공자의 인(仁)사상과 효(孝)교육문화를 통한 인격·인성교육 정책방향(4)

김익수 ( Kim Ik-soo ) 한국사상문화학회 2021 한국사상과 문화 Vol.103 No.-

Korea has its own thought. But our thought was formed and education of values was done being influenced by and taking great strength from Chinese Confucius' benevolence (仁) thought and filial piety (孝) educational culture. Confucius' benevolence thought has very various meanings (多義的). But its core thought is benevolence (仁) and the basics of its educational thought of filial piety were specified in Commentary on the Appended Words of 『Zhou’s Book of Changes』. Confucius' benevolence thought in this study was about his answers to questions about benevolence by Yan Hui, Junggung, Samau, and Beonji who were his students. And several texts about filial piety, Confucius' cardinal virtue, were added to it. Now, our main task is to regain the root of our thought and cultural education and make them settle. Recently, for the trend of our academic circles, they accepted poor philosophy and culture of other countries without judgement. Cosmopolitans try to learn our thought and spiritual culture that are the most Korean. We should lead to national consensus and make it spread all over the world by drastic and innovative growth to save our people's main agent and regain our thought and spiritual culture.

공자의 인(仁)사상과 효(孝)교육문화를 통한 인성교육 방향 - 『논어』와 사계의 『경서변의ㆍ논어』에 함의 된 경학사상과 인간관을 중심으로 -

김익수 ( Kim Ik-soo ) 한국청소년효문화학회 2020 청소년과 효문화 Vol.35 No.-

Korea is a heavenly country. It is a moral nation that has received Cheon-Bu-Kyeong from God and planted the seed of world philosophy, and inherited Hwaninohoon and succeeded the principle of filial piety culture, which is the original text of human moral culture. This study contains the meaning of accreditation that Confucius inherited the benevolence thought and filial duty educational culture of the Samsungjo which are Hwanwin in the era of Hwanguk, Hwanwoong in Baedalguk, and Emperor Dangunwanggeom who are teachers and saints of Korean people. Therefore, in this study, it will be discussed first the background and the formation process how Confucius' benevolence thought and filial duty educational culture were formed. The three oriental statues are often referred to as Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. All of these were accepted by the philosophy and wisdom of Cheon-Boo-Kyung but, Confucianism, in particular, is a study composed by Confucius, and especially its core philosophy is in copula commentary of I-Ching, logically, it is very certain that they were inherited a profound philosophy and abundant wisdom in life from Cheon-Boo-Kyung. In fact, in the ancient times, when I-Ching was formed, the most important number was already passed down from Cheon-Boo-Kyung. However, as it is a matter of discussing the best philosophy, it will not be discussed in this study. In this study, we will focus on Confucius' benevolence thought and filial duty educational culture which have greatly influenced Korean education based on the thought of Benevolence-Filial Piety of Hwaninohun, a world-class educational and cultural treasure in the era of Hwanguk which was the origin of Confucius' ideas. Because benevolence thought alone is so vast and profound, expertise is requested, and filial educational culture is not something to be simply discussed because the first start of education is respect parents, respect elders, and respect God. Since the purpose of this study is the filial duty educational culture for the youth who will be the putative leader in the future, it is mainly intended to find the theories of Confucius' benevolence thought and filial duty educational culture from the Analects of Confucius. The purpose of this study is to restore the spirit of Korean education through future education and educational innovation for modern education in crisis by exploring Confucius' benevolence thought and filial duty educational culture which has been the source of Korean thought and education and culture since the Three Kingdoms Period, as well as Oriental thought which took root in Orientalism and education culture. Furthermore, there is a second purpose to understand Sagye’s filial piety of Confucius in the Analectsof Confucius commentary of Kim Jang-saeng, was a leading role of Donam-Seowon, which was listed as a World Heritage Site and was introduced to the world.

