공민왕의 신돈 등용의 배경

신은제(Shin, Eun-Jae) 부산경남사학회 2014 역사와 경계 Vol.91 No.-

Shin-don(辛旽)s appointment as prime minister was exceptional affair in King Gong-Min politics. This paper was written in a intention of understanding that affair. It was King Gong-Min who appointed Shin-don as prime minister in Groye(高麗) court. Two situations made King Gong-Min give Shin-don the prime minister. From his enthronement, King Gong-Min had conducted state affairs on the retainers, who attended King Gong-Min in the capital of Yuan Dynasty. But the administration was ended in the killing of Jeong She-Yun(鄭世雲) who was the retainer, the hero to save Groye from the invaders, named Hongkonjeck(紅巾賊). Some of retainers would like to kill King Gong-Min in the Heungwang-temple(興王寺), After the rebellion of Heungwang-temple, King Gong-Min didnt give retainers the trust. He should get a new supporter. After the elimination of Gi-Cheol who was the brother of the Empress in Yuan, the relation between the Yuan Dynasty and King Gong-Min made bad. As soon as repressed the Hongkonjeck, Yuan dethroned King Gong-Min, gave Deckheunggun(德興君) the throne of Groye Dynasty. Yuans sent the army to Groye because Groye Dynasty rejected the Yuans decision. Though Groye successfully defect the Yuans army, a anxiety of King Gong-Min wasnt removed. A lot of military officals was developed through the wars, they threatened the kings power. In 1364, Yuan was swiftly collapsing, King Gong-Min attacked them under the situation, appointed Shin-don. Shin-don ceased the power under the kings support, he removed the officials from Groye court. There were three type of removed officials. One was the military officials, who were developed in the war against Yuan. Another was the officials, who were on the friendly terms with Yuan court, expecially the Qi empress. The other was some retainers, who lost the Kings trust.

신돈 집권기 전민추정도감의 설치와 그 성격

신은제(Shin, Eun-Jae) 부산경남사학회 2015 역사와 경계 Vol.95 No.-

The constitution of Jeonminchujeongdogam(田民推整都監) was regard as his inclination to reform by some students, for long time. They have understood that the policy of Jeonminchujeon was the attempt to protect the peasant from the powerful who snatched a land from the peasant and made them into own servant. Of course, there are the counter argument of the understanding. Though debate, I think that there were not the full research of Jeonminchujeongdogam. Without the research, its meaning was argued and debated. This paper start from the critical mind. I will study the constitution and object of Jeonminchujeongdogam. Jeonminchujeongdogam was founded in the May 1366, when King Gong-Min reorganized the Hyenginchujeongdogam(刑人推整都監) to Jeonminchujeongdogam. Hyenginchujeongdogam was founded, a year ago, in order to solve the drought and unfair trial, then was reorganized to Jeonminchujeongdogam. But that purpose was nominal. The real purpose was the control of the officials who had served to the Koryo Dynasty. Especially, the reorganizaton to Jeonminchujeongdogam aimed to the use of the peoples sentiment that always desired the land and servants. By Jeonminchujeongdogam, Shin-don was to get the peoples support, then to contorl the officials. Because of the lack of material, I couldnt reaserch the organization of Jeonminchujeongdogam, but some partial material introduced the precious knowledge to me. Shin-don was the prime minister of Jeonminchujeongdogam, Lim-bak became the person in charge of the organization. Lee, In-im and Lee, Chun-bu who served to the other office, sometimes, attent to Jeonminchujeongdogam, conduct their own task. Jeonminchujeongdogam has a distinguished feature from previous Jeonminbyenjeongdogam. The former had the forced power, while the latter did not. The officials of Jeonminchujeongdogam had power to carry out the punishment. Jeonminchujeongdogam which was founded in 1366, deconstructed in 1370, in the reason of the bad climate. But it was nominal, the essential reason was that Shin-don was be ousted from power.

