COVID-19와 관련된 중환자실 간호사의 우울, 직무스트레스, 수면의 질, 소진이 회복탄력성에 미치는 영향

황소진 한림대학교 간호대학원 2022 국내석사

본 연구는 COVID-19 환자를 간호해 본 중환자실 간호사를 대상으로 우울과 직무스트레스, 수면의 질, 소진 정도 사정하고, 회복탄력성에 미치는 영향을 파악⋅분석하여 회복탄력성 증진을 도모함으로써 간호사의 전문직 삶의 질 향상 및 재직 의도 증가를 통해 유능한 간호 인력을 확보하고 간호 서비스의 질을 증진하기 위한 기초 자료를 마련하고자 수행된 서술적 조사연구이다. 경기도 소재 H대학 산하 2곳의 종합병원 성인 중환자실에서 교대 근무경력과 COVID-19 환자를 간호해 본 경험이 있는 중환자실 간호사 131명을 대상으로 하였으며, 자료수집 기간은 2022년 8월 12일부터 2022년 9월 12일까지였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS WIN 29.0 Program을 사용하여 빈도와 백분율, 평균과 표준편차, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient, 다중회귀분석을 이용하여 분석하였다. 연구결과, COVID-19와 관련된 우울은 60점 만점 중 평균 15.50(±9.02)점이었고, 직무스트레스는 5점 만점 중 평균 2.52(±0.73)점, 수면의 질은 21점 만점 중 평균 5.29(±2.56)점, 소진은 7점 만점 중 평균 2.78(±0.80)점, 회복탄력성은 5점 만점 중 평균 2.27(±0.56)점 이었다. 일반적 특성에 따른 회복탄력성 정도는 성별(t=2.053, p=.042), 종교(t=2.596, p=.011), 최종학력(F=3.906, p=.023), 직급(t=2.347, p=.020), COVID-19 감염 환자 간호 교육 여부(t=2.660, p=.009)에 따라 유의한 차이가 있었다. 대상자의 회복탄력성 정도는 우울(r=-.352, p<.001), 소진(r=-.510, p<.001)과 음의 상관관계가 있었다. 직무스트레스(r=-.113, p=.200)와 수면의 질(r=-.165, p=.062)과는 유의한 상관관계가 없었다. 대상자의 회복탄력성에 영향을 미치는 요인은 소진(β=-.497, p<.001)과 직급(β=-.163, p=.031)이었다. 본 연구 결과는 COVID-19 환자를 간호하는 중환자실 간호사들의 소진 요인을 파악하여 회복탄력성을 증진할 수 있도록 역량 강화 교육, 힐링을 위한 중재가 필요함을 알 수 있다. This study is a descriptive, cross-sectional survey conducted to secure competent nursing personnel and improve nursing service quality by assessing depression, job stress, sleep quality, burnout, and improving resilience. The data collection period was from August 12, 2022 to September 12, 2022, for 131 intensive care nurses with shift work experience and experience in nursing COVID-19 patients in the adult intensive care units of two general hospitals under H University in Gyeonggi-do. The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS WIN 29.0 Program, frequency and percentage, mean and standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's Correlation Coefficient, and multiple regression analysis. As a result of the study, COVID-19-related depression averaged 15.50 (±9.02) out of 60, job stress averaged 2.52(±0.73) out of 5, sleep quality averaged 5.29(±2.56) out of 21, burnout averaged 2.78(±0.80) out of 7, and resilience averaged 2.27(±0.56) out of 5. The degree of resilience according to general characteristics is gender (t=2.053, p=.042), religion(t=2.596, p=.011), final academic background (F=3.906, p=.023), rank(t=2.347, p=.020), there was a significant difference according to the nursing education(t=2.660, p=.009) of COVID-19 infected patients. The degree of resilience of the subject was negatively correlated with depression(r=-.352, p<.001) and burnout(r=-.510, p<.001). There was no significant correlation between job stress(r=-.113, p=.200) and sleep quality(r=-.165, p=.062). The factor influencing the subject's resilience is burnout(β=-.497, p<.001) and rank(β=-.163, p=.031). The results of this study show that capacity-building education and healing interventions are needed to identify the exhaustion factors of intensive care nurses nursing COVID-19 patients and improve resilience.

비단어 따라말하기와 연령, 어휘 및 조음능력과의 관계

정소미 한림대학교 보건과학대학원 2017 국내석사

Nonword repetition is a task of repeating proposed nonword immediately. Various capabilities including auditory information processing ability, phonology memory, and speech output ability are necessary in the task. Nonword repetition can precisely measure phonology memorization because it excludes information about meaning. To perform it, phonological loops that stores auditorily proposed phonological information in limited time in phonological storage by transforming it into phonological representation and rehearsals that maintains loops are repeated. Phonological loop that is required in nonword repetition is closely related with child's language, vocabulary, and reading development and shares influences with various factors like not only vocabulary, but also age and articulation ability. In this study, development pattern is researched with nonword repetition ability along with age. Correlation between nonword repetition ability and factors that were known to influence the ability, like age, vocabulary, and articulation ability, is measured. Estimation of other factors throughout nonword repetition syllable score is also examined. Above on that, through this research, fundamental data that can be utilized not only in sorting and early intervention of children who show difficulty in speech and language but also in further studies could be collected. Subjects of this research is 141 normal children who resides in Seoul, Gyeonggi-do, Gangwon-do, Gyeongsang-do, Choongcheong-do, Junra-do, and whose age is between 3;00 and 5;11(37 3-year-old, 52 4-year-old, 52 5-year-old). Regionally, 23 from Seoul, 6 from Choonchun, 3 from Daejeon, 0 from Miryang, 5 from Yeosu were subjects. Children of subjects were reported not having diagnosis of developmental abnormality, retardation, and other physical, emotional or neural disorder by nursery teachers or fosterers, and were above 16%ile in Assessment of Phonology & Articulation for Children (APAC). To measure vocabulary and articulation ability respectively, Receptive & Expressive Vocabulary Test (REVT) and APAC was conducted. Nonwords were elected from 2-5 syllable nonword repetition in Children Articulation and Phonology Assessment Tool by Ha and Kim's research, which is currently in development. The test of 2-5 syllable, which has maximum score of 76, is consisted of 25 items, composed of nasal and lateral sounds and plosives, which are known to be acquired early in development. Researcher sat in front of subject children, told the subject nonwords directly, and made them repeat nonwords. Test nonwords were assessed in units of syllable. Omission, substitution, and addition were considered as errors, and scores were measured by subtracting the number of errors from that of correct syllables. Nonword repetition score along with age was analyzed statistically with SPSS 23.0, by conducting one-way ANOVA. Post-analysis along with age was conducted with Tukey HSD post-analysis. Pearson correlation analysis and stepwise multiple regression was performed on nonword repetition score and estimated factors like age, REVT reception score, REVT expression score, APAC socre, APAC percentage of consonants correct (PCC), and articulation score of meaningful words. The result of the research is like followings. 1) By performing one-way ANOVA on age and nonword repetition score, nonword repetition score showed positive correlation with age. Meaningful gap in nonword repetition performance could be found in 3-year-old and 5-year-old children and also in 4-year-old and 5-year-old children. 2) As result of correlation analysis of nonword repetition ability and related factors, meaningful correlation could be found between nonword repetition score and factors of age, REVT reception score, REVT expression score, APAC PCC, and articulation score of meaningful words. 3) When estimation of nonword repetition score was performed based on factors that showed meaningful correlation, REVT expression score and articulation score of meaningful words were found to be meaningful variables. REVT expression vocabulary score can be said to be estimated with 17%(adj. R=16.3%) of nonword repetition score. REVT expression vocabulary score and articulation score of meaningful words can be said to be estimated with 20.3%(adj. R=18.9%) of nonword repetition score. This research offers development pattern of nonword repetition ability of normal children of age 3 to 5 and shows that nonword repetition ability reflects development of speech and language abilities. Children in age 3 to 5 show increase in nonword repetition ability as they age, and 5-year-old children show performance close to 90%. Also, correlation between nonword repetition ability and factors like age, vocabulary, and articulation ability can be found in the research. Expression vocabulary could be estimated with nonword repetition score, and it can be interpreted that articulation ability and vocabulary development can be estimated. Based on nonword repetition task, clinical information can be provided when assessing children with difficulties in speech and language development.