儒敎思想의 관점에서 보는 世界平和

김익수 한국사상문화학회 2011 한국사상과 문화 Vol.57 No.-

Without understanding the filial piety, “the declaration of human education,” it is fundamentally impossible to discuss the thought of peace that human beings are seeking for. It is important to realize and pay attention to that the concept of filial piety began with the “Five Teachings of Hanin” by the Hanin of the Korea’s ancient Hanguk era. Therefore, it is clear to know Korea is the suzerain nation of the filial piety that is the essence of the thought of peace by studying ancient history of Korea. That is, it must be reassessed that the concept of filial piety was not started from Confucianism as we knew. The thought of Hongikingan(man beneficial to all) of Emperor of Hwanung of Baedalguk era that was developed and enriched by Dangun Wang’gum clearly include the thought of world peace. The frame is also the thought of Korea’s filial piety. Confucianism rooted to the Korea’s thought of Han and Confucius compiled it and completed as a world thought. Korea received and developed Confucianism since the Three Kingdoms period. Benevolence, the main thought of Confucius, contains the thought of human peace. Confucianism of Korea consolidated through institutional education during the Three Kingdoms period and settled as the Korea’s three major thoughts with Buddhism and Taoism. Neo‐Confucianism was introduced during the late Goryeo dynasty and reached its peak with Toegye and Yulgok during the middle of Joseon dynasty. The thoughts of these two major Neo‐Confucian scholars Toegye(1501‐1570) and Yulguk(1536‐1584) clearly included the thought of world peace. This is the main objective of this research. Another objective is to hope the thought of Korea’s filial piety will be globalized as the thought of world peace human beings are seeking for although the studies of Toegye and Yulgok already became the international studies. 인류가 희구(希求)하는 평화(平和)사상은 “인류교육의 헌장(憲章)”이라고 할 수 있는 효(孝)를 이해하지 않고는 근본적으로 논의가 되지 않는다.그런데 효(孝)는 상고(上古)의 우리의 한국(桓國)시대의 한인(桓因)의 가르침인 “한인오훈(桓因五訓)”에서 비롯되었음을 이해하고 주목해야 한다.따라서 상고사를 연구해야 인류의 평화사상의 중핵(中核)인 효가 우리가 종주국(宗主國)임을 쉽게 확인할 수 있다. 그러므로 종래의 우리의 인식이 유교에서 효가 비롯되었다는 인식은 반드시 재고해야 한다. 이른바 배달국시대의 한웅천왕(桓雄天王)의 홍익인간(弘益人間)의 사상은 단군왕검께서 더욱 발전확충시켰지만 분명히 가장 큰세계평화사상이 내포되어 있다. 그런데 골격(骨格)은 역시 우리의 효(孝)사상이다. 유교는 우리의 한사상(韓思想)이 묘맥(苗脈)이지만 공자가 집성하여 세계적인 유교사상으로 형성되었다. 우리나라도 삼국시대에 수용하여 발전시켰다.여하튼 공자의 중심사상인 인(仁)속에는 인류평화사상이 내포되어 있다.한국의 유교사상은 삼국시대에 학교교육을 통해 확고해졌으며 불교, 도교(道敎)와 함께 한국의 3대 사상으로 정착되었다. 고려말에 전래된 송대의 성리학(性理學)은 조선조 중기의 퇴계, 율곡에 의하여 크게 발전하였는데 역시 양대 유학자(儒學者)인 퇴계(1501-1570)와 율곡(1536-1584)의 사상 속에는 평화사상이 분명하게 내포되어 있다. 이를 연구하려는 것이 본연구의 목적이다. 또 하나의 의도는 “퇴계,율곡의 학(學)”이 이미 국제학으로 전 세계에 널리 전개되고 있지만 그 보다 원대한 “한국의 효사상”이 안류가 희원(希願)하는 평화사상이라고 볼 수 있는 바 조속히 세계화(世界化)되기를 기원한다.이 일이 성취될때에 한국이 전세계의 도덕종주국이 될 것이 확실하게 전망된다.

동북아의 가치인 공자의 효사상과 인성교육원리(1)

