한국어와 러시아어의 양상 표현에 대한 유형론적 고찰

허성태(Heo Seong-Tae) 한국중동부유럽학회 2009 동유럽발칸학 Vol.11 No.2

Linguists tend to sort out mood and modality according to selectional emphases of grammars and meanings. Mood is a grammar category, which realizes concomitant meanings as certain verb forms when speakers are in conflict with situations. And mood, modality is a concomitant meaning category, which appears by mood category or other lexical means. For example, indicative, subjunctive, and imperative sentence are mood category in that they express certain morphological characteristics. However, probability, potentialities, and certainty are modality category in that they appear depending on mood category and other lexical means. Proposition modality is related to the degree of conviction on sentences. And event modality shows speakers' position on events or actions rather than propositions. Russian and Korean contain proposition and event modality‘ Epistemic modality, which expresses speakers' judgments on the degree of certainty, varies according to individual languages. For example, English uses maχ, must, and will in expressing epistemic modality. And Korean uses adverbs, periphrastic expressions, and prefinal ending. Evidential modality, which expresses the fact of proposition, contains ‘ do’ in Korean. There are two kinds of evidential modalities in Korean: natural results and natural outcomes. They suits auxiliary verb, prefinal ending, and modal adverb. In Russian, the modality relation such as possibility, duty, need appears along with imperative sentences, personal modal verbs, personal modal adjectives, impersonal modal verbs, impersonal modal adverbs, modal particle, and infinitives. And in Russian, the modality relation has influence on sentence patterns and the grammar category such as tense, aspect, person, and negation. The form of modal expression varies in Russian and Korean. In two languages, it appears in the form of supplementary verbs and the modal vocabulary such as modal adjectives, modal verbs, modal adverbs, modal tags, modal particles, and modal cases. Modal expressions develop through grammaticalization, and change to various meanings. And they are closely related to other grammar categories. In general , modal category is related to modality and tense, and modality and negation.

유형론의 관점에서 본 러시아어의 격

허성태(Heo Seong-Tae) 한국중동부유럽학회 2007 동유럽발칸학 Vol.9 No.2

This paper aims to survey the various aspects of the case and to trace how the Russian case system follows the universal typology. It is well observed that each language has a unique case system, but we are able to find out some meaningful generalizations on the basis of the typological approach. Cases can be analysed as follows: first, according to their case ending markers, languages can be divided into two categories by their patterns - case languages and caseless languages. Languages can also be classified accusative, ergative, tripartite and neutral languages as how each related to the S(subject), A(agent), and O(object). There are three different ways to designate the case; by word order, NP-marking and cross-reference. Russian belongs to the case language which realizes the case by NP-marking. It is a nominative/accusative language, because its S and A are the same forms and unmarked. However, an accusative is unmarked sometimes. Language that uses the head-markers, it is known as a head-marking(HM) language while the language that uses the dependent markers, it is classified as a dependent-marking(DM) language. Russian is both HM and DM language. In addition, Primus' split case hierarchy can help to clear up the confusion between the syntactic and semantic differences of the case. A few non-canonical case markings were also shown from many languages including Russian.