임상간호사의 비판적 사고성향, 공유리더십 및 정보활용능력이 근거기반실무역량에 미치는 영향

곽도안 한림대학교 특수대학원 2025 국내석사

임상간호사의 비판적 사고성향, 공유리더십 및 정보활용능력이 근거기반실무역량에 미치는 영향 2024. 석사학위논문 곽도안 임상간호학과 지도교수: 권명순 목적 : 본 연구는 임상간호사를 대상으로 비판적 사고성향, 공유리더십, 정보활용 능력의 정도와 관계를 분석하고, 이들 요인이 근거기반실무역량에 미치는 영향을 파악 하여 간호사의 근거기반실무역량 강화를 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 방법 : 본 연구는 서술적 조사연구로, 서울 및 강원도 소재 3개 대학병원 간호사 135명을 대상으로 자료수집 전 강남성심병원 IRB의 연구 승인을 받고 연구를 진행하 였다. 구조화된 자기 보고식 설문지를 이용해 2024년 9월 1일부터 9월 30일까지 데 이터를 수집하였다. 연구 도구는 대상자의 일반적 특성 15문항, 비판적 사고성향 27 문항, 공유리더십 13문항, 정보활용능력 20문항, 근거기반실무 역량 14문항으로 구성 되었다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS/WIN 26.0을 사용해 기술통계, 상관분석, 다중회귀분석 을 실시하였으며, 변수 간 차이는 Independent t-test, one way ANOVA로 분석하였 고 사후 검증은 Scheffé test를 이용하였다. 결과 : 근거기반실무역량은 책임 간호사 이상의 직위와, 10년 이상 임상 경력, 비 판적 사고와 정보활용능력 교육을 받은 간호사들에게 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 나타 냈다. 다중회귀분석 결과 비판적 사고 성향과 정보활용능력은 근거기반실무에 중요한 영향을 미쳤으며, 설명력은 64.1%로 분석되었다. 또한, 비판적 사고 성향, 공유리더십, 정보활용능력 모두 근거기반실무역량과 정적인 상관관계를 보였다. 임상간호사의 근거기반실무역량을 강화하기 위해 다음과 같은 전략을 제안한다. 첫 째, 비판적 사고성향을 올리기 위해서 워크숍, 세미나, 온라인 학습 프로그램을 개발 하고 제공한다. 둘째, 정보활용능력 향상을 위해서 의료 데이터베이스 및 의료 정보 관리 시스템 사용법에 대해 교육한다. 셋째, 경력별 맞춤형 교육 지원을 시행하고 교 육 이수와 근거기반실무 적용 성과를 간호사의 승진 평가와 연계하여 동기 부여한다. 이러한 노력을 통해 간호사 개인의 실무 역량뿐만 아니라 간호 서비스의 질과 환자 안전에도 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있을 것으로 기대한다. 주제어: 임상간호사, 비판적 사고성향, 공유리더십, 정보활용능력, 근거기반실무역량 Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the levels and relationships between critical thinking disposition, shared leadership, and information literacy among clinical nurses, and to identify how these factors influence evidence-based practice (EBP) competency. The goal was to provide foundational data to enhance nurses' EBP competency. Methods: This descriptive survey study was conducted with 135 nurses working at three university hospitals located in Seoul and Gangwon Province. Data collection took place from September 1 to September 30, 2024, after obtaining approval from the IRB of Gangnam Sacred Heart Hospital. A structured self-reported questionnaire was used, consisting of 15 items on general characteristics, 27 items on critical thinking disposition, 13 items on shared leadership, 20 items on information literacy, and 14 items on EBP competency. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 26.0 with descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis. Differences between variables were assessed using Independent t-tests and one-way ANOVA, with post hoc testing conducted using Scheffé's test. Result: EBP competence demonstrated statistically significant differences among nurses holding positions of charge nurse or higher, those with more than 10 years of clinical experience, and those who had received training in critical thinking and information utilization skills. Multiple regression analysis showed that critical thinking disposition and information utilization skills had a significant impact on EBP, with an explanatory power of 64.1%. Furthermore, critical thinking disposition, shared leadership, and information utilization skills all exhibited positive correlations with EBP competence. To strengthen the EBP competency of clinical nurses, the following strategies are proposed. First, develop and provide workshops, seminars, and online learning programs to enhance critical thinking disposition. Second, offer training on the use of medical databases and healthcare information management systems to improve information literacy. Third, implement tailored education programs based on career stages and link educational achievements and EBP implementation outcomes to promotion evaluations to foster motivation. These efforts are expected to positively impact not only individual nurses’ practice competencies but also the quality of nursing services and patient safety. Keyword : Clinical Nurse's, Critical Thinking Tendency, Shared Leadership, Information Literacy, Evidence-Based Practice

