1930년대 초반 中國 民營言論의 時局認識 : 『申報』·『大公報』의 安內攘外論을 중심으로 『申報』·『大公報』的安內攘外論爲中心

이재령 중국근현대사학회 2003 중국현대사연구 Vol.18 No.-

1930年初期, 南京國民政府在反蔣軍閥戰爭勝利以後, 正規實行了以黨治國的訓政。國民黨對內開展了中央集中和統一政策, 主要精力投入到共産黨討伐戰, 爲了廢止對外不平等條約而作出了努力。這時期, 發生了滿洲事變, 蔣介石建立了不抵抗主義和先安內後攘外政策, 督促了剿共戰。對內外混亂中, 以1920年經濟成長爲基礎, 大大發展了中國言論的量與質, 民營新聞·雜志等, 也陳述了對時局懸案的多種意見。 本稿通過1930年代初期, 在日本侵略引起的國難狀況下, 描述了具有代表性的民營日刊『申報』·『大公報』的時局認識, 糾明了言論界的視覺差及政治權力和商業言論的關係。特別對圍繞安內攘外政策, 因兩個新聞的責難, 有效分析了當時民營言論的時局認識。以此, 將更加能구理解南京政府的實際狀況與言論狀況。 北閥終了以後, 兩個新聞所意向的中國像, 是以具有學識和專門技術知識人所運用的淸廉潔白的中央集中式的統一政府。兩個新聞, 根據孫文以來國民革命主導歷史的‘名分’和無現存代替勢力的‘現實’, 强調了國民黨革命完遂的責任, 表示了對此的期待感。發生了滿洲事變以後, 兩個新聞, 表露了彼此的視覺差。有關政策時宜性的安內攘外的‘順序’和有關政策效率性與安內‘方法’, 成了責難對象。『大公報』主張的是, 爲了攘外, 得優先考慮國內的安定和統一的先安內論。『申報』强調了, 只有抗日, 才可國家存亡的根本對策的先攘外論。安內實現方法以剿共戰爲核心課題, 與蔣介石不同的是, 兩個新聞重視了內政改革、民權保藏、農村復興等。『申報』對此判斷爲攘外的前提條件、『大公報』對此判斷爲剿共的有效手段。結果, 通過內政改革, 『大公報』·『申報』以强中國爲共同目標的安內攘外的政策, 形成了與南京政府協助、緊張關係。 兩個新聞, 對安內攘外的順序和方法, 表露了視覺差異的背景, 有兩個方面。第一, 新聞運營者, 反映了政治趨向與蔣介石的關係的結果。『申報』帶有進步人士的參與對於反帝·反封建的進步趨向。相反, 『大公報』在北伐終了以後與蔣介石的關係緊密起來, 以劣惡的狀況爲理由, 採用了先安內政策。第二, 新聞的發行場所與購買對象的差異。『申報』在上海發行, 上海不僅是經濟中心地, 在政治方面具有交强的進步性向, 所以購買地域和購讀對象也非常廣泛及敏銳, 積極反映了時局問題輿論。『大公報』在天津發行, 天津是北方軍閥的影響力較强的地區, 帶有官僚資本的性格, 對政府當局是協力性, 比起南京的政治問題對北方軍事·外交問題非常關心。卽使, 言論人的政治·經濟·思想背景對『申報』和『大公報』的視覺差起了主要作用, 但因購讀者的多種環境和關心也起了重要的作用。還有, 在新聞的活動舞臺和營業上的差異, 也是新聞性向必不可少的一個變數。 民營言論的啓導性, 無法忽視原有使命以外的商業利潤與成長。在新聞的創刊, 發展過程中, 雖然, 對時代狀況與時代精神具有影響, 但是, 對民營企業的利益創出, 確實一個基本。從以上的觀點來看, 『申報』·『大公報』以原有的政治性·經濟性的利益爲中心, 反映了讀者的關心。以此爲基礎, 謀求國家發展也是必然的。1930年代初期, 中國共産黨的積極的成長和日本的連績侵略妨애了資本家的成長, 對國家存亡與否也是個問題。以此, 南京政府實行了, 先安內(剿共)後攘外(抗日)政策。『申報』把攘外當成緊急課題, 『大公報』把安內當成緊急課題。兩個新聞不管安內·攘外順序, 僅僅支持了强有力及統一的中央政府。安內以一時的快捷, 承認了剿共。却消耗了莫大的人力和軍事費, 回避了戰爭。促進了攘外的前提條件已及安內核心的內政及經濟改革和民權保藏等。以此爲基礎, 近代市民國家的意向, 可以當作民營言論的共同性格。那期間, 南京政府時期的民營言論, 因以運營主體的階級性格, 以統治權力的關係爲主分析及評價, 所以, 無法擺脫對政治的偏向認識和一方的視覺。1930年代初期, 『申報』·『大公報』對現實的認識, 幷沒有因國家權力任意擺布, 反而對資本, 主義, 志向, 關心等起了綜合的作用。這是用明確的自己論理而投影的結果。所以, 國民黨和民營言論的關係, 幷沒有收容主動言論的近代性。顯示了강硬訓政體制界限。之後, 兩者關係, 只有以任意一方的從屬, 極端的對立狀況, 以正式的抗日救國運動爲契機, 民營言論的反國民黨性向引起了高潮。

