협동학습모형을 적용한 중학교 음악극 창작지도 방안

장윤지 연세대학교 교육대학원 2016 국내석사

The Neo-liberalism tracing back to 'the law of survival of the fittest' has given birth to the infinitely egoistic schools overflowing with the competitions. The creative music drama activities may well be a solution to such a problem. The creative music drama activities encompassing appreciation, singing and composition must allow for an integrated experience of music, while providing even those students lacking in confidence in music with an opportunity to express their musical creativity using a way meeting their capacity by giving them the roles commensurate with their competence. Furthermore, the creative music drama activities help to improve students' sociality and encourage them to reflect on themselves through the experiences of meeting other people or characters. With such basic conceptions in mind, this study was aimed at suggesting a creative music drama teaching guidance available in the classroom. To this end, the preceding studies were reviewed to discuss the utility and need of the creative music drama activities, and thereupon, the GI Co-learning model allowing for a democratic teaching and learning was applied to suggest an effective teaching guidance. The GI model suggested by Sharon was adapted to the creative music drama teaching guidance, and thereby, such activities as selection of theme, organization of small groups, planning and division of roles, explorations by role, preparation for the presentation of the music drama, performance of the music drama and evaluation were distributed into 4 classroom sessions to design a structured teaching guidance. Based on 2009 National Curriculum, learning goals and major activities were determined for a practical teaching guidance, while 17 middle school music textbooks were analyzed to determine the scope and meaning of 'music drama' and 'creation.' Besides, in order to arouse students' interest and motivate them, the opening and ending parts of the musical 'Les miserable' - '"Look down"' and "Do you hear the people sing?" were selected as samples, while diverse music drama pieces were selected, upon analysis of the textbooks. The first session was designed to help students appreciate and understand the types and characteristics of the music drama, while introducing the students to the four-session teaching guidance, and the second session was designed to help students learn about the sample pieces and compose the stories through information gathering and exploratory activities. The third session was designed to encourage students to discuss the music, physical expressions and costumes for the creative story and lyric they had written, and thereupon, rehearse the creative music drama. The fourth session was designed to help students to learn about the etiquette of the performance, present their creative music dramas by group, evaluate their works and conclude the sessions. Lastly, it is hoped that this study will be useful to improve students' music competence through appreciation and performance and enhance their creativity through the creative music drama activities, while feeling their intra-group interactions and self-esteem, and ultimately, grow into a whole person. ‘적자 생존설’을 기반으로 탄생한 신자유주의 사상은 교육에 도입되어 경쟁적 학교의 모습을 탄생시켰고 이것은 학교폭력, 왕따 등 다양한 학교 문제를 만들어내었다. 음악교과 교수·학습은 이러한 문제에‘음악하기’활동을 통한 해답을 제공한다. 특히 감상, 가창, 창작의 과정이 모두 포함된 음악극 창작활동은 음악의 통합적 경험 뿐 아니라 구성원 모두가 특정 분야의 전문가가 되어 상호 작용을 통한‘총체적 체험’이 가능한 활동으로 현대 교육이 지향하는 창의적 인간상을 길러내는데 도움을 준다. 이에 본 논문은 선행연구를 통해 음악극 창작 활동의 효과와 필요성에 대해 고찰하였으며 효과적인 수업지도방안을 제시하기 위하여 경쟁적, 개별적 학습 구조를 해결 할 수 있는 협동학습모형을 도입하여 정의적 효과를 최대화 하고자 하였다. 많은 협동학습 모형 중 GI(집단탐구모형)협동학습모형은 학생들의 자발적 참여와 민주적 참여를 독려하는 모형으로 GI 모형의 음악극 창작활동 도입은 감상과 연주 활동을 통한 ‘음악성 향상’과 창작 활동으로 인한 ‘창의성 향상’, 음악극 창작의 과정에서 생기는 갈등을 민주적 절차와 탐구로 해결시켜 ‘사회성 향상’까지 기대할 수 있다. 본 논문은 효과적인 음악극 창작 활동을 제시하기 위하여 시중에서 구입 가능한 중학교 교과서 17종을 분석하여 중학교 수준에서의 ‘음악극’과 ‘창작’의 의미를 정의하고, 학생들의 흥미와 동기부여를 위하여 교과서에서 제시한 음악극 곡 들 중 뮤지컬 《레 미제라블(Les miserable)》의 오프닝곡과 엔딩곡인“Look down”과 “Do you hear the people sing?”을 제재곡으로 제시하였다. 교수학습 지도안은 총 4차시로 구성하여 한 반에 36명의 중학생을 대상으로 수업으로 설정하고 효과적인 지도를 위하여 샤란 과 샤란(Sharan & Sharan)이 제시한 GI 학습 모형의 단계를 수업의 절차에 대입하여 사용하였다. 이후 각 단계에 맞는 학습 목표를 교육과정에 근거하여 설정하고 수업활동을 제시하여 구체적인 음악극 창작의 교수 학습 지도안이 되도록 개발하였다.