남녀간호사의 젠더감수성, 성희롱인식과 성희롱경험 및 대처정도 비교

이해숙 한림대학교 간호대학원 2022 국내석사

본 연구는 남녀간호사를 대상으로 성희롱 예방에 주요 요인으로 주목받고 있는 젠더감수성, 성희롱 인식, 성희롱 가해경험과 피해경험 및 대처정도를 비교하고상관 관계를 파악하여 간호전문직 내 성희롱을 근절하기 위한 성희롱 예방의 전략적 교육내용과 건전한 간호조직문화 정립을 위한 프로그램을 개발하는데 기초자료를 마련하고자 시도되었다. 2022년 8월 02일부터 8월 16일까지 남녀간호사 329명을 대상으로 자료를 수집하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS 26.0 Window 프로그램을 이용하여 기술통계분석, Independent t-test와 ANOVA, 사후검정(Scheffe) 및 상관관계 분석을 실시하였다. 연구 결과에서 젠더감수성은 남자보다 여자가 통계적으로 유의하게 높고, 성희롱인식은 반대로 남자가 통계적으로 더 높았으며, 성희롱 가해와 피해의 경험은 여자가 더 많이 경험하고, 성희롱 대처정도는 남녀간 유의한 차이가 없는 것으로 조사되었다. 특성에 따른 젠더감수성, 성희롱인식, 성희롱경험 및 대처유형에서 주목할 점은, 공통적으로 모든 변수에서 성희롱 교육관련 특성인 성희롱 고충처리기구와 예방교육실시가 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나 성희롱 전담기구의 존재 및 성희롱 예방교육시스템의 중요성이 강조되었다. 젠더감수성, 성희롱인식, 성희롱 가해경험과 피해경험, 성희롱 대처정도 간의 상관관계를 분석한 결과, 남자는 젠더감수성의 하위영역 중 성 역할에 대한 개방성과 성희롱인식과 성희롱 피해경험간 유의한 양의 상관관계로 나타났다. 여자는 젠더감수성과 성희롱인식, 젠더감수성과 성희롱 대처정도 간 양의 상관 관계를 가지고 성희롱 가해경험과 피해경험은 음의 상관관계를 가지며, 성희롱인식과 성희롱 가해경험, 성희롱인식과 성희롱 피해경험 간 음의 상관 관계, 성희롱 인식과 성희롱 대처정도와는 유의한 양의 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 성희롱 가해경험과 성희롱 피해경험은 양의 상관관계, 성희롱 가해경험과 성희롱 대처정도는 음의 상관관계로 나타났으며 성희롱 피해경험과 성희롱 대처정도와 유의한 음의 상관관계를 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과에서 간호조직 내의 남녀 간호사의 성희롱 실태를 비교하고 성희롱 문제 시 성희롱인식만이 아니라 젠더감수성도 영향이 있음이 확인되어 현재 남자 간호사가 증가하고 있는 간호 현장에서 간호사들의 상호 존중을 통한 건강한 간호조직 문화의 기반을 다질 수 있는 성희롱 예방 프로그램 개발의 기초 자료가 될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. 또한 향후 간호조직 내의 성희롱에 대해 지역 및 표본의 확대를 통한 반복 연구 및 질적 연구가 필요할 것이며, 현재 성희롱 전담기구에 대한 실효성과 성희롱 예방 교육의 적합성과 효과성에 대한 후속연구를 통해 성별 차이를 고려한 성희롱 예방 프로그램을 개발하여 그 효과를 확인할 것을 제언한다. Keyword: 남녀간호사, 직장 내 성희롱, 간호조직 내 성희롱, 젠더감수성, 성희롱인식, 성희롱 실태, 성희롱 가해경험, 성희롱 피해경험, 성희롱 대처유형 This study was conducted to compare and correlate gender differences in gender sensitivity, sexual harassment perception, perpetration and victimization experiences, and coping levels, which are key factors that attracted attention in investigating and preventing sexual harassment experiences. Through these efforts, this study provides strategic educational contents on sexual harassment prevention within the nursing profession, and baseline data for developing programs to establish a sound organizational culture in the nursing profession. Data were collected from 329 male and female nurses from August 2 to August 16, 2022. Descriptive statistical analysis, independent t-test, chi-square test, ANOVA, post-hoc test (Scheffe), and correlation analysis were conducted using the SPSS 26.0 Windows program. Results revealed that gender sensitivity was statistically significantly higher in females than in males, and in contrast, the perception of sexual harassment was statistically higher in males. Females had more perpetration and victimization experiences and there were no differences in coping styles between males and females. A noteworthy finding with gender sensitivity, perception and experiences of sexual harassment, and coping level depending on characteristics is that all variables were commonly influenced by organizations responsible for handling sexual harassment grievances and preventive education, both being characteristics related to sexual harassment prevention education. This highlighted the importance of having an organization responsible for handling sexual harassment issues and a preventive education system. Analysis of the correlation among gender sensitivity, sexual harassment perception, perpetration and victimization experiences, and coping levels revealed the following. In males, the higher the openness to gender roles, in terms of gender sensitivity, the higher their level of perception and victimization experiences of sexual harassment, the higher the level of perception of sexual harassment, the more active their response against it, the more perpetration experiences of sexual harassment, the more victimization experiences, and the more experiences of sexual harassment, the more passive their response. In contrast, females with higher gender sensitivity reported higher levels of perception of sexual harassment, less perpetration and victimization experiences, and active responses against it. The higher their level of perception of sexual harassment, the lower their level of perpetration and the fewer victimization experiences, and the more actively they responded against sexual harassment. Females with more perpetration experiences of sexual harassment reported more victimization experiences and more passive response against sexual harassment, whereas the more victimization experiences, the more passive their response. The above results identified the status of sexual harassment in nursing organizations, and confirmed gender differences along with the influence of sexual harassment perception and gender sensitivity on sexual harassment issues. With the current increase in male nurses in the nursing field, this study can serve as the baseline data for developing sexual harassment prevention programs, and create the fundamentals of a sound culture in nursing organizations via the mutual respect among nurses. Furthermore, replication and qualitative studies on sexual harassment in nursing organizations through the expansion of regions and samples will be required in the future. Sexual harassment prevention programs considering gender differences should be developed by performing follow-up research to confirm the effects of such programs on the practicality of current organizations responsible for sexual harassment prevention and the appropriateness and effectiveness of sexual harassment preventive education. Keywords: Male and female nurses, sexual harassment at workplaces, sexual harassment in nursing organizations, gender sensitivity, sexual harassment perception, status of sexual harassment, sexual harassment perpetration experiences, sexual harassment victimization experiences, sexual harassment coping levels