러시아어 수동태에 대한 유형론적 고찰

허성태(Heo Seong-Tae) 한국중동부유럽학회 2011 동유럽발칸학 Vol.13 No.2

This study deals with the passive voice of Russian language as individual language from the viewpoint of linguistic typology. Contrary to active voice where an actor is the subject of a sentence, passive voice refers to a voice where a patient is the subject of a sentence. In other words, it refers to a voice where a patient affected by an action becomes the subject of a sentence. In the whole history of Indo-European Languages, active voice/middle voice has been traditionally used as basic voice, while passive voice has been used as derived voice. Like English, Russian is also characterized by a grammatical rule under which the subject of transitive verb takes nominative case as ‘actor’ in an active sentence where a transitive verb works as predicate, but a complement of transitive verb takes accusative case as ‘the patient affected by any action of an actor.’ In Russian, passive sentence is also distinguished from active one in the aspect of morphology and syntax: First, the word order of active sentence is different from that of passive one. The word order of active sentence is arranged like “actor + verb + patient”, while the word order of passive sentence is arranged like “patient + verb + actor.” Secondly, the case marker of active sentence is different from that of passive one. In case of Russian active sentence, the subject takes nominative case as ‘actor’ who induces any action expressed by predicate, while the complement of predicate takes accusative case as ‘patient affected by any action of actor.’ However, the subject of corresponding passive sentence appears in nominative case as ‘a patient affected by any action’ and the complement of corresponding passive sentence appears in instrumental case (without any preposition) as ‘actor.’ Thirdly, predicate of active sentence is different from that of passive one. The predicate of active sentence takes a form of transitive verb, whereas that of passive sentence is expressed in form of “imperfective verb + СЯ(particle)” when the predicate of corresponding positive sentence is imperfective verb, and it is expressed in form of “short-form participle passive” derived from a perfective verb when the predicate of corresponding positive sentence is the perfective verb. The above definitions and characteristics of passive voice refer to general personal passive voice. However, there are also subordinate grammatical categories (e.g. origin of impersonal passive voice, middle voice, anti-passive voice and passive voice) observed in terms of passive voice, apart from personal passive voice. In terms of passive expression forms, synthetic (non-periphrastic) passive form means a combination and mixture of grammatical morphemes within a verb, while periphrastic passive form refers to a passive form generated by a combination of 2 or more words. In comparison with a term ‘synthetic’, this is called ‘analytic passive voice.’ Basically, periphrastic passive form is structurally made of an auxiliary verb combined with a main verb.

러시아어 어결합을 통해 본 ‘ЖИЗНЬ(삶)’과 ‘СМЕРТЬ(죽음)’의 개념

허성태(Heo Song-Tae) 한국중동부유럽학회 2011 동유럽발칸학 Vol.13 No.1

According to Lakoff, when we think, we use an elaborate system of concepts, but we are not usually aware of just what those concepts are like and how they fit together into a system, ... Meaning is equated with conceptualization (in the broadest sense); semantic structures are thus conceptualizations shaped in accordance with linguistic convention. The conceptual structure is represented by the conceptual metaphor. So we can catch humans' mind better through metaphor. In this paper, we investigated the way how the concept of 'ŽIZN'(Life)' and ‘SMERT'(Death)’ is expressed through a certain language form in Russian. The author particularly concentrates on the description of 'ŽIZN'(Life)' and ‘SMERT'(Death)’ in Russian. To grasp how Russians cognize 'ŽIZN'(Life)' and ‘SMERT'(Death)’, we applied the method of conceptual metaphor in cognitive linguistics. The meaning of every word is a generalization of concept. And since generalizations and concepts are undeniably acts of thought, we many regard meaning as a phenomenon of thinking. Many words and word-combinations the author has used for the concept of 'ŽIZN'(Life)' and ‘SMERT'(Death)’. A number of metaphorical phrases, epithets, idioms and similes, that describe 'ŽIZN'(Life)' and ‘SMERT'(Death)’ in Russian, have been also examined. If we conceptualize the meaning through the conceptual metaphor of life and death phenomenon, we can understand the life and death concretely. And it is helpful for understanding the concept of 'ŽIZN'(Life)' and ‘SMERT'(Death)’ in Russian. We can conceptualize the meaning of life and death through analysing the syntagm of Russian and as follows : (1) LIFE is a pain / a woman / a road/ a living thing / a restriction; (2) DEATH is a cold / a man / an animal / a bird / liberty.

재미한인의 문화변용에 나타난 다문화주의 전략 고찰

허성태 ( Heo Song Tae ),임영언 ( Yim Young Eon ) 인문사회 21 2016 인문사회 21 Vol.7 No.5

Immigration of Koreans to American continent started since 1903. After more than 100 years of cultural changes between Koreans and Americans there is need to study new phenomena`s. In this research was a studied Korean Americans cultural change considering American society`s multicultural strategy. The purpose of this research is to bring out suggestions relying on survey which carried out among Korean-Americans. Three main results given below. First, Korean - Americans acculturation strategy was maintained by the Korean culture and American culture. Relationship between Koreans and Americans also integration process of the Korean culture and American culture. Second, as a result Marginalization, Assimilation, Separation and Integration Rank are four main factors highly impacted acculturation strategy of Korean Americans. Third, the correlation analysis result shows that the assimilation style was positive in American social unification and also was negative in the relation of Koreans. As a result Korean Americans shows positive to the marginalization and negative to the social unification. In conclusion, Korean American acculturation strategy was exposed to be strong in the majority position and social integration strategy in a minority position. The immigration experience is caused acculturation of Korean Americans by the social structure of Multicultural society. Special structure of American society continuously bring Korean Americans cultural changes.