전남지역 산업폐수 중 신규 수질오염물질 배출특성 연구 - 옥틸페놀과 노닐페놀 중심으로 -

이재령,박송인,전수인,김현재,신혜정,지창학,박찬오 한국환경기술학회 2024 한국환경기술학회지 Vol.25 No.1

. The study investigated the discharge of various pollutants, including APEs like OPE (20 %) and NPE (80 %), in industries such as surfactants, solvents, disinfectants, adhesives, and insecticides. The primary survey identified water pollutant candidates exceedance of discharge standards for chloride ions (2), sulfate ions (1), octylphenol (OP) (1), and nonylphenols (NPs) (5). OP and NPs were universally detected across industries. An analysis of OP and NPs decomposition patterns from Step 1 to Step 4 for wastewater discharge facilities and a secondary survey on the treatment efficiency of wastewater treatment methods were conducted. Analysis of wastewater treatment methods in eight facilities showed increased OP and NPs concentrations in HF and MF industries, ranging from 195.4 % to 402.3 %. Activated sludge treatment efficiency ranged from 17.9 % to 99.9 %, while activated carbon treatment ranged from 83.1 % to 99.5 %. SM, AM, MF, VP, and HF facilities can be effectively treated using either the activated sludge method or the SBR method. Recommendations include activated carbon post-treatment for WC and WD facilities, and enhancing biological treatment or additional measures like Reverse Osmosis and A/C Filter for CP facilities to address APE removal. Correlation analysis showed a positive correlation size order of NPs-Phenols > OP-NPs > OP-Phenols based on primary analysis data.

Undercut 가공을 이용한 무변형 HLP 일체형 광학레이어 성형기술 연구

이재령,우상원,전은채,유영은,제태진 한국기계가공학회 2012 한국기계가공학회 춘추계학술대회 논문집 Vol.2012 No.6

Al-N₂와 Al-N₂-AlN계에서 고온자전연소법에 의한 AlN 합성

이재령,이익규,안종관,김동진,안양규,정헌생 한국분말야금학회 2004 한국분말재료학회지 (KPMI) Vol.11 No.4

This study for preparation of aluminum nitride (AlN) with high purity was carried out by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis method in two different systems, $Al-N_{2}$ and $Al-N_{2}$-AlN, with the change of nitrogen gas pressure and dilution factor. On the occasion of $Al-N_{2}$ system, unreacted aluminum was detected in the product in spite of high nitrogen pressure, 10 MPa, This may be caused by obstructing nitrogen gas flow to inner part of molten and agglomerate of aluminum, formed in pre-heating zone. In $Al-N_{2}$-AlN system, AlN with a purity of 95% or ever can be prepared in the condition of $f_{Dil}\geq0.5$, $P_{N_{2}}\geq$ 1 MPa, and the purity can be elevated to 98% over in the condition of $f_{Dil}$ = 0.7 and $P_{N_{2}}$ = 10 MPa.