발표과제에 참가한 대학생들의 사후반추에 대해 부정적 자기속성 염려와 자기자비가 미치는 영향

김경진 한림대학교 대학원 2018 국내석사

사후반추는 발표불안 등 사회불안장애와 밀접한 관련이 있는 것으로 알려져 있으 나, 이를 예측하는 요인과 이를 개선하기 위한 방법에 대한 연구는 더 필요한 실정이다. 본 논문은 두 가지 연구로 구성되어 있다. 연구 1은 즉석발표과제에 참가한 대학생들의 사후반 추에 대한 자기자비와 부정적 자기속성 염려의 영향을 검증하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여, 54 명의 대학생들을 대상으로 사전에 자기자비와 부정적 자기속성 염려를 측정하고 즉석발표과 제 수행 후에 사후반추를 측정하였다. 그 결과, 자기자비와 사후반추는 유의한 부적인 상관 을 보였으며, 부정적 자기속성 염려는 사후반추와 유의한 정적인 상관을 보였다. 자기자비와 부정적 자기속성 염려는 상호 공유된 변량을 통제한 후에도 각각 사후반추를 유의하게 예측 하는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만, 사후반추에 대한 이 두 가지 변인들의 상호작용 효과는 유의 하지 않았다. 이러한 결과들은 자기자비와 부정적 자기속성 염려가 발표과제 이후의 사후반 추를 예측함에 있어 각각 고유하게 기여할 가능성을 시사한다. 연구 2는 단회적인 자기자비 처치가 사후반추를 낮추는 데 있어 효과적인지를 검토 하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여, 발표불안점수가 높은 대학생 26명을 선발하여 1차 발표 이후에 자기자비처치 조건과 주의분산 처치 조건에 각각 무선 할당하였다. 그 결과, 자기자비와 주 의분산 처치조건 모두 사후반추와 발표상황에 대한 불안반응수준이 유의하게 감소하였으나, 이러한 변화들이 두 처치조건 간에 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 즉석발표 후에 측정된 참 가자들의 상태 자기자비수준은 주의분산조건에 비해 자기자비 처치조건에서 더 유의하게 상 승되었으나, 이러한 집단 간 차이는 일주일 후 까지 유의하게 지속되지는 않았다. 비록 사후 반추와 발표상황에 대한 불안반응수준의 완화 정도가 두 처치조건 간에 유의한 차이를 보이 지는 않았으나, 효과크기를 비교함에 있어 자기자비 처치조건이 주의분산 처치 조건보다 더 높은 것으로 밝혀졌다. 이러한 결과들은 자기자비 처치가 발표불안 수준이 높은 대학생들의 사후반추와 발표상황에 대한 불안반응수준을 낮추는데 있어 효과적인 개입일 가능성을 시사 한다. 마지막으로, 두 가지 연구의 의의와 제한점에 대하여 논의 하였다. Post-event rumination(PER) has been known as a key떠factor in the maintenance of social anxiety떠including speech anxiety. This thesis is composed떠of two studies. Study떠1 was performed떠to examine the influences of self-compassion and떠concerns about negative self attributes on PER. In Study떠1, both self-compassion and떠concerns about negative self attributes of 54 undergraduate students were measured떠one week before an impromptu떠speech task. After that task performance, their PER was measured. Both self-compassion and떠concerns about negative self attributes were significantly떠correlated떠with PER in the expected떠directions. Also, both self-compassion and떠concerns about negative self attributes were significant predictors of PER, beyond떠shared떠variance with each other. However, the interaction effect of the two predictors was not significant. These findings suggest that self-compassion and떠concerns about negative self attributes each uniquely떠contributes to the prediction of PER. Study떠2 was conducted떠to examine whether a single session intervention for self-compassion would떠be effective in alleviating PER after an impromptu떠speech task. To this end, 26 undergraduate students with high speech anxiety떠were randomly떠allocated떠to either self-compassion or distraction treatment conditions. Participants’ PER and떠anxiety떠responses to the speech task significantly떠decreased떠in the self-compassion and떠distraction treatment conditions. However, reductions in both PER and떠speech anxiety떠responses were not significantly떠different between the two treatment conditions. Participants in the self-compassion treatment condition showed떠significantly떠greater increase in state self-compassion than those of the distraction treatment condition immediately떠after the speech, but this difference was not significantly떠different at an one-week follow-up. In terms of within-subjects effect sizes for PER and떠speech anxiety떠responses, the self-compassion treatment condition was superior to the distraction treatment condition. Collectively, these results suggest that a single session intervention for self-compassion is effective in reducing PER and떠anxiety떠response to a speech task among undergraduate students with high speech anxiety. Finally, the implications and떠limitations of the current research are discussed. Keywords: post-event rumination, self-compassion, concerns about negative self attributes, speech anxiety, social anxiety떠disorder

展示會 參加業體의 參加成果 影響要因에 관한 硏究 : 서울 국제 판촉물 및 생활용품전을 중심으로

조영룡 한림대학교 국제학대학원 2007 국내석사

The subject of this study is companies that participate in national exhibitions to analyze how they recognize and grasp the influence of factors regarding their participation and its results. Such factors were classified into six categories: the companies’internal/external factors in choosing to participate in an exhibition; special characteristics of the companies; factors that give rise to actions taken prior to, during, and after the exhibition. Post-exhibition results were analyzed by comparing (1) sales, (2) information collection, and (3) image construction. Variables in considering exhibitors’ internal factors in choosing to participate in an exhibition include the size of booths, operation costs of running a booth, and expected number of sales. The aforementioned factors establish a notable relationship to the results of participating in an exhibition. External factors include the objective of participating in an exhibition, reputation of the exhibition organizer, and the number and involvement of competitors in the exhibition. Although the number of rival companies participating in an exhibition may be dismissed, the subject’s agreement with the objective of the exhibition and reputation of the organizer are seen to establish a significant role in part. It is apparent that most companies consider internal factors prior to participating in an exhibition, while the reason for their participation is more topromote their products and increase sales rather than competition. Special characteristics of exhibitors were analyzed by looking at the size of the companies and the number of participation in various exhibitions but both variables were dismissed. Thus, characteristics of the companies were not seen to establish a notable relationship to the outcome of their participation in exhibitions. The number of times a company has participated in exhibitions is concluded to add to the company’s accumulated know-how in exhibit management, while establishing no notable relationship between the size of the company or annual sales and exhibition results. It can thus be concluded that companies enter exhibitions without concrete planning but according to the sensibility of the proprietorship or management. Exhibitors may be more successful in their participation when they strategize marketing in consideration of their own company and the related market to form a more calculated objective. Factors and variablesthat govern actions taken prior to an exhibition (such as training of manpower, securing visitors, customizing promotional materials), suppositions and variables during the exhibition (such as special on-site events, distribution of promotional materials,consulting activities of staff manning the booth, on-site sales), and suppositions and variables regarding post-exhibition activities (such as sending out thank-you letters, sales staff visits, immediate and delayed post-exhibition follow-up) were all concluded to establish a significant relationship with exhibition results. It is discerned that exhibitors recognize the importance of exhibitions (prior to, during, and after completion of) in order to effectively promote their products and create sales. However, exhibitors often do not pay adequate attention to all of the different activities and factors of their participation due to their circumstances or costs involved, which give rise to a decrease in positive results, consequently complaining to theexhibition organizer that they have few visitors or effects of their participation are not notable. Companies that participate in exhibitions must take all related activities mentioned above into a deep consideration, while exhibition organizers must enforce a correct understanding of the critical nature of all exhibition-related factors and attract prospective buyers through various promotional activities. Exhibition results were classified into quantitative and non-quantitative elements, among which quantitative elements were further classified into sales while non-quantitative elements into data collection and image construction, for analysis to clarify one that is the most influential. Elements regarding sales were set aside as a point of reference. Sales were quantified according to the number of consultations and contracts made, number of visitors to a booth, and the number of contacts with clients. Among such variables, the number of booth visits was dismissed but the number of consultations and contracts made, as well as the number of contacts with clients were considered and found to be influential in exhibition results. In supposition Ⅱ2, it was found that data collection (variablesincluding exhibited product evaluation, assessment of new competitors, trends in clientele and industry) affects exhibition results. When variables regarding companies’ merit recognition and their image constructionwere taken to be quantified in supposition Ⅱ3, all assumptions and variables relating to image constructions were dismissed with the exceptionof market competitive factors. It is, therefore, difficult to clarify that there is a notable relationship between exhibition results and image construction. It is thus concluded that exhibitors often pay a closer attention to sales and data collection rather than image construction. This study involved categorizing and organizing existing documents on exhibition participation results and their effects to analyze each factor’s influence. Exhibition participation result factors were then classified into quantifiable and non-quantifiable, while also three factors were extracted for calculation of relativity. Factors that are most critical to exhibitors when looking at exhibition results were subsequently deduced. Research must go beyond looking only at the exhibition selection, characteristics of participating exhibitors, involved activities according to the exhibition timeline, and exhibitionresults to study each factor and variable, how they are related, and how much effect each brings. The number and scope of studied subjects must be enlarged and substantial quantification be done to compare exhibitions of related industries and domestic/overseas exhibitions to see how different factors affect exhibitionresults.