러시아의 차 보급 역사 연구

허성태 ( Heo Seong-tae ) 인문사회 21 2017 인문사회 21 Vol.8 No.6

The purpose of this study is to introduce the process of Russian tea supply, which has been rarely addressed in the past, to domestic academia and to initiate various follow - up studies. To this end, we traced the process of supplying tea in Russia centered on Russian literature. The main results are as follows: Unlike most other crops from Western Europe, tea came to Russia from northern China by land. The dramatic decline in tea prices due to the development of transportation methods and the diversification of the tea market, and the mass production of Samovar played an important role in promoting the spread of black tea in Russia. After the Socialist Revolution (1917), a Centrochay, which manages and sells tea directly, was established throughout Russia, and tea became a daily necessity for anyone who is a Russian citizen.

러시아어 ‘Свобода(svoboda)’의 개념(концепт) 연구

허성태(Heo Song Tae) 한국중동부유럽학회 2005 동유럽발칸학 Vol.7 No.2

A word is a reflection of the language communities' cultural experience which conceptualizes the world. It is not objective real existence. Therefore, a word that names an identical target within different cultures often shows a difference in meaning. Nevertheless, only denotative meanings of the concepts can be found in the dictionaries, while cultural concepts are not mentioned there. “Svoboda” means ‘an ability and desire’, and it is “a selection of action subject and an absence of another person' pressure and interference” at the same time. “Svoboda” is also “a delightful feeling of happiness which is free from a pressure and interference of others, it is a universe”. These meanings of the word “Svoboda” shows the connection between an illegality and anarchy of the Russia culture. All natural languages do not divide the conceptional world from the cultural world. Boundaries between the conceptional world and the cultural world are flexible and could be easily crossed. It must be based on the metalanguage which, in its turn, is based on a universal concept that language of 'I' may reach an objective viewpoint.

문화원형으로서의 중앙아시아 나브루즈(Navruz) 축제

허성태 ( Heo Seong-tae ) 인문사회 21 2018 인문사회 21 Vol.9 No.3

The arrival of spring is one of the most important events in the existence of mankind. Although spring has been welcomed by various ethnic groups, most of them are pleased with the revival of nature and wish for the victory of life and a good harvest. Navruz (Навруз), which has been handed down to the Central Asian region, is one of the festivals related to this, and it is a type of spring festival where human beings and nature interact with each other in absolute harmony. This study explores and introduces the origins, traditions, foods, and characteristics of Navruz, which is vaguely known as the Spring Festival or New Year celebration of Central Asia. In this way, we want to broaden the understanding of the Navruz Festival as a cultural archetype based on universality and specificity.

SOBAKA(‘dog’)의 문화적 암시의미 연구

허성태 ( Seongtae Heo ) 인문사회 21 2019 인문사회 21 Vol.10 No.4

This article tries to describe a set of Meanings of SOBAKA (‘dog’) as a Cultural Connotation. Phraseological units well reflect the language picture of the world formed by the cultural experience of a language community. Among these phraseological units are many animal-related expressions. In this paper, we aim to help students learning Russian as a foreign language and teachers teaching Russian by revealing the cultural connotations of these phraseological units. As a result of our study, it was confirmed that Russian idiomatic expressions related to SOBAKA (‘dog’) contain various emotion and evaluation components in addition to the primary meanings. However, this study contains limitations in that it does not synthesize the general cognitive systems of Russians on SOBAKA (‘dog’) since it analyzed only the relevant idioms.