7·7사변이후 《동아일보》의 시국인식과 전시대응

이재령 한국중국학회 2020 중국학보 Vol.92 No.-

This essay is to grasp the Korean media’s situational awareness, wartime responses, and perspectives on China during the Sino-Japanese War period depending on the Dong-a Ilbo’s articles from the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in July, 1937 to its enforced discontinuance in April, 1940. The continuous waring situation since the Manchurian Incident aggravated Japan’s economic crisis and social unrest. In order to resolve them, Japan hastened the invasion toward China, and the Lugou Bridge Incident on July 7, 1937 became the momentum. The Sino-Japanese War was prepared and progressed under Japan’s precise plans, and the responses of the Japanese Governor-General of Korea were the same. Priorly, the Japanese Governor-General of Korea was concerned about domestic political disturbance and social unrest, and strengthened its control over the spread of false rumors, the economic disorder, and the disorderly acts. The Dong-a Ilbo reported that the Korean Provisional Government and Korean Volunteer Corps(朝鮮義勇隊) along with Chinese army got involved into the anti-Japanese resistance. Also, the newspaper paid attention to the trends in Western countries and China’s responses, so read through China’s strategy waiting the changes in external conditions, which was the UK’s and the US’s participation into the war, despite the internal difficulties. The Dong-a Ilbo’s war articles raised Koreans’ curiosity about the war situation and prospects, and their will for independence. For the reasons, the Japanese Governor-General of Korea worried about the possibility that the Korean independence movement might revive internally and externally, so it strictly responded to them. Japan intended to derive China’s compromise within a short term from the burst of war, just like the Manchurian Incident. However, unlike its prediction, the Nanjing government resisted with quick military responses and will of full-scale war. Bewildered Japan tried to block further expansion of the war and third-party intervention, but the results were different. Amid the vortex of long-term and full-scale war, Japan’s war capabilities were clearly limited. The Japanese Government-General of Korea emphasized the national defense donations, the promotions for the victory-prayer, and the establishment of wartime system through media outlets and lectures on the situations. At that time, the Dong-a Ilbo focused more on long-term construction than on the immediate response of long-term punishment against China’s long-term resistance; and within a year of the outbreak of the war, Korea became the biggest victim. Entering into 1940’s, the Sino-Japanese War extended throughout the Asian-Pacific region. The Dong-a Ilbo predicted that it would not be easy to reach the original goal of East-Asian new order due to Japan’s military strength consumption against the Soviet Union and the prolonged Sino-Japanese War. However, the colonial authorities rejected the involvement of third countries, and strengthened the unity between government and people and the wartime mobilization system. Within this process, the Dong-a Ilbo and the Chosun Ilbo were enforced to cease their publication, thus colonial private media came to an end. 이 글은 1937년 7월 蘆溝橋사건 이후부터 1940년 4월 강제 폐간될 때까지 《동아일보》의 기사를 통해 중일전쟁시기 한국언론의 시국인식과 전시대응, 對中國觀 등을 파악한 것이다. 滿洲事變 이후 계속된 전시상황은 일본의 경제위기와 사회불안을 가중시켰다. 이를 타개하기 위해 일본은 중국침략을 서둘렀는데 1937년 7월 7일 노구교사변을 계기로 삼았다. 중일전쟁은 처음부터 일본의 치밀한 계획아래 준비, 진행되었고 조선총독부의 대응도 마찬가지였다. 우선 국내의 정치 동요나 사회 혼란을 우려하면서 유언비어 유포 및 경제 문란과 무질서 행위에 대한 단속을 강화하였다. 《동아일보》는 臨政 및 朝鮮義勇隊가 중국군과 함께 항일투쟁에 나서고 있음을 보도하였다. 또 서양 각국의 동향과 중국의 대응을 주목했는데 대내적 어려움에도 불구하고 대외여건의 변화 곧, 영국·미국의 참전을 기다리겠다는 중국전략을 간파하였다. 《동아일보》의 전쟁기사는 전황 및 전망에 대한 한인들의 호기심과 독립의지를 불러일으켰다. 이 때문에 조선총독부는 국내외 독립운동의 불길이 되살아날까 우려하며 강경 대응에 나섰다. 일본은 開戰과 동시에 만주사변처럼 단기간 내에 중국의 타협을 끌어내려는 의도였다. 그러나 예상과 달리 난징정부는 신속한 무력대응과 전면 항전 의지로 맞섰다. 당혹한 일본은 더 이상의 擴戰과 제삼국의 개입을 차단하려 했으나 결과는 달랐다. 장기전, 전면전의 소용돌이 속에서 일본의 전쟁역량은 한계가 뚜렷하였다. 조선총독부는 언론매체와 시국강연회를 통해 국방헌금, 승전기원 홍보, 전시체제의 구축 등을 연일 강조하고 나섰다. 이때 《동아일보》 논조는 중국의 장기항전에 대한 장기응징이란 즉자적 반사 대응보다 장기건설에 초점을 맞추었고, 전쟁발발 1년 만에 한국은 최대의 희생물로 전락하였다. 1940년대 들어서 중일전쟁이 아시아·태평양지역으로 확산되었다. 《동아일보》는 일본의 對蘇 전력소모와 중일전쟁의 장기화로 원래 목표였던 동아신질서 건설이 쉽지 않을 것으로 예상하였다. 그렇지만 식민당국은 제삼국의 간여를 배격하면서 관민일체와 전시총동원체제를 강화하였다. 이 과정에서 《동아일보》와 《조선일보》등이 폐간되어 식민지 민영언론의 종언을 고하였다.