한국과 중국 대학생 노인부양의식의 영향 요인에 관한 연구

최경호 한림대학교 대학원 2015 국내석사

This study compares the attitude toward supporting older adults of college students in Korea and China, and investigates factors associated with attitude toward supporting older adults. 300 students at Hallym University in Korea and 300 students at JiLin Normal University in China participated in this study. Results are as follows: First, Chinese students were significantly more responsible for supporting their parents than Korean students. Chinese students had more positive attitude toward financial support and physical care of their parents.. Second, whereas Korean students had higher values on familism and more communications with their parents than Chinese students, Chinese students had more positive attitude toward aging. Third, Familism was a significant factor associated with attitude toward supporting older adults of college students in both Korea and China. Gender, residential area, and attitude toward aging are significnat factors affecting Chines students' attitude toward supporting older adults. Fourth, Familism was a significant factor associated with financial support, emotional support, and physical care of older adults in both Korea and China. College students' communication with parents was a significant factor affecting emotional support for their parents in both Korea and China. The findings suggest that the differences on attitude toward supporting older adults of college students between Korea and China should be emphasized in benchmarking welfare systems from both countries. 본 연구는 한림대학교와 길림사범대학교에 재학 중인 대학생 600명 (각 300명)을 대상으로 한국과 중국 대학생의 노인부양의식을 비교하고 영향요인을 분석하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 노인부양의식과 하위영역인 경제적, 신체적 부양의식 모두 중국 대학생이 한국 대학생보다 높은 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 노인부양의식에 영향을 미치는 가족주의 가치관은 한국 대학생이 높았고, 부모와의 의사소통에서도 한국 대학생이 더 원할한 것으로 나타났다. 반면 노인에 대한 태도는 중국 대학생이 더 긍정적인 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 노인부양의식에 공통적으로 영향을 미치는 요인은 한국과 중국 대학생 모두 가족주의 가치관으로 나타났으며, 성별、거주지역、노인에 대한 태도는 중국 대학생의 노인부양의식에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 노인부양의식의 하위영역인 경제적, 정서적, 신체적 부양의식에 미치는 요인은 한국과 중국 모두 가족주의 가치관으로 나타났다. 정서적 부양의식에 영향을 미치는 요인은 한국 중국 모두 부모와의 의사소통으로 나타났다. 학과의 경우 한국 대학생의 정서적 부양의식에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 반면 성별과 노인에 대한 태도는 중국 대학생의 경제적, 정서적, 신체적 부양의식 모두에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났고, 거주지는 중국 대학생의 정서적 부양의식에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 비슷한 문화적 맥락을 지닌 한국과 중국 대학생의 노인부양의식에 대한 공통점과 차이점의 비교분석결과를 통해 향후 노인복지와 관련된 정책제도와 시스템 도입 등 영역에서 두 나라의 유사성과 차이를 고려할 필요가 있다는 것을 제안한다.

