탈(脫)학습의 도덕교육적 의의

지봉환(Ji Bong Hwan) 한국도덕윤리과교육학회 2006 도덕윤리과교육 Vol.- No.23

본 연구는 ‘더하기’교육과 ‘빼기’교육 간의 조화를 위한 시도에서 이루어졌다. 지금까지의 도덕교육은 기존의 도덕적 지식 위에 새로운 도덕적 지식을 더하는 ‘더하기’ 중심의 도덕교육이 주류였다. 도덕교육은 도덕적 행동을 궁극적 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해서는 도덕적 지식 뿐 아니라 도덕적 행동을 저해하는 다양한 요인들의 제거를 필요로 한다. 그러므로 도덕교육은 도덕적 지식교육과 함께 학습자가 안고 있는 도덕적 행동에 장애가 되는 장애요인을 찾아 조절하고 제거하는 ‘빼기’교육이 함께 이루어져야 한다. 즉 지금까지 행해왔던 도덕적 지식의 ‘더하기’ 교육과 도덕적 장애요인에 대한 ‘빼기’교육의 상호 조화가 필요하다는 것이다. 오랜 동안 바른 도덕성 함양을 위해 노력해온 도덕교육이 심하게 질타 받고 있는 것은 더하기 중심의 편협한 교육이 빚어낸 결과이다. 이러한 상황에서 ‘더하기’ 중심 교육의 지속은 손상된 도덕교육의 회복을 어렵게 만드는 원인이 될 뿐이다. 이러한 관점에서 이제는 도덕교육에서 ‘빼기’ 교육의 문제에 관심을 기울이는 것이 마땅하다고 본다. 이에 따라 본 연구에서는 ‘탈학습’의 이론을 토대로 도덕교육에 있어 ‘빼기’교육의 원리를 제시하고 ‘탈학습’의 원리를 토대로 하는 목표설정의 필요성과 중요성을 제안한다. This study attempts the harmony of, what I call "plus and minus education". Until now, moral education has centered on "plus education" which teaches only much moral knowledge. This causes much difficulty achieving the purpose of moral education. For example, people don't put them into action even though they have learned lots of good things through their teachers. For this reason, we need to restraint "plus-centered education", and should think there will be something we don't put much moral knowledge into action and should have much concern for it and should remove the unnecessary obstacles which moral knowledge is not connected into moral actions in moral education. Therefore, this article emphasizes moral education, not as education eliminating it. That is, it means necessity of the harmony of "plus and minus education", and we need to reconsider the existing "plus-centered education".

고전소설을 통해 본 효 의식

지봉환 ( Ji Bong-hwan ) 한국청소년효문화학회 2017 청소년과 효문화 Vol.30 No.-

This study aims to consider the filial piety in classical novels. Filial duty is valuable and essential to live like a human being. People can't maintain humanity without relationships with others. Through a human relationships, we can be a decent man. And the base of the relationships is filial piety. Filial duty is not only start of a relationship but also end of it. The lack of filial piety is the lack of relationship, and this causes the almost total absence of humanity. It is our duty to live like a human being. In other words, filial duty is a important duty given to human beings. This is why people put much effort on talking and spreading filial duties from old times. The status of filial piety in literature has to do with our desire of humanity. In modern society, many people are afraid of others as they are inhumane, and it's definitely unusual. Filial duty is the only way for the normalization. In this respect, this study look into filial pieties in classic literature. Although the actual number of works is small, those have strong and deep interest in filial duty. This approach covers 『Son-sun-mae-a』, 『Sim-cheong-jeon』, 『Heung-bu-jeon』, 『Ong-go-jib-jeon』, 『Sug-yeong-nang-ja-jeon』, 『Sug-hyang-jeon』, 『Ju-saeng-jeon』, 『I-saeng-gyu-jang-jeon』, 『Ho-jil』, 『Choe-cheog-jeon』, 『Hong-gil-dong-jeon』 and so forth. Filial pieties in these classical novels can be roughly divided into three major types. The first of them is the consciousness of sacrifice. And it can be interpreted as the spirit of sharing. The second is obedience. And it can be understood as consideration of others. The third is companion consciousness. And It is the same as solidarity. The filial duty-story of the classic novel is significant and meaningful to us, in the sense that it restores the immorality of human relations and will offer a path to recover humanity from dangerous society.

