의 성격은 유교식 예제의 심화에 따라 점차 변화하였는데, 이를 구분하면 3시기로 나눌 수 있다. 본고에서 다루는 제2기 예종대부터 명종대까지는 태종의 명으로 철폐된 왕릉수호사찰이 부활한 기간에 해당한다. 예종대부터 명종대까지 약 100여 년의 기간 동안 설치된 네 곳의 능침사는 光陵의 奉先寺, 英陵의 神勒寺, 敬陵과 昌陵의 正因寺, 宣陵과 靖陵의 奉恩寺이다. 이 시기 능침사들은 첫째 국왕이 아닌 대비들의 주도로 설치되었고, 둘째 모든 왕릉이 아닌 일부 주요 왕릉에만 비정기적으로 설치되었으며, 셋째 능역 밖에 설치되었고, 넷째 御室이라는 특수한 전각이 사찰 안에 설치되었다는 특징을 지니고 있었다. 이는 왕실의 독실한 불교신앙과 사림들의 정계진출로 인한 왕실의례의 유교화가 충돌하면서 파생된 과도기적 특징이라 할 수 있다.

조선 예종~명종대 陵寢寺의 설치현황과 특징

탁효정 ( Tak Hyo-jeong ) 조선시대사학회 2018 조선시대사학보 Vol.87 No.0

This study is a study that examined the characteristics of the Temples belonging to Royal Tombs installed from King Yejong to King Myeongjong in Joseon dynasty. During the Joseon Dynasty, Buddhist temples were built to help the sacrifices of the royal tombs. However, according to the deepening of the Confucian example, the character of the royal tomb guard temple changed greatly, and it can be divided into three periods. The first group is from King Taejo to King Sejong, the second group is from King Yejong to King Myeongjong, and the third is from King Sunjo to late Joseon Dynasty. The period from the King Yejong to King Myeongjong covered in this article corresponds to the period of revival of the royal guardian temple which was abolished by the order of King Taejong. Although it was reinstated by the deep Buddhist beliefs of the royal family, as the understanding of Neo-Confucianism of the Joseon bureaucrats became much more intense than in the previous period, it received constant criticism from the bureaucrats. In response to the criticism of the bureaucrats, the ruler of the royal family was established as a private religious institution of the royal family, not a national organization, and the ruler led the royal family. In this paper, I looked at four sites of Temples belonging to Royal Tombs established during the period of about 200 years from King Yejong to King Myeongjong in Joseon dynasty. First, Temples belonging to Royal Tombs in this period were established by Queens, not King. Secondly, it was installed irregularly in some major royal tombs, not all of the royal tombs. Third, It was installed outside the area of tomb and the fourth, it was characterized by the fact that a special temple called 御室 was installed in the temple. This is a transitional feature of the conflict between Buddhist faith of the royal family and Confucianism of the royal ceremony due to the political advancement of the Confucian scholar.