20세기 중반 韓中關係의 이해-韓國獨立에 관한 中華意識의 二重性

이재령 중국근현대사학회 2006 중국근현대사연구 Vol.29 No.-

근현대 한중관계사의 새로운 담론 모색 -한국 중국사학계의 최근(2002~2017) 성과를 중심으로-

이재령 한국중국문화학회 2018 中國學論叢 Vol.0 No.57

Optical Characterization and Manufacturing of an Optical Plate for Increasing Light Efficiency of LED Systems

이재령,전은채,김휘,우상원,제태진,유영은,이응숙 한국정밀공학회 2015 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol. No.

The use of an optical plate to enhance light efficiency of LED systems was suggested. The optical plate technology indicates that polymeric optical plates having optical patterns on themselves are placed on LED systems. We designed and manufactured an optical plate that enhance light efficiency, and verified its optical characteristics in this study. The shape and the size of the spherical lens patterns were designed based on the lens formula including the refraction indices of air and PMMA, thickness of the optical component and the optical distance. To manufacture the optical plate having the designed spherical lens patterns, a metal mold was machined by ultra-fine punching machining technology. Using the ultra-fine punching machining system, spherical lens patterns with 0.45 mm in height, 1.15 mm in diameter were successfully machined on the top of a mold of 90 * 60 mm2 size. Using the machined mold and transparent PMMA, an optical plate with the spherical lens patterns was molded by injection molding technology. The optical plate was placed on the LED system, and the luminance was measured with and without the optical plate, and as a result the average and the maximum intensity increased by 1.4 times and 1.3 times respectively.

삼광광산 광미로부터 중금속 침출제거에 관한 연구

이재령,박제현,김영진 한국자원공학회 2010 한국자원공학회지 Vol.47 No.6

Experiments on removal of heavy metals by using leaching process were carried out with the closed mine tailing in Sam-Gwang mine. As for the sample in the secondary tailing site, the leaching efficiency of Cd and Cr increases more rapidly with increasing temperature than HCl concentration, leaching time and pulp density. The maximum leaching efficiency was found to be 85%, and 36% for Cd and Cr, respectively, under the following conditions; 2 M HCl concentration, 25℃, particle size at under 200 mesh. In all leaching tests, the leaching efficiency of Cr was low, which might result from the fact that content of Cr in tailing was high (454 ppm) and Cr component existed as the low oxidation state. The decrease in the leaching efficiency of Cd at 60℃ might result from the successive reaction of metal ions in solution and the chemical state of Cd, being not oxidative but reductive. 삼광광산 광미에 대한 침출공정에 의한 중금속제거 실험을 실시하였다. 부광미장 시료의 경우 침출시간, 침출액 농도보다는 침출온도에 민감하게 변화하였으며 최고 침출율 Cd 85%, Cr 36% 이상의 침출조건을 도출하였다. Cr의 침출율이 낮은 이유는 높은 광미함량과 산화가가 낮은 결합상태로 존재한 결과라고 판단되며, Cd 침출율이 60℃ 침출조건에서 낮아진 이유는 Cd성분의 화학적 분포형태가 산화성보다는 환원성으로 존재하여 침출온도 상승에 따라 용액 내 존재하는 다른 이온과의 반응으로 액 중 농도가 다소 감소한 결과라고 사료된다.

1930년대 초반 中國 民營言論의 時局認識 : 『申報』ㆍ『大公報』의 安內攘外論을 중심으로

李在鈴 중국근현대사학회 2003 중국근현대사연구 Vol.18 No.-