김익수 ( Kim Ik-soo ) 한국사상문화학회 2018 한국사상과 문화 Vol.94 No.-

As Confucius(BC.551-479) in the Warring States period in ancient China, there were any thought, teacher, nor education. Among them, Confucius diagnosed that lack of the future-oriented education was the key problem and he set up the theoretical structure of the education, thought and culture based on filial piety as a core value. However, this study reviewed Confucius thought of filial piety and education culture generally in the Analects, it examined various scriptures before and after Confucius. Confucius did not define filial piety, but he led to a self-developing method to solve the problem with hints not like the Western style of cramming method. Confucius emphasized that filial piety must be the minds of parents and child as one and family matters must performed with benevolence. Confucianism emphasizes ethics and education is the way to planting the value of life. Confucius focused the ethical behavior filial piety is the foundation of all and learning knowledge is the next. Confucius inherited the thought of filial piety-benevolence of the Koreans ancestors, teachers and saints the Three Sagas and developed the structure of Confucianism. His Confucianism was introduced at the second reign year of King Sosurim of Goguryeo. With popular support, the king established Taehak, a national college, and Confucianism became the national education system. This educational tradition continued to the Kingdom of Goryeo and Joseon Dynasty. However, because of the massive adoption of the Western thoughts without criticism resulted the West-oriented contemporary education that lacks the personality education. It may be a reason for the violence in school that makes future without hope. At this point, Confucius’ thought of filial piety education that inherited the Three Sagas thought of filial piety-benevolence need to be adopted and develop Korean thought and culture of filial piety. This Korean culture and thought must be globalized. This was the aim of this study. In addition, it insists that the policy of filial piety culture must be adopted for the future of the country.

동북아의 가치인 공자의 효사상과 인성교육원리(2)

김익수 ( Kim Ik-soo ) 한국사상문화학회 2018 한국사상과 문화 Vol.95 No.-

The thought of Confucius' filial piety is the core of cultural thought of northeast Asia and the foundation of the all fields of studies. However, the source of filial piety is not China. It was a cultural thought of the Three Sagas of Korea and Confucius adopted this thought and developed it as Confucianism with many books in China. Today, people are living in the era of the lack of personality education. The era witnesses the destruction of humanity with hopeless future. That is why people face the destiny to adopt the Confucius' benevolence-filial piety culture at the twenty-first century that inherited the Korean traditional thought. Although the developments of science, medicine and industry make the life comfortable, they lead the people to decide to adopt the Korean traditional filial piety culture to make twenty-first century with bright future. However, the destruction of humanity with the rises of violence and crime came from the serious crisis of education, Korean government is failing to overcome this crisis although it provides several education reforms. Chinese leader, Xi Jinping adopted Confucius' thought of benevolence-filial piety as a national policy. Korean people are the one who inherited Confucius's education culture since the Three Kingdoms period. The aim of this study is to set up the everlasting national destiny for the innovative development while we are facing the crisis in education caused by the invasion of foreign cultures. As a country of the origin of benevolence-filial piety culture of the northeast Asia, this thought must be the guideline of the education culture.

한국문화교육혁신(韓國文化敎育革新)을 위한 교육정책(1) - 인효(仁孝)를 중심으로 -

김익수 ( Kim Ik-soo ) 한국청소년효문화학회 2019 청소년과 효문화 Vol.33 No.-

9200 years ago Heavenly Emperor Hanin, the founder of the first Korean entity Hanguk received the 'Five Lessons of Hanin' from the Heavenly god. Although there was no writing system, Heavenly Emperor Hanin thoroughly maintained the Lessons as an oral tradition. It may be possible because of the strong education policy. The next generation, Emperor Hanung, the founder of the Sinsi Baidalguk inherited the 'Five Lessons of Hanin' and edited into the 'Six Lessons of Hanung' as a national policy to develop the thought of benevolence and the culture of filial piety education for 1,565 years. The next generation Dangunwanggeom, the founder of Old Joseon developed those thoughts with the adoption of the 'Eight Rules of Dangun.' Again, it was the result of the strong education policy. During China's Warring States Period and the Spring and Autumn Period Confucius thoroughly adopted the Korea's Three Sagas' thought of benevolence and filial piety culture to overcome the era of no thought, no education, no teacher and no religion. As an essences of those thoughts, Confucius established a world class Confucianism with six scriptures. Hanin Heavenly Emperor who received the thought of benevolence and filial piety culture from the Heavenly god made the benevolence and filial piety as the cores of the education policy. It became the fundamental policy of the three sagas of Korea. Confucius adopted this tradition and became the key of his thought. Confucius' thought introduced to Korea during the Three Kingdoms period and Goryeo developed as Joseon did. However, Korea lost this tradition since the modern time while adopting the western education thoughts without criticism. This study tries to restore the legacy of the drigin of morality with philosophy. To achieve this goal, this study examines the thoughts of education periodically to overcome the lack of philosophy and morality.

