『南嶽思大禪師立誓願文』과 ‘末法’ ― 6세기 중엽 중국 불교 末法思想 관련 자료의 재검토 ―

조성우 중국고중세사학회 2022 중국고중세사연구 Vol.63 No.-

释迦摩尼涅槃后,佛法将渐趋衰微而终将消失的警告虽从初期佛教经典起便已常见,但佛法的衰微将历“正法”、“像法”和“末法”叁阶段的所谓“叁时观”(或“叁时说”)却不见于经典。论及“正法”与“像法”的汉译佛典虽不少,然并无与“末法”一词一同出现的情况。而“末法”这一用语大体上于汉译佛典中以在多少有所不同的脉络下出现的情况居多。然而,从某一时期开始,十分具体而明确的末法观念与成型的叁时构造开始见于中国佛教徒与中国僧侣的笔下。天台智顗之师慧思于558年所作的《南岳思大禅师立誓愿文》即被视为其最初事例。《南岳思大禅师立誓愿文》揭示了具体的正法、像法、末法的叁时观,慧思自己每论及自身人生重要时间点时,多次提及末法时代第几年等,呈现出十分强烈的末法意识。为说明《南岳思大禅师立誓愿文》中所见的这种思想性特征,前人聚焦于北印度僧人那连提耶舍汉译之经典。但问题是,在北齐时期那连提耶舍所汉译经典中并无可被视为《南岳思大禅师立誓愿文》中所见具体而强烈末法意识来源的内容,特别是被认为集末法思想之大成的重要经典《月藏经》(《大方等大集经・月藏分》)的汉译,反较《南岳思大禅师立誓愿文》晚八年。现有的《南岳思大禅师立誓愿文》中存在与当时宗教思想史脉络不符的内容,故难将其视为塬型本身,特别是与末法相关而被引用的部分,更不宜直接信作史料加以利用。另外,本文确认有关北齐时期那连提耶舍汉译经典亦论及末法思想的认识是不正确的。其中虽然呈现出对法灭的浓重忧虑,但并未使用“末法”一词,亦不见叁时观。因北朝社会末法思想流行的主要根据变得不可信,而通过史料可以明确确认的末法观念和叁时观已至隋开皇年间,故应修正南北朝末期社会上末法意识高涨的既有理解。

호흡기 : 급성 호흡부전으로 발현된 기관을 침범한 흉선종 1예

조성우,강윤정,김태훈,이혜영,조성균,황미원,이혁표,최상봉,최수전,유영진,강미진,김동원,신은아 대한내과학회 2009 대한내과학회 추계학술발표논문집 Vol.2009 No.-

빠르게 성장한 거대 종격동 양성기형종

조성우,지현근,안현성,신윤철,남은숙 대한흉부심장혈관외과학회 2000 Journal of Chest Surgery Vol.33 No.6

The benign teratoma is usually slow growing tumor, but we expirienced a case of primary huge mediastinal benign teratoma that had grown very rapidly, maximally during 3 years. The 14-year-old female patient was admitted to our hospital because of abnormal chest X-ray that showed 10$\times$10cm sized well definded mass with multiple calcificactions. but the mass was not present in chest X-ray perfomed on 3 years prior to admission. Under the diagnosis of teratoma, complete surgical resection was done by the left thoracotomy. The result of pathology was benign teratoma.