조선후기 造泡屬寺의 운영 실태 - 坡州三陵의 美黃寺 사례를 중심으로 -

탁효정 순천대학교 남도문화연구소 2020 南道文化硏究 Vol.0 No.40

The purpose of this paper is to understand the management of the Joposoksa Temple in the late Joseon Dynasty through the case of the Yeongam Mihwangsa Temple in the Joseon dynasty in Paju Three Tombs. In the Joseon Dynasty, there were temples in most Royal Tombs. Various temples called Temples belong to Royal Tombs(陵寢寺), Royal Tombs’ Temple(능사), Palace for Memorial Ceremony(齋宮), Joposa Temple (造泡寺), Joposoksa Temple(造泡屬寺) were installed. Among them, the Joposoksa Temple played the role of financially supporting the Joposa Temple. The Joposoksa Temple in the late Joseon Dynasty can be classified into three types. First, one temple is in charge of fatigue in several royal tombs at the same time. Second, this is the case where a small temple near the royal tomb was chosen as the Joposa Temple. Third, a temple designated as the Joposa Temple played various roles in addition to the Jopo charge. In this way, when it was difficult for one or two Joposa Temples to play the role of fatigue at Royal Tomb, the Royal Court installed Joposoksa Temple to relieve the economic burden of Joposa Temple. In the early 19th century, when all the Joposa Temples in Paju Three Tombs were ruined, the Royal Court designated Bogwangsa Temple in Paju as the Joposa Temple in Paju Three Tombs, and soon made Yeongam Mihwangsa Temple as the Joposoksa Temple. The Mihwangsa Temple was to pay 200 Nyangs of tax annually, and instead was exempted from all 20 or more fatigue duties. Of the 200 Nyang paid to the Mihwangsa Temple, 100 Nyang were paid for the fatigue cost of Bogwangsa Temple, but the remaining 100 Nyang were spent for the management of Paju Three Tombs. The Joposoksa Temple in the late Joseon Dynasty was installed for the financial aid of the temple in charge of the heavy charge among the royal tombs. These temples were often located remotely from the royal tombs like the Mihwangsa Temple, and most of them were in charge of financial and material assistance without a direct charge. In exchange for the financial assistance of the Joposa Temple, the Joposoksa Temple was able to be exempted from the enormous fatigue duty that it had previously been in charge of. 본고는 조선후기 파주삼릉의 조포속사인 영암 미황사의 사례를 통해 조선후기 조포속 사의 운영 실태를 파악하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 조선시대 대부분의 陵園에는 사찰이 배치되었다. 능침사, 능사, 재궁, 조포사, 조포속 사로 불리던 다양한 사찰들이 설치되었는데, 그 중에서도 조포속사는 조포사를 경제적으 로 보조하는 역할을 담당하였다. 조선후기 조포속사는 세 가지 유형으로 구분할 수 있다. 첫째 한 곳의 사찰이 여러 왕릉의 조포 역을 동시에 담당할 경우이다. 둘째 왕릉 인근의 영세한 사찰을 조포사로 삼은 경우이다. 셋째 조포사로 지정된 사찰이 조포 역 이외에도 다양한 역할을 담당한 경우이다. 이처럼 1~2곳의 조포사가 능원묘의 조포 역을 담당하기 어려울 때 조정에서는 조포속사를 설치해 조포사의 경제적 부담을 덜어주었다. 19세기 초 파주삼릉의 조포사가 모두 폐사하자, 조정에서는 파주 보광사를 파주삼릉 의 조포사로 지정하고 곧이어 영암 미황사를 조포속사로 삼았다. 미황사는 매년 200냥 의 세액을 납부하게 되었고, 대신 기존에 수행하던 20가지 이상의 잡역을 모두 면제를 받았다. 미황사에서 납부한 200냥 가운데 100냥은 보광사의 조포 비용으로 지급되었지 만, 나머지 100냥은 파주삼릉의 운영 비용으로 소요되었다. 조선후기의 조포속사는 왕릉 조포사 중에서도 과중한 역을 담당하는 사찰의 경제적 보조를 위해 설치되었다. 이들 사찰은 미황사와 같이 왕릉에서 원거리에 위치한 경우가 많았으며, 직접적인 역 없이 금전적인 보조와 香炭 역을 담당하는 경우가 대부분이었다. 조포사의 경제적 보조를 담당하는 대가로 조포속사는 기존에 담당하던 막대한 잡역을 면제받을 수 있었다.