고려시대 전장의 형성과 그 위상

신은제 ( Eun Jae Shin ) 한국중세사학회 2005 한국중세사연구 Vol.0 No.18

The Farms are the form of the feudal estate. Therefore, there is very important significance to investigate the formation and expansion of the farms through the study on the land owned by its owner. According to the studies of today, the farms were formed and expanded largely in the 12th or 13th century. Particularly, some historians thought that the farms were formed by two ways. The one way is to dispossess the lands which was used to charge the taxes and the other one is to take the peasants`s lands. However, the farms had appeared in the 7th century. After the foundation of the Goryeo Dynasty, the farms became more and more larger. Some researches and sources, though incomplete, demonstrated that temples, the Royal Household and the gentry possessed farms and that posses of farms was very important. For example, there were two persons who came from China and were naturalized in Goryeo with the name Chai In Bum(tk), Dae Ilc(l) accepted farms in Goryeo and this fact proved that the farms were necessary to the aristocratic life of them. If we examine the examples of dispossessed lands, we can find that the most dispossessed lands were the estates of the temples, the Royal Household and the gentries differing from the results of the most researches. It means that the farms were not formed just in the 12th century and that the farms had existed widely since the foundation of the Goryeo Dynasty. So according to my analysis, I think that the farms were the form of the estate of Goryeo Dynasty from the early Goryeo Dynasty to the late Goryeo Dynasty.

마도 1·2호선 出水 목간·죽찰에 기재된 곡물의 성격과 지대수취

신은제(Shin Eun-Jae) 부산경남사학회 2012 역사와 경계 Vol.84 No.-

In the early 13th century, the ships which went to Kye-gyung(開京) was shipwrecked by the roller in Anhungyung(安興梁) located in the Yellow Sea. After about 700 years, in Anhungyung(安興梁) some students inquired into two ships called of Mado 1 and Mado 2, and they found out the very important sources in understanding the situations when the ships were operated. In the ships, there is a lot of the wooden tags written in the places of dispatch, the senders, the consignor, and the list of freight. We could have much information about the ships due to the tags, and get the important interpretations. One of them is that main freights of the ships are the grains; race, bean and so on. There are the debate on character of the grains written in the wooden tags. Some students argued that the grains were the farmland tax from taxation rights, the other insisted that they were the ground rents. I agreed with the latter, for three reasons. First, some kinds of ricesthat were different in degree of milling were written in the wooden tags. The fact of the different degree of milling make us to understand that the grains in the ships were not the farmland tax but the ground rents, for the farmland tax should depend on the defined rule of the collection of taxes. Second, the grains in the ships were packed in unit of the Seok(石). In Goryeo Dynasty, Seok(石) was usually consist of fifteen Do(斗), but the consistence of the Seok(石) written in the wooden tags was various; twenty, eighteen, fifteen. The taxs of state should not make such variety. Third, as we know, the taxation land was widely comperted one for gathering in farmland tax. The grains of the wooden tags is small in quantity, so we couldn’t look on them as the farmland tax. For the grains written in the wooden tags were the ground rents, the tags give us the important information about the relationship between the peasants and land owner. The land owner have the compartment land in small, the necessary grains only were shipped to the house in which they lived. The the grains were collected from the places, called Beonguanji(본관지), the land owner’s home. The land in his home was under control by Marm(마름) who was subject to the land owner. When there was not Marm(마름), they sent subordinates to gather the ground rents.

고려시대 민전 (民田) 용례의 재검토

신은제(Eun Jea Shin) 한국중세사학회 2001 한국중세사연구 Vol.- No.10

N/A

조선인 고려를 기억하다 『고려사(高麗史)』 편찬 후 고려에 대한 기억

신은제 ( Eun Jae Shin ) 한국중세사학회 2007 한국중세사연구 Vol.0 No.23

고려의 촌락, 민의 주거지와 생활

신은제 ( Shin Eun-jae ) 한국중세사학회 2021 한국중세사연구 Vol.- No.65

Villages inhabited by people during the Goryeo Dynasty were located in the field of four conditions. They include land, water, firewood supply, and mulberry plantation. Among them, the most important consideration is farmland and water. Some of the remains of villages during the Goryeo Dynasty were located in alluvial areas along the river, where is believed to be the result of land and water acting as an important factor in the village’s location. Of course, there were villages in the hills. In this case, it would have been relatively easy to collect firewood, but the farmland was relatively small and it was difficult to secure water. During the Goryeo Dynasty, peasants lived in hollow dwellings(竪穴住居址). The average size is about 2 to 5pyeong(坪), and the shape is square and circular, but most of them are square. Considering the size of the residential area, it is confirmed that there was a superiority between villages during the Goryeo Dynasty, and that there was an economic superiority among the peasants in the village. During the Goryeo Dynasty, peasants mainly consumed grain, millet, and barley rather than rice. It was difficult for the peasants to eat meat, and protein was gained for peasants mainly through fish in rivers and seafood from the sea. The food, the peasants ate with grain, was vegetables. The widely grown and consumed vegetables were cucumbers, eggplants, and turnips. Peasantss were likely to boil or steamed in a pot, and cooked food was likely served on a plate and bowl. But there are not many receptacles like the plates and bowls in the excavated dwellings. I guess that the peasants hardly have any receptacles and they should have eaten the food without one. Peasants in the Goryeo lived the poorer life than we have thought.