맹자의 효 사상

지봉환 ( Ji Bong-hwan ) 한국청소년효문화학회 2018 청소년과 효문화 Vol.31 No.-

This study is about the filial piety that Mencius mentioned. For modern people, human relationships are just considered as means for their own interests. It's a troubled time to find a human relation which are mediated by love. Human relations are confusing and chaotic because of a selfish mind. Selfish relationship naturally expands into selfish society. A society full of selfishness is anxious. Mencius' thoughts are alternative to nervous society. The ideas suggest a solution for peaceful society. 仁義禮智(benevolence, righteousness, knowledge & propriety) is the way of life that Mencius recommends for a peace. Benevolence is to love parents, and righteousness is to follow his older brother and take care of his younger brother. Knowledge is to live with benevolence and righteousness mind, and propriety is to practice those two things in life. Mencius regarded the family as the best and great community. According to him, the emphasis on is 仁義禮智 the result of affection for the family, the ideal of Mencius. And Mencius did not want the family to stay in their original range. It’s a natural process for the family to expand into society. Therefore, the practice of 仁義禮智 can not be limited to the peace and well-being of the family. The ideology of 仁義禮智 for peaceful family relations extends to the idea for peace of the society and the members. Mencius's proposal for a peaceful family is an idea to remind in the modern era where the collapse of a family becomes a routine and family discord is not unfamiliar. Mencius wanted a peaceful family and hoped that it would lead to peace in society. It’s meaningful for us to look at the thoughts of Mencius in that it gives a great resonance to us who live in the confused society like present days.

중고등학교 국어·윤리도덕과 교과서에 나타난 효 관련 내용 분석

지봉환 ( Ji Bong-hwan ) 한국청소년효문화학회 2019 청소년과 효문화 Vol.33 No.-

This paper aims to analyze middle and high school textbooks of Korean and ethics. More specifically, it’s about how much those books are relevant to the filial piety and what kind of content they have. As a result, there’s a variety of filial piety-content in Korean textbooks. Although most of them are for Korean language education, it’s meaningful in that it can make students realize how precious filial piety is and help them think, feel about it. The textbooks of ethics and morals, meanwhile, discuss filial piety as an independent chapter. But most of the content is simply emphasizing filial piety as necessary virtues between parents and children. There has been a lack of concrete and systematic interest in the practice of filial piety, such as what the true meaning of filial piety is, why it should be emphasized in modern society, and what should be done in order to practice filial piety. Textbooks are an important factor of education in that they are considered as the basics of living and they can also provide students with a better way of life. In this regard, it is meaningful to analyze the contents of filial piety education in those textbooks.

초·중등학교 교육목표와 교훈을 통해 본 ‘효’ 의식

지봉환 ( Ji¸ Bong-hwan ) 한국청소년효문화학회 2021 청소년과 효문화 Vol.37 No.-

This study aimed to explore the filial piety in the educational goals and lessons of elementary, middle and high schools in Korea. For this study, Korea was divided into seven regions. And 105 elementary, middle and high schools were randomly selected, five each from each region. After that, the educational goals and lessons posted on the website of each school were investigated. As a result, among the selected schools, only two schools directly mentioned filial piety on their websites. Of course, most schools emphasized great personality in their educational goals and lessons. And the schools also emphasized the core values of personality education : honesty, responsibility, respect, consideration, communication, cooperation and empathy. However, there was little direct reference to the filial piety, which is regarded as the basic of the virtues emphasized in personality education. Filial piety is the first step of all virtues. Considering that the school's educational goals and lessons should provide a right direction for children who will change and grow, and include an educational will to nurture children with humanity, it is suggestive that most schools’ educational goals and lessons lightly mention or even omit the importance of filial piety.

정당의 강령 및 지자체 행사를 통해 본 효 의식

지봉환 ( Ji Bong-Hwan ) 한국청소년효문화학회 2021 청소년과 효문화 Vol.38 No.-

There cannot be theories about importance of family relationships. Amicable relations between family members are the foundation of our nation, helping maintain sound families. This study aimed to explore political parties and local governments’ interests in healthy family relationships. Democratic Party of Korea, People Power Party, People's Party and Justice Party are the parties which appear in this study. Research on local governments policies was based on articles reported in the media. As a result, no political party made mention of desirable family relationships. But, in a wider perspective, several policies dealt with these. Also, many local governments have already held filial piety-related events. Given the importance of healthy family relationships, it is needed to establish policies at the national level. This is because these policies can be a way for the prosperous nation as well as families.

속담에 담긴 효 의식에 대한 고찰

지봉환 ( Ji Bong-hwan ) 한국청소년효문화학회 2016 청소년과 효문화 Vol.28 No.-

This study is a story about our ancestors` filial piety, based on Korean proverbs. Filial piety consciousness of our ancestors, the reason why they emphasized filial piety in daily life and their efforts to develop filial piety are all in this study. Our ancestors tried hard to let people know the importance of keeping filial piety. And lots of Korean proverbs are strong evidence for their passion and interest in filial piety. Their interest in filial piety not only means human relationships, it also extends to every part of life. Our ancestors insisted that filial piety is needed for leading a healthy life. And their stand on filial piety can be seen in Korean proverbs, which have story about our ancestors afraid of seeing that traditional filial piety ends. Even though many proverbs are built on individual experiences and spread through personal sympathy, true meaning of those proverbs has a strong influence on many people`s lives and emotions. This is our ancestors` idea and the real reason they use proverbs to inspire people. They didn`t limit filial piety to virtue between parents and children. From their point of view, filial piety is necessary for both keeping happy family relationships and creating healthy communities. Our ancestors thought that filial piety is a great value that transcends generations. So they always worried about loss of filial piety. And this is the reason they actively use proverbs. Anxiety and sadness about the filial piety loss and future relationships are deeply ingrained in their story. Lots of Korean proverbs have our ancestors` eagerness to continue the tradition of filial duty as well. Filial piety is a right for parents and responsibility of children. Emphasizing filial piety is necessary not only to protect rights of parents, but to educate children so that they are ready for adult duties in the future. So it means a lot to us to revive and listen to the story of proverbs, which says things about our rights and duties.