분리막에서 이온교환막의 현상

조성우,양원강 한국고분자학회 1999 고분자 과학과 기술 Vol.10 No.2

위험 요인 평가를 위한 FMEA의 일반 RPN 모형과 활용에 관한 연구

조성우,이한솔,강주영 한국품질경영학회 2022 품질경영학회지 Vol.50 No.1

Purpose: Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) is a widely utilized technique to measure product reliability by identifying potential failure modes. Even though FMEA techniques have been studied, the form of Risk Priority Number (RPN) used to evaluate risk priority in FMEA is still questionable because of its shortcomings. In this study, we suggest common RPN(cRPN) to resolve shortcomings of the traditional RPN and show the extensibility of cRPN. Methods: We suggest cRPN which is based on Cobb-Douglas production function, and represent the various application on weighting risk factors, weighted RPN in a mathematical way, and show the possibility of statistical approach. We also conduct numerical study to examine the difference of the traditional RPN and cRPN as well as the potential application from the analysis on marginal effects of each risk factor. Results: cRPN successfully integrates previously suggested approaches especially on the relative importance of risk factors and weighting RPN. Moreover, we analyze the effect of corrective actions in terms of econometric analysis using cRPN. Since cRPN is rely on the reliable mathematical model, there would be numerous applications using cRPN such as smart factory based on A.I. techniques. Conclusion: We propose a reliable mathematical model of RPN based on Cobb-Douglas production function. Our suggested model, cRPN, resolves various shortcomings such as consideration of the relative importance, the effect of combinations among risk factors. In addition, by adopting a reliable mathematical model, quantitative approaches are expected to be applied using cRPN. We find that cRPN can be utilized to the field of industry because it is able to be applied without modifying the entire systems or the conventional actions.

A Novel multi-Functionalized poly(amino acid)s Integrated with Electrically Conductive Hydrogel Designed for Bio-Circuit

조성우,정혜원,정나슬,정재현 한국공업화학회 2020 한국공업화학회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2020 No.-

This study aims to create a novel functional poly(amino acid)s with multivalent reactive groups by top-down synthesis and exploits those conductive moieties to stimulate electrically. It is the hypothesis that the incorporation of this functional polymer into the hydrogel surface via micro-contacting printing (μCP) method would induce the electrically conductive hydrogel which is locally and selectively stimulated. This hypothesis was examined by in situ polymerization of pyrrole molecules with varying degrees of substitution (DS) to control the electrical conductivity. This approach allowed the surface density of the pyrrole to be adjusted without changing the concentration of the pyrrole monomer in the hydrogel. Hence, this new strategy to prepare the electrically conductive hydrogel using the functionalized poly (amino acid)s would be actively applied to biomedical applications such as neuron-muscle tissue engineering, bioactuators, and Bio-MEMS.

A Case of Acute Total Obstruction of the Left Main Coronary Artery Presenting with Atypical Momentary Electrocardiogram Changes

조성우,김정훈,김병옥,변영섭,고충원,이근주,안효승,박상훈,허란,정의석 대한응급의학회 2012 대한응급의학회지 Vol.23 No.1

Acute total obstruction of the left main coronary artery (LMCA) is a serious emergency condition requiring prompt diagnosis and treatment. Unless properly treated, it will likely progress to cardiogenic shock and a high mortality rate. We report a case of acute LMCA total obstruction presenting with atypical momentary electrocardiogram (ECG)changes including right bundle branch block with left axis deviation, and ST-segment elevation in aVR and aVL. We focus on the unusual ECG changes associated with LMCA obstruction which should be noted in order to ensure revascularization without delay, especially when this condition is accompanied by cardiogenic shock.