지배구조가 기회주의적 기업사회적책임활동에 미치는 영향

장윤지 중앙대학교 대학원 2020 국내석사

본 연구는 기업사회적책임활동과 이익조정의 관계에 지배구조가 미치는 영향에 대해서 분석하고자 한다. 이를 위해 이들 세 변수들 상호간의 관계에 대해 분석하고, 최종적으로 지배구조의 영향을 분석하고자 한다. 본 연구는 2011년부터 2018년까지 한국지배구조원에 의해 ESG등급이 발표된 국내 기업을 대상으로 분석하였다. 수정 Jones모형을 이용하여 재량적 발생액을 추정하였으며, 다변량 회귀분석을 통해 주요 가설들을 검증하였다. 주요 분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, CSR이 우수한 기업은 이익을 상향으로 조정하여 보고하는 경향을 보였다. 둘째, 기업지배구조가 좋을수록 사회적 책임활동 수준이 높아지는 것으로 나타났으며, 기업지배구조가 좋을수록 이익은 상향으로 조정하여 보고하는 것으로 나타났지만 통계적으로 유의하지는 않았다. 셋째, 지배구조가 나쁠 때 CSR 점수가 높은 기업은 CSR점수가 낮은 기업보다 이익을 하향으로 보고하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, CSR이 우수한 기업들의 경우, 지배구조가 나쁜 경우보다 좋은 경우에 이익 하향조정이 상당히 완화되는 것으로 나타났다. CSR이 우수하고 기업지배구조가 좋은 경우에는 CSR과 지배구조가 모두 좋지 않은 기업보다 이익의 하향조정 완화를 넘어서서, 이익을 상향으로 조정하여 보고하는 것으로 나타났다. CSR이 우수하고 지배구조도 우수한 경우에 상향의 이익조정 경향이 강해지는 것은 기회주의적인 CSR이 발생할 가능성이 높기 때문인 것으로 보인다. 추가적으로, 흑자기업과 적자기업을 별도로 분석한 결과에서는 흑자기업에서는 동일한 현상을 발견했지만 적자기업에서는 유의한 관계를 발견하지 못했다. 이러한 분석결과는 CSR, 지배구조, 이익조정간의 관계가 매우 복잡하며, CSR과 이익조정의 관계도 지배구조의 영향을 배제한 채로는 올바로 이해하기가 어렵다는 것을 보여준다. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of corporate governance on the relationship between corporate social responsibility and earnings management. This paper first analyzes the relationship between these three variables and then analyzes the influence of governance. The sample of the study consists of domestic companies whose ESG(Environment, Social, Governance) ratings were announced by Korea Corporate Governance Service from 2011 to 2018. Discretionary accruals are estimated using the modified Jones model, and major hypotheses are tested through multivariate regression analysis. The main results are as follows. First, firms with good corporate social responsibility activities tended to report earnings upward. Second, the better the corporate governance structure, the higher the level of social responsibility activities. It was also shown that companies with good corporate governance structure tended to report earnings downward, which was not statistically significant, though. Third, companies with high corporate social responsibility activity scores reported profits downwards in comparison with those with low corporate social responsibility activity scores when the governance structure was bad. In addition, companies with better corporate social responsibility activities have shown that the downward earnings adjustment for companies with poor governance structure is considerably mitigated for those with good governance structure. Further, the companies with good corporate social responsibility activities and good corporate governance adjust and report earnings upwards, beyond mitigating the downward adjustment of profits, compared to companies with poor corporate social responsibility activities and poor governance structures. This tendency of upward earnings management for the companies with good corporate social responsibility activities and good governance structure seems to be due to the high possibility of opportunistic corporate social responsibility activities. In an additional analysis of surplus and deficit firms, the results show the same phenomenon in surplus firms, but not in deficit firms. These results show that the relationship between corporate social responsibility, corporate governance, and earnings management is very complex, and that the relationship between corporate social responsibility activities and earnings management is difficult to fully understand without considering the influence of corporate governance.