공자의 효사상과 인성교육의 원리

김익수 한국사상문화학회 2013 한국사상과 문화 Vol.67 No.-

공자는 동북아에서 유교를 집성한 성인(聖人)으로 만세의 스승상으로서 전세계에서 존경받는 인물이다. 선생의 학문은 도덕, 윤리, 정치, 철학, 문학, 경세 등 다방면에 걸쳐 우뚝하게 그 원리를 제시하였지만, 그 중에서 교육에 있어서 크게 공헌을 하였고 후세인을 위한 방향을 확실히 설정해 주었다. 그렇기 때문에 현재까지 만세(萬世)의 스승상으로 존경받고 있다. 공자의 사상은 삼성(三聖)의 사상을 계승한 것인데, 이미 인류역사상 상고대의 실존인물이었던 삼성의 사상은 인효(仁孝)이었으며 교육의 원천이 효(孝)였다. 인효가 중심사상이요 골격이다. 이를 계승하였기 때문에 이 공자의 인효사상은 동북아에서 크게 영향을 미쳤지만 한국교육에 미친 영향은 절대적이다. 거듭 강조하지만, 우리 상고대 삼성의 인효사상은 인성 교육의 본질이다. 우리는 회복해야할 시대의 과제라고 볼 수 있다. 이미 중국에서는 그 운동이 전개되고 있다. Confucius is a saint compiling the Confucianism in the Northeast Asia and is respected as the model of teacher universally. Although his scholarly achievement stands out in all areas including ethics, morals, politics, philosophy and political economy, the most important achievement is in the field of education establishing the directions for the follows clearly. This is why he is still respected as the model teacher in the history. Confucius thought inherited the thoughts of three sagas of the epic era. The core of their thoughts are benevolence and filial piety and filial piety is the foundation of the education. Since he inherited the thoughts, Confucius thought of benevolence and filial piety has a great impact to the Northeast Asia. More importantly, it has the most significant impact on the Korean education. Emphasizing again, The foundation for the personality education is the thought of benevolence and filial piety of the three sagas of the Korean epic era. The task for the reform is to recovering the traditional thought. Already, this movement started in China.

공자 미의식의 기능과 리상(理想)

장용수 ( Jang Young Su ) 전북대학교 인문학연구소 2015 건지인문학 Vol.13 No.-

Confucius is the great Saint from the East. Confucius differs from other Saint in that Confucius``s philosophical basis is based on humanism. Of course, other saint``s philosophical basis is based on humanism. But they tend to solve limitations of world of phenomenon by providing metaphysical ideology suggestion when they try to solve fundamental problems. On the other hand, Confucius said nothing in his ideology about world of heaven and world of nirvana. That``s why Confucius avoided mentioning ghosts and marvels. This is an unparalleled greatest achievement of Confucius. But at the same time, it is pointed out his weaknesses. Confucius insists on love for human by realistic and humane methodology. That is study of benevolence(仁學) of Confucius which would be the basis of ideology of Confucius. Then, What is substitute for metaphysical solution? That is realising mind of benevolence in real society. And then, it made everyone feel so peaceful. Then, how should we realize mind of benevolence in real society? Confucius thought that realizing mind of benevolence in real society was to have aesthetic consciousness which brought out human``s basic mind such as music and poetry. Of course music and poetry was a representation of the popular culture of the time. That is, music and poetry of the time contained the humanistic the quality of education. So, Confucius thought that music and poetry made everyone develop, and customs enlighten. Thus, Confucius always emphasized his disciples that they should study the thought of Ye-Ak(禮 樂思想). This is the governing idea of Confucius. Confucius emphasized aesthetic consciousness to reveal and realize of the mind of benevolence. And he wanted that aesthetic consciousness were expressed by manners. Also, he wanted to enlighten the customs by expression of aesthetic consciousness. At the personal level, realization of the mind of benevolence and expression of aesthetic consciousness aimed at whole personal noble man. In other words, Confucius had an ambition to make artistic life through the harmony of Ye-Ak(文質彬彬) which was the beauty of content(內容美) and the beauty of form(形式美) in aesthetic consciousness.