원종,충렬왕대 전민변정사업의 성격

신은제 ( Eun Jae Shin ) 한국중세사학회 2006 한국중세사연구 Vol.0 No.21

고려시대 전장(田莊)의 용례와 범주

신은제 ( Shin Eun Jae ) 부경역사연구소 2004 지역과 역사 Vol.- No.15

In Korea Dynasty, the farms have been regarded as a simple large estate and a land to charge taxes. It was important that there were two kinds of the forms of the farms. The first was the farm of the accumulated estate and the second was the farm of the accumulated land on which the taxes were charged. However, this definition on the category of the farms had some shortcomings. Firstly, if the farm was a simply large estate, the category may be obscure. Secondly, because of something that had different quality which was not defined in the same category, the category of the farm of the accumulated estate or the accumulated land to charge taxes may make mistakes. So the definition made the category of the farms was inaccurate. In order to draw near to the quality of the farms, I will define the category on the basis of the examples of the farms. As we know, the farms were distinguished into many kinds, such as the Jeonyo(田廬), the Jeonsa(田舍), the Jeonwon(田園), the Byeolyob(別業), the Nongjang(農莊) and the Byeolseo(別墅) in Korea Dynasty. Some terms had the same name because these terms were related to the same quality. Besides of the same quality, some things had individual or unique quality themselves. As a result, I think if we ascertain the individual or unique quality, we can understand that the farms had universal quality. By the analysis, I found that the Byeolseo was a manor or a land belonging to the lord of the manor and the Jeonwon was the fields where the vegetables or fruits growing up or they were farmed. Through this difference between the Byeolseo and the Jenwon, I think that the terms with the different meanings were regarded as the same things by the persons who lived in Koryo society. If the different terms including the separated meanings were defined as the same meaning not correctly, the quality was shared. Namely, if the farms including the manors, the fields where the vegetables or fruits growing up, and the land belonging to the lord of the manor, I think that we can make two conclusions. On the one hand, their terms could be defined as the universal meaning of the farms. On the other hand, their terms had different quality.

고려후기 公 · 私개념의 역사적 변환

신은제(Shin, Eun-Jae) 부산경남사학회 2020 역사와 경계 Vol.114 No.-

This paper was written to understand the conception of the Gongjeon(公田) and the Sajeon(私田) while reforming the the Sajeon(私田) in the late Goryeo Dynasty. For this work, I analyzed the changes in the concept of the Gong and the Sa from the 12th to 14th century. The concept of the Gong and the Sa would be confirmed through the usage examples of them in the writings, Seohajib(西河集), Donggukisanggukjib(東國李相國集), Ikjesnango(益齋亂藁), Mokeunmungo (牧隱文藁), and Sambongjip(三峯集) which represented the each time. In the 12th and 13th centuries, the word, Gong and Sa, was used 3 to 4.5 characters per 10,000 ones. In the first half of 14th century, it decreasd. This pattern is reversed by the end of the 14th century. In Sambongjip, tthe word, Gong and Sa, was used 6 to 7.5 characters per 10,000 ones. This aspect is same to the case of Goryeosajeolyo(高麗史節要). The change was not limited to frequency. From the 12th century to the first half of 14th century, the Gong was mainly used in the sense of state or official(官), public, fair, opened, and official. By late 14th century, it had the meaning of Tenri(天理), Gongri(公理), and Gongyi(公義) of the reason of order of the world. Sa also had a change of concept. It was often used to mean self, private, unofficial, secret, and favoritism from the 12th to the first half of 14th century, but in the late 14th century, it mainly meaned selfishness of ‘greed’. In particular, self-interest was confronted with the reason of the world, and thus became a subject of moral criticism. The moral criticism of the Sa was confirmed by the appeal of the reform of land system in the late Goryeo Dynasty. The officals who filed the appeal, regarded the Sajeon as private land, at the same time understood it as a land in which self-interest has passed, that is, a land in which rich people have been greedy and combined. For this reason, it meaned the moral collapse or invasion toward the moral order. They regarded it as an object of reform and declared the establishment of a fair system of land, through the reform. The Sajeon which should be abolish, not was the land as private one, but hidden, selfish, freely exchanged land. In fact, under the land system of Gwajeonbeob(과전법), private land was preserved by the Joseon Dynasty. The emergence of Sajeon as selfish land was affected by new thought, Neo-Confucianism.