Identifying ICT-Auto Manufacturing Convergence through Dynamic Network Analysis of Important Convergence Technology and R&D Actors : 주요 융합 기술과 R&D 주체의 동적 네트워크 분석을 통한 ICT-자동차 제조업 융합에 관한 연구

장윤지 서울대학교 대학원 2017 국내석사

This paper aims to identify convergence between automobile manufacturing and ICT sectors in Korea’s national R&D network. Although several studies have analyzed the technology convergence or cooperative alliances in R&D networks, network analysis specifically on Auto manufacturing-ICT convergence that contributes to identifying both important convergence technology and R&D actors over time is lacking. In an effort to bridge this gap, this study employs network analysis of patent information of the auto manufacturing and ICT sectors from 2008 to 2014. The dynamic changes of the two key subjects of interest, important convergence technology and R&D actors, are then examined together in groups of important technology identified as “hubs,” “cores,” and “bridges.” The analysis results are expected to help identify priority areas and actors for R&D policies on auto manufacturing-ICT convergence as part of an effort to prepare for the ICT-driven manufacturing paradigm shift taking place today.

(The) role of autoinducer 2 quorum sensing in biofilm formation by oral bacteria

장윤지 서울대학교 대학원 2013 국내석사

The role of autoinduer 2 quorum sensing of oral bacteria in biofilm formation Yunji Jang Department of Dental Science, Major of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology in Dentistry, Graduate School, Seoul National University (Directed by Professor Bong-Kyu Choi,Ph.D. ) Objectives Periodontitis is initiated by bacteria in subgingival biofilms, which are composed of multi-species oral bacteria that are commensal bacteria (yellow complex) or periodontopathogens (red complex). Streptococci are early colonizers of oral bioflm. Streptococci colonized tooth surfaces and then biomass is increases with cell division. Fusobacterium attach to the early colonizers, and periodontopathogens join this developing biofilm communities then the mature biofilm is formed. Autoinduer-2(AI-2) is a universal quorum sensing (QS) molecule that mediates intergeneric signaling in multi species bacterial communities and may induce biofilm formation. As Fusobacterium nucleatum is the major coaggregation bridge organism that links early colonizers and late pathogenic colonizers in dental biofilm, I hypothesized that AI-2 of F. nucleatum contributes to this inter species interaction, and interruption of this signaling can result in the inhibition of biofilm formation of early and late colonizers. Methods The AI-2 activity of the culture supernatants of F. nucleatum in different growth phase was evaluated by a bioluminescence assay using V. harveyi BB170 (an AI-2 reporter strain). AI-2 was partially purified from the culture supernatants at 20 hours which showed highet bioluminescence. The purification method was as follows: The culture supernatant was filtered using 0.2 μm-syringe-filter, then separated under 3 kDa molecules using YM-3 3 kDa-Centricon. The hydrophilic molecules that contained AI-2 were purified using a Sep-pak C18 column. The bioluminescence of the partially purified AI-2 was compared with those of positive control (the AI-2 of Vibrio harveyi BB152) and negative control (the culture supernatant Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The inhibition of bioluminescence effect of the purified AI-2 