三聖의 효사상의 요체와 인성교육의 原頭處

김익수 한국사상문화학회 2013 한국사상과 문화 Vol.68 No.-

Three Sagas are Hanin Heavenly Emperor of Hanguk, Hanung Heavenly emperor of Sanctuary Baidal State and Dangun Wanggeom of Old Joseon. Hanin Heavenly Emperor established the first nation state, Hanguk. He started the teaching of filial piety that is the origin of the culture of human education while presenting the framework of the thought of benevolence. Hanung Heavenly Emperor of Baidal State ‘Six Lessons of Hanung’ as a royal edit to inherit the education of benevolence and filial piety of Hanin Heavenly Emperor at his inauguration. Dangun Wanggeom of Old Joseon enforced the education of filial piety as a national policy to inherit the ‘Five Lessons of Hanin’ while establishing ‘Eight Lessons of Dangun’ as a royal edit. Therefore, Thoughts of benevolence and filial piety were well set up by the Three Sagas without exception. That is why they became the pure foundation of Korean national studies and national morals. This tradition and contexts are the origins of Confucianism. Three Sagas considered the ideological foundation with Cheonbugyeong, Samilsingo, Chamjeongyejeong. There is no doubt that Confucianism inherited and compiled them. The cores of the Confucius six scripts are thoughts of benevolence and filial piety. This is why Three Sagas’ thoughts of benevolence and filial piety are the origin of the personality educationa dn the source of the morals. ‘삼성(三聖)’이란 한국(桓國)의 한인천제(桓仁天帝), 신시배달국의 한웅천왕(桓雄天王) 고조선(古朝鮮)의 단군왕검(檀君王儉)을 칭한다. 한인천제(桓仁天帝)께서 동북아에서 최초의 국가형태로 한국(桓國)을 건국하고는 인류교육문화의 원전(原典)인 효(孝)를 가르침으로 내렸고, 인(仁)사상의 반경도 제시하였다. 배달국을 건국한 한웅천왕(桓雄天王)은 개천하던 날에 한웅육훈(桓雄六訓)을 조칙(詔勅)으로 내려 한인천제의 인효교육을 계승하였다. 단군왕검 황제는 고조선을 건국하고는 이른바 ‘단군팔조교’를 조칙으로 내려 한인천제의 한인오훈을 계승하며 효교육을 국책으로 정하여 시행했던 것이다. 이와같이 삼성(三聖)에 의하여 어김없이 인효(仁孝)사상이 정립되었는바 이야말로 순수한 우리의 국학(國學)이요, 국교(國敎)인 것이다. 이러한 정맥이 유학(儒學)의 원형이 되고, 묘맥(苗脈)이 된 것이다. 삼성(三聖)께서는 사상적 기반은 고유경전인 『천부경』, 『삼일신고』, 『참전계정』으로 삼은 것이었다. 요컨대 이를 계승하여 공자께서 정리한 것이 유교임은 더 말할 여지가 없는 것이다. 재론컨대 공자께서 집성한 육경(六經)의 핵심은 인효(仁孝)이다. 그렇다고 볼 때 삼성(三聖)의 인효사상야말로 인성교육의 원두처라 할 수 있으며 도덕의 원천이라 할 수 있다.

제2부 한국인의 효사상 : 공자의 인효(仁孝)사상과 인성교육의 원리를 통한 청소년 교육방향(1)

김익수 ( Ik Soo Kim ) 한국청소년효문화학회 2013 청소년과 효문화 Vol.22 No.-

Heavenly Emperor Hanin who established the Hanguk began the ‘Five Lessons of Hwanin’ for the first time in human civilization. Heavenly Emperor Hwanung who established Baidalguk by inheriting the tradition of Hanin. Dangun Wanggeom of Old-Joseon educated people by adopting the thought of Benevolence-Filial Piety as a national policy. Confucius who fundamentally inherited this tradition and developed his thought of Benevolence-Filial Piety and the principles of youth education. This study tries to set up the standard for the confused contemporary education with those of Confucius. Contemporary education failed to be planted well since it adoptedWestern educational thoughts. Furthermore, Western exercises lacked the principles of the personality education, what are the essence of the education. This is why the school education became devastated and faced the crisis. In the time of desperation, it is important to rediscover the root of Korean traditional education. This study aims to create the leadingmoral nation of the world by recovering the normalcy of Korean education. As a first step, it is importance to establish a sound education by providing the principle of the personality education.