上章 의례를 통해 본 도교 의례 문서의 특징 -鎭墓 기물과 天師道를 보는 한 시각

조성우 한국목간학회 2024 목간과 문자 Vol.- No.32

후한대 鎭墓文은 生死의 분리를 강조하는 동시에, 저승에서 死者가 직면하게 될 고통을 경감하고 이승에서 死者로 인해 발생할 殃禍를 막으려는 종교적 관념을 보여준다. 그런데 진묘문의 종교 전통은 死者를 기다리고 있는 저승의 상황, 저승의 관료 기구의 구체적인 모습, 그러한 관료 기구의 행정이 문서를 통해 이루어진다는 점, 이 문서의 작성과 시행을 스스로의 역할로 인식하고 있는 의례 전문가가 그러한 보이지 않는세계의 행정 기구의 일부분으로 스스로 인식하고 있는 점 등에서 天師道의 上章 의례에 많은 영향을 미친것으로 이해되고 있다. 그러나 진묘문에서는 死者를 위한 보다 포괄적인 구원의 관념, 신격화된 老子, 그에게서 발원하는 종교적 권위와 교의, 道의 가르침이라는 관념, 天師의 존재 등 天師道의 핵심이 되는 요소들이 鎭墓文에서는 보이지 않는다. 즉 천사도는 진묘문에 보이는 후한대의 종교 전통을 토양으로 나타났으나한 단계 더 중요한 변화를 이루어 중요한 차이를 보여주는 것이다. 이 차이는 천사도와는 별개로 후한대 진묘문에 보이는 특징을 간직하고 있는 魏晉代 진묘문이나 흔히 ‘柏人’이라 지칭되는 唐宋代의 나무 인형 혹은인형 목간에서도 확인할 수 있다. 이들 나무 인형 혹은 인형 목간은 진묘문의 관념과 언어가 일정 정도 정형화, 고착화된 결과물로 보이며, 天師道의 등장 이후 전개된 도교의 역사적 전개와는 별개로 민간의 師巫 혹은 方士가 담당한 주술 전통의 유물로 보인다. 鎭墓 기물의 종교적 관념과 언어 표현이 다소 고착되어가는것과 달리, 천사도의 上章 의례가 보다 체계화된 교의와 교단의 운영을 전제로 하고 있음은 『陸先生道門科 略』과 『赤松子章曆』을 통해 확인할 수 있다. 천사도 교단은 세속의 행정 문서를 닮은 그들 특유의 문서와 기록을 통해 모든 것이 이루어지는 일관된 행정체계, 그것도 인간계 뿐 아니라 신계까지 관통하는 우주론적인 체계를 상정하고 그러한 체계 속에서 스스로 관료 기구에 준하는 위치를 자임하고 있었고, 上章 의례는이러한 태도를 단적으로 보여주는 의례 행위였다. The tomb-quelling vessels (zhenmu ping) and their texts (zhenmu wen) produced in the regions cen tered around Chang’an and Luoyang during the Later Han period demonstrate religious ideas that em phasize the separation of life and death while attempting to alleviate the suffering the deceased would face in the netherworld and prevent the misfortunes that might befall the living due to the deceased. The situation of the netherworld awaiting the deceased, the specific appearance of the bureaucratic structure in the netherworld, the fact that the administration of this bureaucratic structure is carried out through administrative documents, and the ritual specialists who seem to perceive the writing and imple mentation of these documents as an important part of their role, recognizing themselves as part of the administrative structure of this invisible world, all suggest a close relationship between the tomb-quelling text tradition and the petitioning ritual of the Heavenly Masters. However, the key elements of the Heav enly Masters’ teachings, such as the more comprehensive concept of salvation for the deceased, the dei f ied Laozi, the religious authority and doctrine emanating from him, the notion of the teachings of the Dao, and the existence of the Heavenly Masters, are not found in the tomb-quelling text tradition. In other words, the religious tradition of the Later Han period seen in the tomb-quelling texts can only be regarded as a stage prior to Laozi’s revelation to Zhang Daoling, which laid the foundation for the Heav enly Masters. This can also be confirmed by the fact that the religious tradition of the Later Han period, as seen in the tomb-quelling texts, continued to be used separately from the Heavenly Masters in the form of tomb-quelling texts from the Wei-Jin period and wooden figurines or wooden figurine tablets, commonly referred to as “pine-man” or “cypress-man,” which were dedicated to preventing the misfor tunes caused by the deceased, even after the late Tang period. These wooden figurines or figurine tablets appear to be the result of a certain degree of standardization and fixation of the ideas and language of the tomb-quelling texts, and should be regarded as artifacts of the magical tradition practiced by folk magicians or fangshi, separate from the historical development of Daoism after the emergence of the Heavenly Masters. In contrast to the increasingly fixed tradition of tomb-quelling objects, the petition ing ritual of Daoism, as seen in Lu Xiujing’s Daomen Kelue and the Chisongzi Zhangli, evolved with even more bureaucratized language and forms than the tomb-quelling texts.

建國期 北魏의 國家構造 - 鮮卑拓跋部의 部族構成形態와 관련하여 -

趙晟佑 서울대학교 동양사학과 1997 서울大 東洋史學科 論集 Vol.21 No.-

광 파장 필터를 이용한 인터넷망용 광신호-엔코더/디코더에 관한 연구

조성우,서동선,박종대 명지대학교 산업기술연구소 2001 産業技術硏究所論文集 Vol.20 No.-

In this thesis, we designed and made WBG(waveguide bragg grating) using SOI. We proposed OCDMA(optical code division multiple access) using FBG(fiber bragg grating). Input signal of OCDMA system have frequency 1MHz, pulse width of 0.1㎲ and broadband wavelength source. Input signal become time spreading and wavelength hoping by means of time delay and revers reflect though time delay line and FBG respectively. We demonstrated that WBG corresponding characteristic of FBG performed as Encoder/Decoder in OCDMA system.