by QSIs, Furanone and D-Ribose was confirmed. To investigate effect of AI-2 on single-species biofilm formation, dual-species biofilm formation, and coaggregation between F. nucleatum and other oral bacteria including so-called ‘yellow complex’(Streptococcus gordonii and Streptococcus oralis), ‘red complex’ (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia). The effect of two QSIs, (5Z)-4-bromo-5-(bromomethylene)-2(5H)-furanone (furanone compound) and D-ribose, on AI-2-induced biofilm formation and coaggregation was tested. The effect of AI-2 and QSIs on the bacterial growth was evaluated. To verify the regulatory effect of AI-2 on the expression of virulence factors of periodotopathogens, the level of gene expression of virulence factors in AI-2-treated periodontopathogens was analyzed by real-time RT-PCR. Results The AI-2 of F. nucleatum remarkably induced the growth of single- and dual-species biofilm and coaggregation between F. nucleatum and species of the ‘yellow and red complex’ except S. oralis. The biofilm formation and coaggregation were inhibited by the QSIs. However, the biofilm fotmation and coaggregation were inhibited by AI-2 of F. nucleatum and increased by the QSIs. F. nucleatum AI-2 induced the expression of the representative adhesion molecules of bacteria, which were inhibited by the QSIs. F. nucleatum AI-2 and the QSIs did not affect the growth of bacteria. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that F. nucleatum AI-2 plays an important role in inter- and intra-species interactions of oral bacteria. These results show the possibility of AI-2 can be a target for the inhibition of dental biofilm formation by periodonyopathogens.

내현적 자기애가 SNS중독경향성에 미치는 영향 : 대인관계 어려움의 매개효과

장윤지 건국대학교 교육대학원 2016 국내석사

본 연구는 20, 30대의 SNS 중독과 성격특성요인인 내현적 자기애, 사회 심리요인인 대인관계 어려움의 관계를 파악하고, SNS 중독에 미치는 영향을 규명하기 위하여 시행되었다. 내현적 자기애 성향은 자기중심적이면서 수줍음이 많아 타인과의 관계에서 중심이 되는 것을 꺼리며, 타인의 반응에 민감하고 타인의 평가에 예민한 것이 특징이다. 때문에 내현적 자기애 성향은 성격특성으로 인하여 SNS의 자기선택적 대인관계를 보상으로 이용할 것이며, 이는 SNS 중독에 영향을 미칠 것이다. 또한 내현적 자기애 성향은 대인관계에서 겪는 어려움이 매개효과로 작용하여 SNS 중독에 영향을 미칠 것이라고 보았다. 본 연구에서는 개인의 자기효능감이 감소하는 짐이 되는 느낌과 사회로부터 고립되어 혼자라는 느낌이 드는 좌절된 소속감으로 대인관계 어려움을 설정하였다. 타인의 반응에 예민한 내현적 자기애 성향에게 짐이 되는 느낌과 좌절된 소속감의 대인관계 어려움은 현실의 대인관계에 회피반응으로 나타나게 될 것이다. 이 때에 사회보상 심리로 좌절된 대인관계 욕구를 충족하기 위해, 내현적 자기애 성향의 특성인 자기 선택적 대인관계가 가능하고 통제가 가능한 관계지향적 SNS를 과도하게 사용하여 중독의 결과가 나올 것이라는 가설을 설정하였다. 연구가설의 검증을 위해 총 324명의 SNS 이용률이 높은 만19세에서 39세까지의 학생 및 직장인을 대상으로 하였다. 내현적 자기애는 Akhtar와 Thomson(1982)의 이론을 기초로 하여 강선희와 정남운(2002)이 개발 구성한 45문항의 내현적 자기애 척도를 사용하였고, 대인관계 어려움은 Joiner(2005)의 이론을 기반으로 하고 Van Orden, Witte, et al.(2006)이 개발하여 조민호(2009)가 번안한 대인관계 어려움 척도를 사용하였다. SNS중독은 정소영, 김종남(2014)이 개발하고, 조성현, 서경현(2013)이 수정한 SNS중독경향성 척도를 사용하여 오프라인 설문지 형식으로 진행되었다. 본 연구결과의 내용을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 내현적 자기애, 대인관계 어려움과 SNS 중독경향성의 상관관계를 알아보고자 상관분석을 한 결과, 모든 결과에서 유의미한 정적상관을 확인할 수 있었다. 둘째, 내현적 자기애와 대인관계 어려움이 SNS 중독경향성에 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위하여 단순회귀분석을 한 결과, 내현적 자기애와 대인관계 어려움 모두 SNS 중독경향성에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 내현적 자기애와 SNS 중독경향성의 관계에서 대인관계 어려움의 매개효과를 확인하기 위하여 Baron과 Kenny(1968)의 4단계 중다회귀분석을 실시한 결과 대인관계 어려움의 부분매개 효과를 확인할 수 있었다. 결과적으로 내현적 자기애 성향과 대인관계 어려움 모두 SNS 중독에 정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 내현적 자기애 성향의 사람들이 대인관계의 어려움을 높게 인식할수록 대인관계의 보상으로 SNS를 더 자주 사용하고 중독될 수 있다는 결론을 도출하였다. 이러한 연구결과를 바탕으로 본 연구자는 SNS 중독경향성에 대한 이해와 치료적, 교육적 접근을 위한 자료를 제공하는 것에 의의를 두고자 한다.