러시아어 재귀표현에 대한 유형론적 고찰

허성태(Heo Seong Tae) 한국노어노문학회 2007 노어노문학 Vol.19 No.2

본 논문에서는 보편적인 언어현상으로서의 재귀표현을 바탕으로 개별언어인 러시아어의 재귀구문을 언어유형론의 입장에서 살펴보았다. 유형론적으로 유의미한 내용을 간략히 정리하면 다음과 같다. 재귀구문의 발달 정도에 따라 개별언어를 재귀적 언어와 비재귀적 언어로 나누어 볼 수 있는데 러시아어는 재귀구문이 매우 다양하게 발달한 재귀적 언어이다. 러시아어의 재귀표현 수단으로는 재귀대명사와 재귀후치사, 재귀 소유대명사, 재귀 강조대명사, 인칭대명사와 소유대명사, 부사어(구), 상호대명사, “접두사+동사+재귀후치사” 등을 들 수 있다. 이 중에서도 재귀대명사와 재귀후치사가 러시아어 재귀표현의 주요 실현수단인데, 특히 재귀대명사에서 기원/파생하여 재귀, 수동, 중간태, 자기사역, 탈대격, 기동, 탈사역, 사역, 상호작용, 총칭적 행위 등의 다의의 기능을 수행하는 재귀후치사 -sja는 러시아어 재귀실현의 핵심수단이다. 그리고 러시아어 재귀후치사 -sja는 주로 타동사와 결합하여 타동성을 제거함으로써 타동사를 자동사화시키는 역할을 하지만 자동사와 결합하여 행위 영역의 한계를 강조하는 역할을 하기도 한다. 이밖에 러시아어 재귀 소유대명사가 남성, 여성, 중성 명사 모두와 고유의 형태로 결합하고, 재귀 대명사가 격변화 패러다임을 형성할 뿐만 아니라 모든 인칭과 수에 동일한 한 가지 형태로 관계하고 여격의 형태로 ‘수혜’ 등의 의미를 실현하며, 강조 재귀사가 별도의 어휘로 따로 존재하고, 재귀후치사 -sja가 그대로 상호성의 표지로 사용되는 점 등도 유형론의 관점에서 볼 때 특이할만하다. 또한 러시아어는 재귀사와 선행명사와의 결속범위에 있어서 단문의 경우 주어만이 선행사가 될 수 있는 주어 선행형 언어이며, 하나의 단문 안에 공지시 관계가 나타날 경우 반드시 재귀사를 사용해야하는 단문제약과 재귀사와 그 선행사가 동일 절 안에 있어야 하는 동일 절 결속제약을 엄격히 받는 언어이다. 문법화의 관점에서 볼 때 러시아어의 재귀표지도 대부분의 인도유럽어 재귀표지와 마찬가지로 몸이나 신체부위를 지시하는 명사에서 기원하여 재귀대명사, 접어, 접사에 이르기까지 다양한 단계에 걸쳐서 나타난다. This paper aims to survey the various aspects of reflexive and to trace how the Russian reflexive system follows the universal typology. It is well observed that each language has a unique reflexive system. However, we are able to find out some meaningful generalizations on the basis of the typological approach in Russian. According to the standard of reflexives' development, languages can be divided into two groups: reflexive and non-reflexive languages. Between them, Russian is a reflexive language in which reflexive construction varies. There are reflexive expression means in Russian: reflexive pronoun, reflexive postfix, reflexive possessive pronoun, reflexive intensifier, personal and possessive pronoun, adverb, reciprocal, and “prefix+verb+postfix” and the like. The reflexive pronoun and the reflexive postfix “-sja” are main realization means of reflexive construction among them. In particular, the reflexive postfix “-sja”, which derived from the reflexive pronoun “sebja” and performs the function of primary reflexives, middles, auto-causative, de-accusative, inchoative, de-causative reciprocal, and generic activity, is the core of Russian reflexive realization. And the Russian reflexive postfix “-sja” mostly changes a transitive verb into intransitive in conjunction with a transitive verb. Besides, the Russian reflexive postfix “-sja” also emphasizes the limit of action area if it is combined with an intransitive verb. And in Russian, a subject precedes a reflexive. So Russian is called a Subject-Antecedence language when a subject and a reflexive are coindexed in a sentence. At the same time, Russian is a language that strictly keeps Clause Condition and Clause-Mate Condition. Besides the characteristics described above, there are also some characteristics in the view of typology: an inflection of a reflexive possessive pronoun in gender, declension of the reflexive pronoun “sebja”, benefactive meaning by the dative form, the existence of separate intensifier, and reciprocal meaning of the reflexive postfix “-sja”. In the view of grammaticalization, the Russian reflexive marker has developed step by step from a noun, which derived from body parts, to a reflexive pronoun, clitic, and affix.