제2부 한국인의 효사상 : 『조선왕조실록』에 나타난 효도와 경향

지봉환 ( Bong Hwan Ji ) 한국청소년효문화학회 2013 청소년과 효문화 Vol.21 No.-

This study is aimed at exploring the filial duty which is shown in Joseonwangjosillok (『조선왕조실록』). The historical records are lively appeared in Joseonwangjosillok. Being concerned about history results from the expectation that history can give us solutions for these hard days. In Joseonwangjosillok, the filial duty is one of ways of our living. With filial duty, many conflicts and troubles of human relations can be stopped. According to the Joseonwangjosillok, the filial piety is the source of our all actions. This is the reason why the filial duty was encouraged through various rewards at that time. Occasionally, the undutiful people were submitted to be severly punished for preventing social problems which can be caused by undutiful things. Undutiful behaviors can`t be limited to domestic problems, and these can be extended to social or national problems. The invisibility of filial piety scars a wound to each individual and this finally leads to social defects. This is the reason why our forefathers have admired filial duty, and have blamed undutiful things. Personal exertions to filial duty must have limits, so institutional strategies have to be provided by the government. As one aspect of these strategies, the curriculums of primary and middle schools should include the courses for the filial piety. It is important to implant the values of filial piety to the mind of blossoming adolescents.

대중음악에 나타난 효 의식

지봉환 ( Bong Hwan Ji ) 한국청소년효문화학회 2012 청소년과 효문화 Vol.20 No.-

This study has an object in researching filial piety consciousness in popular songs. Music is not just a mumbling. People raise questions, seek for new values to solve them and make an attempt to change old values by music. So a critical mind raised by popular music is important. Taking part in raising questions by music is taking part in changing bad values, and therefore it is taking part in social change with subjectivity. One of the issues raised by music is s filial piety. Absence of filial piety is problematic not only for one family but also for society. And basically, that is problems of human. Deep reflection about what take humanity away all and the effort for getting back humanity. They are reason why people have interest in filial piety which is purged from the our life long time ago. Filial piety is essential and basic factor for man. Popular song give back filial piety which loses values under capitalism to human, And then people have to conserve that filial piety in good. It is the very value of music. Music can make a diagnosis and prescription for human need. And music also can help us to put that values into practice. So popular music has power to change the world and our life. Newly evaluating values of filial piety and bringing out a questions for absence of filial piety mean a lot to social change. The last problem is sympathy and participation of people. People should have interest in popular songs and should listen inner voice of those songs. Love and attention for popular songs is also love and attention for human.

현대 시(詩)에 나타난 효(孝) 의식

지봉환 ( Bong Hwan Ji ) 한국청소년효문화학회 2015 청소년과 효문화 Vol.26 No.-

This study aims at searching for filial piety consciousness of modern poetry. Literature is not only repository of ideas but condensed emotions. Poets are interested in their lives, the lives of others and various lifcstyks which arc based on relationship. They also point Out problems in their lives. Filial piety is one of those problems. A famine of filial piety is especially singled Out as the culprit behind social problems by them. They want a recovery of filial piety. Plus, they think a lot of people stray away from the right path as a human being. Many poems arc put under this study, including 「Worry For Mother」 「Christmas Tide」「In Nostalgia」「Mother」「Tears Of Mother」「Parents」and 「Mother`s Day」 A subject of filial piety is the child. Attitudes toward parents are entirely determinedby unilateral decision of their child. Poets think the child can treat their parents more properly when they are culturally mature. And that tt·quires much attention to parents. If children treat their parents not like a human being but like a sort of object, they cannot help being undutiful . 111e valuc of parents are totally rdiant on children``s needs. Poets attach great importance to the fact that children``s way to look at their parents serves as the foundation for genuine identity of parents and makts thtr lives meaningful. l bere arc longing for parents and memories of parents in all of those poems. Yt-arning for parents is a kind of repentance for the failure to meet their obligations, gratitude for the love and devotion of their parents and tme recognition for where they came from. Poets`` Realization is the same with the warning that shows a departure from ordinary ways of human being. An interest in filial piety, which appear in modern poetry, is the same with paying careful attention to warning for modern society as well as guiding onto right path. This why this study pay attention to the piety consciousness of modern poetry.