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이봉기,이상돈,Lee, Bong-Kee,Lee, Sang-Don 대한생리학회 1968 대한생리학회지 Vol.2 No.1
Tissue homogenates of 12 kinds of human cancer tissues were incubated separately in medium containing $C^{14}-1-glucose$ and $C^{14}-6-glucose$ as a substrate in order to observe the oxidative pathway of glucose in the tumor tissues. At the end of 3 hours incubation in the Dubnuff metabolic shaking incubator, respiratory $CO_2$ samples trapped by alkaling which was placed in the center well of incubation flask were analysed for total $CO_2$ production rates and their radioactivities. The tissue homogenate samples after incubation were analyzed for their concentrations of glucose, lactate and pyruvate. Calculations were made on the glucose consumption rate and accumulation rates of lactate and pyruvate. Fractionation of oxidative pathway of glucose was carried out by calculating $C^{14}O_2 yields from C-1 and C-6 carbon of glucose. The following results were obtained. 1. In 12 kinds of human cancer, total $CO_2$ production rates were less than $8{\mu}M/gm$ except 2 cases. These lower values impressed that oxidative metabolism in the tumor tissues generally inhibited as compared with that in normal tissues. On the other hand, fractions of $CO_2$ derived from glucose to total $CO_2$ production rates (RSA) were less than 10% in every case. These facts showed that oxidation of glucose into $CO_2$ was remarkably inhibited in the tumor tissues. 2. Factions of glucose disappeared into $CO_2\;(RGD_{CO_2})$, lactate $(RGD_L)$, pyruvate $(RGD_P)$ to glucose consumption rates were as follows. $RGD_{CO_2}$ were less than 2% in cases of in this experiment and $RGD_L$ showed more than 5% except in 2 cases. These facts showed that anaerobic degradation of glucose into 3 carbon compounds was easily proceeded but further degradation into $CO_2$ via the TCA cycle was greatly inhibited resulting in accumulation of lactate. There are large variation in values of $RGD_P$ in different kinds of tumor tissue but relatively higher values in $RGD_{CO_2}$ were obtained in the tumor tissues as compared with those of normal tissues. 3. The oxidative pathway of glucose in tumor tissues were analyzed from the values of RSA which were obtained in $C^{14}-1\;and\;C^{14}-6-glucose$ incubation experiments. It was found that 3% of $CO_2$ derived from glucose were oxidized via the principal EMP-TCA cycle and the remainder were via alternate pathway such as HMP in the liver cancer and values in other cancer tissues were as follows; 4% in the tongue cancer, 6% in the colon cancer, 6% in the lung cancer, 9% in the stomach cancer, 11% in the ovarian cancer, 12% in the neck tumor, 22% in the uterine cancer, 22% in the bladder tumor, 32% in the spindle cell sarcoma and 65% in the brain tumor. These values except later 2 cases showed less than 30% which is the lowest value among the normal tissues. Even in the brain tumor in which showed highest value in the tumor group. It is reasonable to suppose that this fraction was remarkably decreased because values in normal brain tissue was more than 90%. From the above data, it was concluded that in tumor tissues, oxidation of glucose via TCA cycle was greatly inhibited but correlation between degree of inhibited oxidation of glucose via TCA cycle and malignancy of tumor were not clarified in this experiments.
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유행성 출혈형 폐염양 질환의 병원균 분리와 세균학적 특성
이봉기,유주현,이원영,김주덕 한국미생물학회 1985 미생물학회지 Vol.23 No.3
We have previously isolated seven strains of spiral form bacteria, which have shown several similar characteristics to Leptospira from patient with epidemic pulmonary hemorrhagic fever and matural paddy water. Further studies have performed to characterize them. All of the isolated bacteria were aerobic, gram negative and spiral form and their growth were completely inhibited at temperature below $13^{\circ}C\;and\;50^{\circ}C$. In sensitivity test to drugs, the bacteria were resistant to the bile salts, 5-Fu and Amphotericine B, but sensitive to the 8-Azaguanine. The isolated bacteria as well as 5 serotypes of Leptospira interrogans reacted the patient sera and it was also shown that antisera from rabbit immunized with the isolated bacteria reacted with 5 serotypes of Leptospira interrogans. These results suggest that the isolated bacteria may belong to the genus Leptospira. 유행성 출혈형 폐염양 질환의 환자 및 논물에서 분리한 병원체의 세균학적 특성을 조사한바, 형태적 및 물리생화학적 특성이 L.inteerogans와 동일하였으며 또한 형태학적 검사에서도 분류균과 L. interrogans는 항원적으로 같은 반응을 보였다.
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동독의 2민족론과 사회주의 독일민족 담론이 남북관계에 주는 함의와 과제
이봉기 북한대학원대학교 심연북한연구소 2025 현대북한연구 Vol.28 No.1
이 논문은 동독의 2민족론과 사회주의 독일민족 담론을 분석하며, 동독의 사례를 통해 북한이 적대적인 두 국가 내지 두 민족을 주장하는 배경과 북한의대남 적대정책에 대한 우리의 대응 방안을 다루고 있다. 동독은 국가 수립초기에 사회주의 이상의 실현 가능성을 믿으며 1민족 1국가를 주장하였으나 이후 국가연합제에서는 1민족 2국가로 입장을 바꾸었다. 1969년 10월 서독은 사실상(de facto)의 2국가를 통해 동독의 요구를 일부 수용하면서, ‘민족 단일성 유지’정책을 선언하였고, 이에 대한 동독의 응답이 2민족론이었다. 동독은 기존의 민족이론에 계급문제를 도입하여, 스스로를 ‘사회주의 독일민족’으로칭하면서 서독과 통일을 부정하였다. 나아가 사회주의 독일민족의 정체성 강화를 위해 역사의 확장을 시도하였다. 통일로 동독의 2민족론은 실패한 역사가 되었으나 실패한 역사의 유산은 통일된 독일의 통합과정에 걸림돌이 되고 있어 대응 방안을 지금부터 준비해야 한다. 또한 북한의 2민족론으로부터 예상되는 대남 차단정책에 효율적으로 맞서기 위해서는 먼저 우리 사회 내부에서 통일원칙과 평화공존 간의 접점(병렬, 병존, 공존 및 통합 방식 등)을 찾아야 한다. This article analyzes East Germany’s ‘Two-Nations theory’ and the discourse on the socialist German nation, and based on the East German case examines the background behind North Korea’s claim of two hostile states and two separate nations, as well as possible countermeasures to its hostile policy toward South Korea (a policy of isolation). In the early stages of its establishment, East Germany, believing in the feasibility of socialism, advocated a “One Nation, One State” theory. However, it later shifted its position to “One Nation, Two States” within the context of its proposed confederation. In October 1969, West Germany partially accommodated East Germany’s demands through the de facto recognition of the two states and declared the policy of “maintaining national unity,” to which East Germany responded with the Two-Nations theory. East Germany incorporated class issues into the existing ethnic theories, labeling itself the “socialist German nation” and rejecting reunification with West Germany. Moreover, it sought to expand its historical narrative in order to strengthen the socialist German national identity. Although East Germany’s Two-Nations theory became a failed chapter with the German reunification, the legacy of this failed history remains an obstacle in the integration process of reunified Germany, requiring countermeasures to now be prepared. Furthermore, in order to effectively counter the anticipated North Korean containment policies toward South Korea stemming from North Korea’s own two-nations theory, it is essential to first identify the points of intersection between the principles of reunification and peaceful coexistence within Korean society, exploring frameworks such as parallelism, coexistence, cohabitation, and integration.
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