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변화를 위한 준비 : Pre-K 프로그램과 K-12 교육의 성공적인 연계성에 대한 사례연구
Brown Christopher,Mowry Brian,장미아역 대한어린이교육협회 2009 어린이교육 Vol.- No.11
유아교육과 보육서비스에 대한 관심은 전 세계의 정책입안자들을 통해 증대되어 왔다. 이러한 관심에 따라, 정책적으로 유아교육 및 보육 분야의 연구를 정리하고 더 나아가 정의하고자 하는 노력이 급격히 늘고 있다(경제협력발달기구, 2006). 예를 들어, 영국(예: Clark & Waller, 2007; Jones & Osgood, 2007)과 호주(예: Fenech & Sumsion, 2007; Hatch & Grieshaber, 2002)에 힘을 실어주던 정책들은 유아교육자들이 보다 많은 훈련을 통해 유아교육과정, 평가, 프로그램 전망을 보다 더 명확히 정의하도록 하였다. 미국의 정책입안자들과 지지자들은 이러한 문제에 초점을 맞추어(예: Kagan & Scott-Little, 2004; Stipek, 2006) 유아교육에 한발 더 나아가는 합리적 방법을 찾으려 하고 있다. 주에서 운영하는 prekinder- garten(Pre-K) 프로그램을 통해 이후 학교에서의 성공을 준비시키는 교육 기회에 대해 논의하게 되었다(Barnett, Hustedt, Friedman, Boyd, & Ainsworth, 2007; Pre-K Now, 2006). 특히 미국에서 이러한 유아교육 프로그램이 증가함에 따라 보다 많은 유치원들이 12학년(K-12)의 교육 체계 속에 포함되고 있다. 즉, 유아교육자들은 K-12 교육개혁을 모방하는 쪽으로 나아가고 있다. 부쉬 행정부의 "Good Start, Grow Smart" 발의안과 같은 정책들
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Brown, Richard J C,Brewer, Paul J,Ent, Hugo,Fisicaro, Paola,Horvat, Milena,Kim, Ki-Hyun,Qu?tel, Christophe R BUREAU INTERNATIONAL DES POIDS ET MESURES 2015 METROLOGIA -BERLIN- Vol.52 No.5
<P>This paper considers how decisions on internationally recommended datasets are made and implemented and, further, how the ownership of these decisions comes about. Examples are given of conventionally agreed data and values where the responsibility is clear and comes about through official designation or by common usage and practice over long time periods. The example of the dataset describing the mass concentration of mercury in air at saturation is discussed in detail. This is a case where there are now several competing datasets that are in disagreement with each other, some with historical authority and some more recent but, arguably, with more robust metrological traceability to the SI. Further, it is elaborated that there is no body charged with the responsibility to make a decision on an international recommendation for such a dataset. This has led to the situation where several competing datasets are in use simultaneously. Close parallels are drawn with the current debate over changes to the ozone absorption cross section, which has equal importance to the measurement of ozone amount fraction in air and to subsequent compliance with air quality legislation. It is noted that in the case of the ozone cross section there is already a committee appointed to deliberate over any change. We make the proposal that a similar committee, under the auspices of IUPAC or the CIPM's CCQM (if it adopted a reference data function) could be formed to perform a similar role for the mass concentration of mercury in air at saturation.</P>
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Mina Stephanos,Christopher M. B. Stewart,Ameen Mahmood,Christopher Brown,Shahin Hajibandeh,Shahab Hajibandeh,Thomas Satyadas 한국간담췌외과학회 2024 Annals of hepato-biliary-pancreatic surgery Vol.28 No.2
To compare the outcomes of low central venous pressure (CVP) to standard CVP during laparoscopic liver resection. The study design was a systematic review following the PRISMA statement standards. The available literature was searched to identify all studies comparing low CVP with standard CVP in patients undergoing laparoscopic liver resection. The outcomes included intraoperative blood loss (primary outcome), need for blood transfusion, mean arterial pressure, operative time, Pringle time, and total complications. Random- effects modelling was applied for analyses. Type I and type II errors were assessed by trial sequential analysis (TSA). A total of 8 studies including 682 patients were included (low CVP group, 342; standard CVP group, 340). Low CVP reduced intraoperative blood loss during laparoscopic liver resection (mean difference [MD], –193.49 mL; 95% confidence interval [CI], –339.86 to –47.12; p = 0.01). However, low CVP did not have any effect on blood transfusion requirement (odds ratio [OR], 0.54; 95% CI, 0.28–1.03; p = 0.06), mean arterial pressure (MD, –1.55 mm Hg; 95% CI, –3.85–0.75; p = 0.19), Pringle time (MD, –0.99 minutes; 95% CI, –5.82–3.84; p = 0.69), operative time (MD, –16.38 minutes; 95% CI, –36.68–3.39; p = 0.11), or total complications (OR, 1.92; 95% CI, 0.97–3.80; p = 0.06). TSA suggested that the meta-analysis for the primary outcome was not subject to type I or II errors. Low CVP may reduce intraoperative blood loss during laparoscopic liver resection (moderate certainty); however, this may not translate into shorter operative time, shorter Pringle time, or less need for blood transfusion. Randomized controlled trials with larger sample sizes will provide more robust evidence.
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