한열 체질 판별을 위한 퍼지 추론에 관한 연구

장윤지 한밭대학교 정보통신전문대학원 2015 국내석사

학습자 활동 중심 독서지도 방안 연구

장윤지 충남대학교 교육대학원 2017 국내석사

From a perspective of learner-centered education, I analyzed the changes from “The 6th Education Curriculum” to “2015 Revised Education Curriculum” and throughout the paper, I confirmed the significance and necessity of the learner-centered reading education. Accordingly, I tried to find the reading teaching-learning scheme mostly consisted of learner-centered activities. Eventually, I came up with a reading teaching-learning scheme based on necessity of a reading guidance plan and a datum point of content components. First of all, I set the research direction from a simple curiosity of actual condition of reading education in schools. Through several revisions of education curriculum, it’s been emphasized that teaching should be learner-centered but there are still many difficulties to accomplish it. Especially, the reading education has been considered as a minor subject since out education is so concentrated in the College Scholastic Ability Test. Especially in “2015 Revised Education Curriculum”, it emphasizes the learner-centered activities even more. In this paper, I tried to talk about the future direction of reading education and how to apply it in real school environment. So I mentioned the the necessity of reading education in the very beginning of the paper. Reading education is one of the most important things for a person to grow as a social member in a society. I also looked through the changes in reading education from “The 6th Education Curriculum” to “2015 Revised Education Curriculum”. The working area and content category of readers in the curriculums haven’t been changed much but the status and the positive attitudes of readers got more emphasized. I could say it is a change of stream in overall curriculum. But also, there are many things that the learner should accomplish and experience through the reading education. And it was a great chance to look back the importance of it. After that, I looked at the reading education in real school and reaction of learners to the reading education through several researches. The reading education became a minor subject because of the environment which only concentrates on the College Scholastic Ability Test. In this condition, the reading education usually ends up in one-time education. After the research, I realized that it is important to connect the reading education to other subjects. In this paper, I studied the way to encourage learner-centered activities in reading education. The ultimate goal of reading is however a whole person growth and to make a student contribute to the society throughout his whole life. To make the learner active in the reading education, we should start with causing interest through activities that are new to the learners. The next step is helping them to connect their lives with the books they’re reading and making them find answers to their problems from the books. According to this research, I suggested a teaching-learning scheme to develop an education plans and to give the learners the new experiences through the activities. I really expect someday the school environment changes enough for learners to experience through the activities. Reading education is really up to the learners but it also has so many things for learners to learn and experience. So new learner-centered activities should be developed and applied. And teacher should teach their students with a detailed plan. Then, the quality of their reading and the amount of their growth will be improved. The limitation of this paper is that I couldn’t apply and verify the suggested teaching-learning scheme in real school condition. In the future, through more researches on the reading education, I expect to bridge the gap between the education curriculum and the actual school environment.