조선초기 陵寢寺의 역사적 유래와 특징

탁효정 조선시대사학회 2016 조선시대사학보 Vol.77 No.-

This paper aims at surveying the characters and historical origins of Temples belonging to Royal Tombs(陵寢寺, TRT) which were established in early Joseon Dynasty. TRT was first established in late Chinese Han Dynasty, in period of Korean Three Kingdom. In Koryo Dynasty Temples belonging to Enshrined Memorial Tablets(眞殿寺) were charged of taking care of the Royal Tombs. Many temples were appointed to temples protecting the Royal Tombs in Joseon Dynasty. Those temples protected the Royal Tombs, assisted the memorial ceremony. TRT which were established in early Joseon Dynasty had four characteristics. First TRT were established by the leadership of the king in that times, second those were located in very close distance by the Royal Tombs, third those had special name, Palace for Memorial Ceremony(齋宮), fourth there were no estate for TRT. those characteristics are unique, comparing to Koryo Dynasty and middle Joseon Dynasty. It may be transitional phenomenon which lies in from Buddhist ritual in Koryo Dynasty to Confucian ritual in Joseon Dynasty. There are 4 reasons of TRT establishment in early Joseon Dynasty. First because the Royal Tombs in Joseon Dynasty were modeling the Hyun Tomb(玄陵) and Jeong Tomb(正陵) in Koryo Dynasty, tradition of TRT were succeeded to Joseon Dynasty. Second there were needs to providing space for offerings to memorial ceremony. Third there were also needs to protecting the Royal Tomb and forest nearby. Fourth there were also needs to religious facilities praying the good and happiness of owner of the Royal Tomb. 본고는 조선초기에 설치된 능침사의 역사적 유래와 특징을 다룬 논문이다. 능침사는 중국후한~위진남북조시대부터 건립되었고 한반도에서는 삼국시대부터 설치되기 시작했다. 고려에서는 眞殿寺院이 왕릉의 추복 기능을 담당하였다. 조선시대에는 전 시기에 걸쳐 왕릉을 수호하는 사찰이 지정되었으며, 그 명칭은 齋宮, 齋室, 陵寢寺, 陵寺, 造泡寺 등으로 조금씩 변하였지만 왕릉을 수호하고 제사를 돕는다는 본래 기능은 계속 이어졌다. 본고에서는 조선초에 해당되는 태조~태종대의 능침사의 설치목적, 능침사의 설치주체, 왕릉과 능침사 간의 거리, 이 시기 능침사의 공통점 등을 살펴보았다. 조선초에 설치된 능침사는 네 가지 특징을 지니고 있다. 첫째 국왕의 주도 하에 설치되었고, 둘째 왕릉 바로 곁에 위치하였으며, 셋째 재궁이라는 이름으로 불렸고, 넷째 별도의 眞殿이 없었다는 것이다. 이는 고려시대의 진전사원이나 조선중기의 능침사와는 다른 조선초기만의 독특한 특징이다. 불교식 의례가 주를 이루던 고려의 왕릉 예제를 조선의 유교식 예제로 변형하면서 일시적으로 등장하게 된 과도기적 특징으로 파악된다. 조선초 왕실에서 능침사를 설치한 이유는 네가지로 정리된다. 첫째 조선 왕릉이 고려의 玄陵과 正陵을 모델로 삼아 조성되면서 현․정릉 안에 있던 능침사의 전통을 계승했기 때문이다. 둘째 왕릉에서 치러지는 제사와 제물을 마련하기 위한 공간이 필요했기 때문이다. 셋째 왕릉과 주변 산림을 보호하기 위한 시설이 필요했기 때문이다. 넷째 선왕 선후의 명복을 빌기 위한 종교적 시설이 필요했기 때문이다. 이같은 네 가지 필요에 따라 조성되기 시작한 능침사는 조선중기까지 계속 설치되었으며, 조선후기에는 造泡寺라는 이름으로 변형․유지되었다.

조선시대 봉은사 수륙재의 역사적 전개

탁효정 동양고전학회 2018 東洋古典硏究 Vol.0 No.73

This paper is a study of the historical significance of The water and land ceremony performed by Bongeunsa temple in the Joseon Dynasty. The Bongeunsa temple was originally a hermitage named Geungseongam, which was located in the Hakdang-dong, Gwangju County, Gyeonggi Province. After that, Geungseongam was named as Geungseongsa temple. Geungseongsa temple was left in that position and acted as the Temples belonging to Royal Tombs(陵寢寺, TRT) of the King Sungjong, later the name of the temple was changed to Bongeunsa Temple. As a result of movement of the royal tomb of the Joongjong(靖陵) next to the royal tomb of Sungjong, the Bongeunsa was also used as a TRT of the Seonjeongneung royal tomb. After that, the grandson of the King Joongjong, crown prince Soonhoe early passed away, Buddhist shrine(願堂) was set in Bongeunsa temple. Bongeunsa temple remained as a royal prayer place, serving as a Buddhist shrine for crown prince Soonhoe and serving as a Jopo temples for Seonjeongneung royal tomb until the end of the Joseon Dynasty. From the time when it was called Geungseongam to the time after when it was renamed as Bongeunsa Temple, this temple performed The water and land ceremony. But the characters changed little by little. From the King Sejo to King Sungjong, The water and land ceremony characterized Consolation ceremony for the spirit of the dead for prince Gwangpyeong, King Sejong, Queen Soehan and served as the Buddhist memorial praying for the well being of the royal family and people. From the time of the King Yonsan to the time of King Myeongjong, The water and land ceremony had strong characters for Consolation ceremony for the spirit of the dead for King. In the late Joseon Dynasty, Bongeunsa Temple served as the royal party of The water and land ceremony. On the other hand, after the Manchu war of 1636, Bongeunsa Temple also served as the national water and land ceremony for the victims who were killed in the mountains of Namhan. In the Joseon dynasty, The water and land ceremony performed by Bongeunsa Temple was strongly directed for Consolation ceremony for the spirit of the dead for royal family members, and Bongeunsa Temple was maintained as a royal prayer throughout the Joseon Dynasty.