초등 저학년 일반아동과 발달성 난독아동의 이해모니터링 능력

최니나 한림대학교 특수대학원 2025 국내석사

배경 및 목적: 발달성 난독아동은 음운인식, 해독, 읽기유창성 등 다양한 영역에서 어려움이 나타난다. 최근 들어 발달성 난독아동을 대상으로 해독 능력 이외에 텍스트 수준에서의 이해와 상위인지 전략 활용을 살펴보는 연구가 진행되고 있다. 이는 읽기의 최종 목표가 텍스트의 의미를 온전히 이해하는 데 있음을 확인한 결과이다. 그런데 발달성 난독아동은 글자해독을 어느 정도 습득한 뒤에도, 읽기이해 과정에서 낮은 이해모니터링 능력을 보일 가능성이 있다. 이해모니터링은 읽기이해에서 고차원적 인지기술로서 중요한 역할을 하며, 읽기이해의 중요한 예측 인자이다. 그러나 기존 연구는 주로 해독이나 읽기유창성에 초점을 맞추었으며, 텍스트 수준에서의 이해모니터링을 다룬 연구는 여전히 제한적이다. 따라서 본 연구는 초등 2-3학년 발달성 난독아동에게 짧은 글을 듣거나 읽게 한 후, 이해모니터링 능력을 살펴보고자 한다. 발달성 난독아동이 텍스트 내에서 발생하는 어휘, 외적, 내적 비일관성 유형의 오류를 얼마나 탐지하고 수정하는지, 학년일치 일반아동과 해독점수일치 일반아동과 비교하여 차이를 살펴보고자 한다. 연구방법: 초등학교 2-3학년 일반아동과 발달성 난독아동 각각 11명, 발달성 난독아동과 해독점수를 일치시킨 1학년 일반아동 11명 총 33명을 대상으로 하였다. 짧은 글을 듣거나 읽고 오류가 있는지 탐지한 후 수정할 기회를 제공하였다. 짧은 글은 초등 저학년에게 친숙한 주제(예: 생일파티, 할아버지와 함께 병원가기, 호랑이와 토끼, 우리 집 소개하기 등)로 어휘를 쉽게 조절하여 제작하였다. 본 연구에서 이해모니터링 과제로 사용한 텍스트의 구성, 내용, 어휘 및 길이가 초등 저학년 아동에게 적절한지, 어휘 비일관성 유형, 내적 비일관성 유형, 외적 비일관성 유형이 적절한지에 대한 내용 타당도는 언어병리학 박사학위 소지자이며, 한국 난독증 협회 문해 전문가 과정 슈퍼바이저인 3인에게 의뢰하여, 평균 내용타당도를 산출한 결과 4.629이었다. 순서 효과를 배제하기 위해 연구대상자를 두 그룹으로 나누어 1/2은 듣기를 먼저 하고, 1/2은 읽기를 먼저 실시하였다. 아동들에게 주제가 다른 16개의 텍스트를 준비하여 A세트와 B세트로 나누어 구성하였다. 각 세트에는 어휘 비일관성 유형, 내적 비일관성 유형, 외적 비일관성 유형의 개수를 동일하게 포함하였다. 또, 본 연구의 이해모니터링 과제를 이해 모드에 따라 듣거나 읽어준 후 과제를 수행하게 하였다. 3개의 이해모니터링 유형(어휘 비일관성/내적 비일관성/외적 비일관성)을 포함한 이야기글, 설명글 16개를 듣고 읽으면서 오류를 찾는 탐지 과제와 탐지한 오류를 수정하는 수정 과제를 실시하였다. 연구결과: 첫째, 발달성 난독아동과 해독점수일치 일반아동이 학년일치 일반아동에 비해 이해모니터링 능력에서 유의하게 낮은 수행력을 보였다. 둘째, 아동들은 오류 탐지 과제보다 오류 수정 과제에서 더 낮은 수행력을 보였다. 셋째, 어휘 비일관성, 내적 비일관성, 외적 비일관성의 이해모니터링을 유형별로 살펴보았을 때, 학년일치 일반아동이 발달성 난독아동과 해독점수일치 일반아동보다 유의하게 높은 수행력을 보였다. 세 집단 모두 외적 비일관성 유형에서 가장 우수한 수행력을 보였고, 뒤이어 어휘 비일관성 유형과 내적 비일관성 유형 순으로 나타났다. 결론 및 논의: 발달성 난독아동은 듣기와 읽기 과제 모두에서 학년일치 일반아동보다 유의미하게 낮은 이해모니터링 능력을 보였다. 이는 텍스트를 이해 과정에서 자신의 이해 상태를 점검하고, 수정하는 상위인지적 기술에 어려움이 있음을 시사한다. 특히, 발달성 난독아동은 텍스트 내 불일치 정보를 탐지하고 수정하는 상위인지적 전략을 능동적으로 활용하지 못하는 모습이 확인되었다. 이들은 과제 지시를 통해 오류 가능성을 미리 안내받았음에도 전략을 실행하는 데 어려움을 겪어 낮은 수행을 보이는 경향이 있었다. 이러한 결과는 발달성 난독아동의 낮은 수행력이 상위인지적 전략 활용의 미숙함과 밀접하게 관련되어 있음을 시사한다. 발달성 난독아동이 텍스트를 이해하는 과정에서 이해모니터링 능력을 적극적으로 지원해야 할 필요성을 강조한다. 본 연구에서는 이해 모드(듣기 vs 읽기)에 따른 유의미한 주효과는 유의하지 않았으며, 집단 간 상호작용 효과도 나타나지 않았다. 이는 발달성 난독아동이 듣기와 읽기 두 모드에서 모두 낮은 이해모니터링 능력을 보였음을 시사한다. 기존 연구에서는 듣기 이해가 읽기 이해보다 상대적으로 높게 보고되었으나, 본 연구에서는 발달성 난독아동이 듣기와 읽기 두 모드 모두에서 학년일치 일반아동보다 낮은 수행을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 발달성 난독아동의 언어적·인지적 자원 부족이 특정 모드뿐만 아니라, 전반적인 언어 처리과정에서 나타날 수 있음을 의미한다. 특히 발달성 난독아동에게는 읽기 능력을 우선적으로 지원해야 할 필요가 크다. 읽기는 학교 학습과 문해 능력의 핵심적인 요소로서, 학업 성취에 결정적인 역할을 미친다. 발달성 난독아동은 낮은 해독 능력으로 인해 읽기 이해에서 시작된 어려움이 학습 전반으로 이어질 수 있으므로, 읽기 능력을 집중적으로 지원할 필요가 있다. 과제 유형별 분석에서는 오류 수정 과제보다 오류 탐지 과제에서 전반적으로 높은 수행 점수를 보였다. 이는 오류 탐지가 비교적 단순한 인지 과정을 요구하지만, 오류 수정은 추론 능력과 작업기억, 문맥 이해 등 고차원적인 인지 처리가 필요하기 때문이다. 발달성 난독아동은 오류 수정 과제에서 특히 더 큰 어려움을 겪으며, 이는 작업기억 용량의 제한과 상위인지 전략 활용이 미숙하기 때문으로 보인다. 발달성 난독아동은 모든 이해 모니터링 유형(외적 비일관성, 어휘 비일관성, 내적 비일관성)에서 학년일치 일반아동보다 낮은 수행력을 보였다. 특히, 내적 비일관성 유형에서의 점수가 가장 낮게 나타났다. 이는 텍스트 앞뒤의 맥락을 연결하고 의미적 일관성을 유지하는 능력이 부족했기 때문으로 해석된다. 어휘 비일관성 유형에서는 어휘 지식 한계로 텍스트의 구체적 의미를 정확히 파악하기 어려웠고, 외적 비일관성 유형에서는 배경지식을 활용하는 데 어려움을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 발달성 난독아동이 텍스트 내 의미 통합과 연결성을 지속하는 데 필요한 언어적·인지적 자원이 제한적임을 시사한다. 제언: 본 연구는 제한된 표본 수(N=33)와 특정 학년(2학년, 3학년)을 중심으로 진행된 연구이기 때문에, 결과를 일반화하기에는 한계가 있다. 따라서 추후 연구에서는 다양한 학년과 더 큰 규모의 표본을 대상으로 이해모니터링 능력을 분석할 필요가 있다. 이해모니터링 능력은 연령에 따라 차이가 나타날 수 있으므로, 종단적 연구를 통해 그 발달 추이를 추적하는 것이 매우 중요하다. 또 연구대상을 저학년, 중학년, 고학년으로 확대하여, 각 학년별 발달상의 특성을 체계적으로 평가하는 연구가 필요하다. 일반적으로 발달성 난독아동은 또래 수준과 비슷한 듣기이해 능력을 지닌다고 가정된다. 하지만 듣기이해 모니터링이 학년일치 일반아동보다 낮은 수행을 보인 결과는 예상 밖이었다. 본 연구에서 듣기이해 모니터링 특성을 다양하게 살피지는 못했기 때문에, 낮은 수준의 듣기이해 모니터링 결과를 깊이 있게 해석하는 데에는 한계가 있다. 따라서 후속 연구에서는 다양한 예측 변인들을 심층적으로 평가해 살펴볼 것을 제안한다. 또한 집단별로 이해모니터링 반응 속도를 비교함으로써, 인지처리 속도나 작업기억 용량의 차이를 살펴보는 따른 차이를 살피는 후속 연구가 필요하다. 오류 유형에 대한 질적 분석을 통해 각 집단의 특정 오류 유형에 대한 반응 차이를 살펴보는 것도 발달성 난독아동의 특성을 좀더 명확하게 파악할 수 있다. 이러한 후속 연구가 이루어진다면, 발달성 난독아동의 이해모니터링 능력을 향상시키는 데 중요한 기여를 할 수 있을 것이다. Background and Purpose: Developmental dyslexia is characterized by persistent difficulties in phonological awareness, decoding, and reading fluency. Recent studies on developmental dyslexia have examined text-level comprehension and higher-order metacognitive strategy usage, reflecting the view that the ultimate goal of reading is full comprehension of textual meaning. Even after acquiring basic decoding skills, children with developmental dyslexia may exhibit lower comprehension-monitoring abilities—an important higher-order cognitive skill for reading comprehension. However, previous research has primarily focused on decoding or reading fluency, with relatively few studies examining comprehension monitoring at the text level. Therefore, the present study investigated comprehension-monitoring skills in 2nd- and 3rd-grade children with developmental dyslexia, both in listening and reading tasks. Specifically, we compared the extent to which children detected and corrected word-, external-, and internal-inconsistency errors within short texts, in comparison with age-matched typically developing children and those with matching decoding scores. Methods: A total of 33 elementary school children participated: 11 age-matched typically developing