Franz liszt piano sonata in b minor에 관한 연구 : Après une lecture du dante : Fantasie quasi sonata와의 비교분석

장윤지 수원대학교 2015 국내석사

Franz Liszt(1811-1886) was one of the best Romantic composers in the nineteenth century. His music was influenced by the techniques of Paganini and the musicality of Chopin, in addition to his own unique luxuriousness. Liszt's Piano Sonata in b minor is the only sonata written by him. However, before the sonata was composed, sonata form had been utilized in some of his works. Among his works, <Après une Lecture du Dante, Fantasia quasi Sonata>, commonly known as Dante Sonata, has considerable similarities to the sonata in b minor, in terms of the usage of sonata form and thematic transformations. Both works are considered as creative and innovative sonatas that have evolved from the existing sonata form in the Classical period, as they have accomplished the unification by using thematic transformation and cyclic form. This dissertation is to study how the Dante Sonata influenced the Sonata in b minor by the comparison of two works. The Sonata in b minor has the structure of multiple movements, while the Dante Sonata consists of a single movement. Though the tonality of the two follows the classical method, the harmony is written in more innovative way. In order to examine the similarities and differences between both works, this study concentrates especially on the thematic transformations : in ways of melodic similarity, variation of motives, tone, intervals and inversions, the augmentation and diminution of rhythm, and characteristic transformation. Additionally, the Sonata in b minor used the melodic extension, complex variation of the themes, fugato and counterpoint, ostinato. In particular, such thematic transformation appears more frequently in the Sonata in b minor than in the Dante Sonata. The sonata in b minor is culmination of all the musical elements that Liszt tried to express on the piano and a representative sonata of the Romantic period that presented new compositional techniques for the next composers.

압전성능 향상을 위한 PVDF-TrFE 나노웹 제조 및 전극 형성에 관한 연구

장윤지 부산대학교 대학원 2023 국내석사

대표적인 압전 하베스터 중 하나인 PVDF 압전 하베스터와 비교하여 압전성능을 향상하기 위해 PVDF의 공중합체인 PVDF-TrFE를 전기방사하여 나노웹을 제조하였다. 공중합체 PVDF-TrFE에서 두 단량체 PVDF와 TrFE 간의 조성비 변화에 대한 용액의 특성을 관찰하고, 용액의 전기전도도, 표면장력 및 점도의 변화가 전기방사의 동적 거동에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 그리고 방사거동의 변화가 나노웹 형성에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 공단량체 TrFE 조성 변화에 따른 압전 성능의 영향을 조사하기 위해, 방사한 나노웹에 알루미늄과 구리 전극을 부착하여 압전 하베스터를 제조했고, 반복적으로 부하를 가하며 기계적 외력이 작용하였을 때의 압전 테스트를 진행하였다. FT-IR 및 XRD로 분석한 PVDF-TrFE의 조성비에 따른 결정구조의 변화는 결정구조가 압전성능에 미치는 영향을 확인하였다. 또, 본 연구에서는 PVDF웹에 Graphene oxide(GO)를 스프레이법으로 코팅한 후, 레이저를 통해 GO를 환원시킴으로써 만들어진 reduced GO를 유연전극으로 사용한 유연 압전 하베스터를 제조했다. 유연 하베스터의 구조 형성은 FT-IR을 통해 확인하였으며, 제조한 유연 하베스터로 압전 테스트를 진행하여 알루미늄과 구리 전극을 사용한 하베스터와 압전성능을 비교하였다. 이 연구를 통해 PVDF웹에서 나노웹 및 전극의 변화를 통해 PVDF에 구조적 변화를 가져옴으로써 압전 하베스터로서의 성능 향상 가능성을 확인하였다.

랭스턴 휴즈의 시에 나타난 흑인 저항정신과 정체성

장윤지 신라대학교 교육대학원 2017 국내석사

랭스턴 휴즈(Langston Hughes)가 활동한 1920~60년대는 그 어느 때보다도 격동적인 시기였다. 연이은 세계 1, 2차 대전과 미국의 참전, 그 사이를 덮친 미국으로부터 시작된 대공황, 2차 대전을 이은 냉전시대, 그 어느 것도 가벼이 넘길 수 없는 굵직굵직한 사건들이 이 시기를 장식하고 있다. 이러한 격동의 시절 속에서 많은 백인 작가들이 펜을 들었고, 이 시기 위대한 작가들은 후에 “잃어버린 세대”(Lost Generation)이라 불리게 된다. 전세계적으로 퍼져나간 『위대한 개츠비』(“The Great Gatsby”)를 쓴 스콧 피츠제럴드(F. Scott Fitzgerald)도 이 잃어버린 세대에 속하는 작가이며, 그 외에도 전세계적으로 유명한 어니스트 헤밍웨이(Ernest Hemingway), 윌리엄 포크너(William Faulkner) 등도 정전 작가의 반열에 이름을 올렸다. 그러나 이 시기는 백인들만의 독무대가 아니었으며 흑인 지식인들에 의해 흑인 저항정신이 태동하던 시기였다. 1920년대부터 백인들의 지배하에 갇혀 있던 흑인들은 그 지배에서 벗어나 자신들의 정체성을 찾고자 하였다. 기존에 백인들에게 무조건적으로 굴종하고 복종하는 소위 백인들이 말하는 ‘착한 아이’(good boy)가 되기를 거부한 것이다. 해리엇 비처 스토(Harriet Beecher Stowe)의 『톰 아저씨의 오두막』(“Uncle Tom’s Cabin”)에 나오는 ‘엉클 탐’(Uncle Tom)으로 대표되는 순종적인 ‘올드 니그로’(Old Negro)이기를 거부하기 시작한 것이다. 그들은 백인이 시키는 대로 하지 않는 ‘뉴 니그로’(New Negro)가 되기를 선택했다. 이러한 흑인들의 인식의 변화가 바로 흑인저항정신의 시작이라고 할 수 있다. (이영철 78-82) The objective of this study is to examine African American identity of Langston Hughes and his spirit of resistance against ideologies of white supremacy through his poetry As an African-American poet, Hughes sought the way of adjusting the conflicts between his African identity and American identity. These two warring souls(This notion was coined by a African American activist Du Bois by whom Hughes was affected throughout his life) made many African Americans isolated from any other society. Since the white had not treated the black as equal Americans for a long time, African Americans had been outsiders in the US. Among black people, African Americans were outsiders, as they were considered as followers of Imperialism and Racism by Africans. Therefore, African Americans were always suffering from confusion of their identities. Regarding this state, Hughes had tried to confirm African Americans identities through his works. For that, Hughes reformulated spiritual backgrounds of black people through his poetry, which can embrace the entire black people in the world. African Americans could build a sense of belonging through the spiritual cradle. This made their African identities strong enough to insist their own rights and fight against injustice implemented by the white. Hughes represented this spirit of resistance by African Americans through his work and sent a message that dream would explode if it would be continuously deferred. In this context, dream implies a world that democracy and justice apply to all individuals. In other words, African Americans had dreamed that the fundamental values of democracy such as freedom, equality, and fraternity would serve not only just the white Americans but also African Americans. Hughes revealed this dream with a strong will for realization through his poetry, extending this dream to the freedom of all human beings from all the oppressions over the world.