children (Grade 2–3), 11 children with developmental dyslexia (Grade 2–3), and 11 decoding-score-matched children (Grade 1). Participants listened to or read short texts containing word-inconsistency, external-inconsistency, and internal-inconsistency errors, and were asked to detect errors and then correct them. The texts were thematically relevant to lower elementary students (e.g., birthday parties, visiting the hospital with a grandparent, a story about a tiger and a rabbit, describing one’s home), with simplified vocabulary and adjusted lengths to ensure content validity for young learners. To counterbalance possible order effects, half of the participants performed the listening task first, while the other half began with the reading task. Texts were organized into two sets (A and B), each containing the same number of each error type (word-, external-, internal-inconsistency). Children were then assessed in each comprehension mode and each type of inconsistency through detection and correction tasks. Results: Children with developmental dyslexia and decoding-matched typically developing children showed significantly lower comprehension-monitoring abilities compared to the age-matched typically developing group. Across all participants, performance in error detection tasks was higher than in error correction tasks. Regarding the three error types (external, word, internal inconsistency), age-matched typically developing children outperformed the other two groups on all types. All groups found external-inconsistency errors the easiest to detect and correct, followed by word-inconsistency errors, then internal-inconsistency errors, which were the most challenging. Conclusions and Discussion: Children with developmental dyslexia displayed significantly lower comprehension-monitoring abilities than their age-matched peers in both reading and listening tasks, suggesting difficulties with higher-order metacognitive skills for evaluating and revising their understanding. Notably, even when informed that errors might exist, participants with developmental dyslexia struggled to execute the necessary strategies to detect and correct them. This finding implies that their lower performance may be closely associated with immature higher-order strategy use. The study highlights the importance of supporting comprehension-monitoring skills in children with developmental dyslexia, including error detection and correction, across both reading and listening modalities. No main effect or interaction effect was found regarding the comprehension mode (listening vs. reading), indicating that children with developmental dyslexia performed poorly on comprehension monitoring in both modes. Although previous research often suggests that listening comprehension might be comparatively stronger for these children, our results showed they were behind age-matched peers in both modes. This finding implies that limited linguistic and cognitive resources are not confined to one specific mode, but rather manifest across overall language-processing tasks. Especially for developmental dyslexia, strengthening reading abilities and reading comprehension is crucial, as reading is central to academic success. Difficulties in decoding can spread to broader learning processes over time, underscoring the need for focused reading intervention. Moreover, the children generally found error correction more challenging than error detection, likely because correction relies on higher-order cognitive processes—such as inference, working memory, and contextual understanding. This challenge was most apparent in internal-inconsistency errors, where children must integrate preceding and following contexts to maintain semantic coherence. Word-inconsistency errors exposed vocabulary limitations, while external-inconsistency errors revealed the struggle to utilize background knowledge. These patterns suggest that children with developmental dyslexia have restricted linguistic and cognitive resources for integrating text meaning and maintaining coherence. Recommendations: A relatively small sample (N=33) and a focus on specific grades (2nd and 3rd) limit the generalizability of the results; thus, caution is needed when interpreting the findings. Future studies should explore a wider range of grades with larger samples to track how comprehension monitoring develops across different age levels. Given that listening comprehension was unexpectedly low for children with developmental dyslexia, more refined measures—incorporating multiple predictive variables—are necessary to fully interpret the causes of their challenges in listening modes. Investigating reaction times, working memory capacity, and qualitative analysis of error types could help clarify the specific patterns these children exhibit, potentially leading to more tailored interventions that strengthen comprehension monitoring and reading comprehension in developmental dyslexia. Keywords: comprehension monitoring, developmental dyslexia, comprehension mode(listening mode, reading mode), error detection, error correction, lexical inconsistency, external inconsistency, internal inconsistency

학령전기 자폐스펙트럼장애 아동의 자발화 표현에서의 용언 사용 특성

김혁빈 한림대학교 특수대학원 2025 국내석사

배경 및 목적: 자폐스펙트럼장애 아동은 사회적 의사소통에서 결함을 보이며, 상당수가 어휘 발달이 지연되는 양상을 보인다. 어휘의 품사적 범주 중 용언은 문장 안에서 서술적 기능을 담당하며, 자신의 의사를 명확하게 표현하고 의사소통 의도를 정교화함으로써 의사소통 측면에서 중요한 의미를 갖는다. 이에 본 연구는 자발화 상황에서 자폐스펙트럼장애 아동의 용언 사용 양상이 어떠한지 확인하고자 하였다. 방법: 본 연구는 학령전기 자폐스펙트럼장애 아동 15명과 생활연령을 일치시킨 일반아동 15명, 언어연령을 일치시킨 일반아동 15명으로 총 45명을 대상으로 하였다. 아동의 자발화는 반응적 절차를 활용한 자연스러운 상황에서 수집하였으며, 50개의 발화 내에서 사용된 용언을 분석하였다. 용언의 사용은 전체 용언의 사용빈도와 유형수로 측정하였으며, 본용언 및 보조용언의 하위범주별 사용빈도와 유형수도 함께 측정하였다. 결과: (1) 전체 용언의 사용빈도(NTP)와 유형수(NDP) 모두 자폐스펙트럼장애 집단과 생활연령 일치 집단, 언어연령 일치 집단과 생활연령 일치 집단 간 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 자폐스펙트럼장애 집단과 언어연령 일치 집단에서는 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. (2) 본용언 및 보조용언의 하위범주별 사용빈도는 동사, 형용사, 전체 본 용언에서 자폐스펙트럼장애 집단과 생활연령 일치 집단, 언어연령 일치 집단과 생활 연령 일치 집단 간 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 자폐스펙트럼장애 집단과 언어연령 일치 집단에서는 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 본용언 및 보조용언의 하위범주별 유형 수는 동사, 형용사, 전체 본용언, 전체 보조용언에서 자폐스펙트럼장애 집단과 생활연령 일치 집단, 언어연령 일치 집단과 생활연령 일치 집단 간 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 자폐스펙트럼장애 집단과 언어연령 일치 집단에서는 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 보조동사에서는 언어연령 일치 집단과 생활연령 일치 집단에서만 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 논의 및 결론: 본 연구에서는 자폐스펙트럼장애 아동이 언어연령 일치 집단과는 유사한 용언 사용빈도와 유형수를 보였지만, 생활연령 일치 집단에 비해 더 적고 제한적인 목록의 용언을 사용함을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과는 자폐스펙트럼장애 아동의 어휘 사용과 더불어 용언 사용 특성을 이해하는 데 도움이 될 것이며, 추후 자폐스펙트럼장애 아동의 어휘 평가 및 중재에도 용언 사용을 고려해야 함을 시사한다. 주제어 : 자폐스펙트럼장애, 용언 사용, 사용빈도, 유형수 Background and Purpose: Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) exhibit deficits in social communication and frequently show delays in vocabulary development. Among the grammatical categories of vocabulary, predicates play a crucial role in sentences by performing a descriptive function, clearly expressing intentions, and refining communicative purposes, making them highly significant in terms of communication. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the patterns of predicate usage in spontaneous language among children with ASD Methods: This study involved a total of 45 participants, including 15 preschool children with ASD, 15 typically developing children matched by chronological age, and 15 typically developing children matched by language age. The children’s spontaneous language was collected in naturalistic settings using responsive procedures, and predicates used within 50 utterances were analyzed. Predicate usage was measured by the frequency and diversity of all predicates, as well as by the frequency and diversity within subcategories of main predicates and auxiliary predicates. Results: (1) Significant differences were observed in both the frequency of all predicates (NTP) and their diversity (NDP) between the ASD group and the chronological age-matched group, as well as between the language age-matched group and the chronological age-matched group. However, no significant differences were found between the ASD group and the language age-matched group. (2) Regarding the frequency of subcategories of main and auxiliary predicates, significant differences were found in verbs, adjectives, and total main predicates between the ASD group and the chronological age-matched group, as well as between the language age-matched group and the chronological age-matched group. No significant differences were observed between the ASD group and the language age-matched group. For the diversity of subcategories of main and auxiliary predicates, significant differences were found in verbs, adjectives, total main predicates, and total auxiliary predicates between the ASD group and the chronological age-matched group, as well as between the language age-matched group and the chronological age-matched group. Again, no significant differences were found between the ASD group and the language age-matched group. Significant differences in auxiliary verbs were observed only between the language age-matched group and the chronological age-matched group. Conclusion: This study found that children with ASD demonstrated similar frequencies and types of predicates use compared to the language age-matched group but used a smaller and more restricted range of predicates compared to the chronological age-matched group. These results will help in understanding not only the vocabulary use but also the characteristics of predicates use in children with ASD. Furthermore, they suggest that predicates use should be taken into account in future vocabulary assessments and interventions for children with ASD Keywords: Autism Spectrum Disorder, Predicate Use, Total Number of Word(TNW), Number of Different Word(NDW)

한국 성인의 수면 시간, 취침 시각, 그리고 사회적 시차가 비만에 미치는 영향

최고운 한림대학교 특수대학원 2025 국내석사

Background: Obesity, recognized as a disease by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1998 and declared a global epidemic in 2000, has become a significant public health concern. In South Korea, the increasing prevalence of adult obesity and its associated socioeconomic burden have emerged as critical public health challenges. While previous studies have demonstrated associations between obesity and multiple sleep parameters, including sleep duration, sleep timing, and social jetlag, comprehensive research examining these multiple sleep-related factors remains limited. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the associations between obesity and multiple sleep parameters, including sleep duration, sleep timing, and social jetlag. Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed data from the 2021 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Of 7,090 initial participants, 5,192 adults were included in the final analysis after applying exclusion criteria: those under 19 years (n=719) and participants with incomplete data on key variables (n=41). Obesity was operationalized through Body Mass Index (BMI), calculated as weight (kg) divided by height (m²). Sleep parameters were assessed via self-reported questionnaires: sleep duration was stratified into four clinically relevant categories (<6, 6-<7, 7-<8, and ≥8 hours), and sleep timing was classified into three distinct periods (02:00-19:59, 20:00-23:59, and 00:00-01:59). Social jetlag was quantified as the differential between mid-sleep times on working and non-working days, categorized into three groups (0, 0<!-- Not Allowed Tag Filtered --><SJL><2, and ≥2 hours). Data were analyzed using SPSS (version 26.0), with statistical significance established at p<0.05. Results : Approximately 19.4% of males and 19.7% of females reported sleeping less than six hours. The proportion of participants with late bedtime (00:00-01:59) was 37.6% for males and 41.3% for females. Social jetlag of two or more hours was observed in 7.5% of males and 5.4% of females. Obesity prevalence differed by gender, with 42.0% in males and 31.0% in females. After adjusting for demographic characteristics, health behaviors, disease history, and mental health, significant associations between sleep parameters and obesity emerged. Women sleeping less than six hours demonstrated a statistically significant association with obesity (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR]: 1.443, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.113–1.871). Young adult women with bedtime between 00:00-01:59 showed a significant association with obesity after controlling for confounding variables and sleep duration (AOR: 1.667, 95% CI: 1.000–2.812). Participants with social jetlag of two or more hours exhibited notable obesity risks. After adjusting for confounding variables, sleep duration, and bedtime, middle-aged men (AOR: 2.352, 95% CI: 1.214–4.555) and women (AOR: 1.606, 95% CI: 1.087–2.372) showed significant associations. Particularly, middle-aged women with substantial social jetlag demonstrated the highest obesity risk (AOR: 3.432, 95% CI: 1.717–6.858). Conclusions : In this study, sleep duration less than 6 hours and social jet lag exceeding two hours emerged as significant risk factors for obesity among females. Lifecycle analysis revealed that female young adults with bedtime between 00:00-01:59 demonstrated increased obesity risk. Among middle-aged groups, social jet lag of two or more hours significantly elevated obesity prevalence in both males and females, with the most pronounced association observed in middle-aged women. These findings underscore the necessity of developing targeted public health intervention strategies that account for gender and lifecycle variations. The research highlights sleep circadian rhythm management as a potential key intervention strategy for chronic disease prevention, particularly emphasizing the importance of personalized health management approaches for middle-aged women. Keywords : Obesity, Sleep duration, Timing of sleeping, Social jet lag