유기 반추동물 전용 수입산 유기사료 및 국내산 유기 부산물의 사료적 가치 평가

박중국,김창현,Park, Joong-Kook,Kim, Chang-Hyun 한국유기농업학회 2011 한국유기농업학회지 Vol.19 No.4

This study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of locally produced organic agricultural by-products to substitute imported organic feeds for organic ruminant farming. Imported organic feeds (corn grain, soybean meal, soybean seed, oat grain, barley grain, wheat grain, buckwheat, sunflower seed meal) and byproducts (rice bran, grape seed meal, rice straw, soybean hull, soybean curd, rice hull, green kernel rice, and crushed rice grain) were analyzed for chemical composition and NDF, ADF, mineral, and amino acid contents and anti-nutritional factors. Dry matter, NDF and ADF contents in organic feeds were higher than those in conventional feeds. Especially, the 9.65% fat content of organic soybean meal was 6 times higher than the 1.95% fat content of conventional soybean meal. Fat contents of rice bran, grape seed meal, green kernel rice, and crushed rice grain were 25.66, 6.09, 3.57 and 1.59%, respectively. Protein contents of soybean hull and soybean curd were 14.68 and 19.87%, respectively, which are highest among organic by-products. Levels of aflatoxin in all feeds were below the safety level. Therefore, organic rice bran, green kernel rice and crushed rice as energy source, and soybean hull and soybean curd as protein source could partial replace imported feeds for organic ruminant farming.

미강과 대두피가 첨가된 유기사료의 공급이 비유중기 유산양의 유생산성에 미치는 영향

박중국,김창현,Park, Joong-Kook,Kim, Chang-Hyun 한국유기농업학회 2010 한국유기농업학회지 Vol.18 No.4

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of organic feed containing rice bran and soybean hull as organic by-products on milk production of mid-lactation dairy goats. Four Saanen dairy goats (initial BW $59.4{\pm}7.4$ kg, average 6 lactation months, fourth kidding) were allocated into conventional feed group (T1) and organic feed group (T2) with 2${\times}$3 crossover design for 9 weeks. Experimental diets were formulated to contain 23 MJ ME/d, 382 g CP/d DM based on NRC (1981) and AFRC (1998). Dry matter (DM) intakes of concentrate and silage were higher in T2 (1,232 and 96 g/d) than T1 (1,105 and 91 g/d) (p<0.05). However, DM intake of hay was higher in T1 (488 g) than T2 (347 g) (p<0.05). Total DM intake had no significant difference between T1 and T2. Although no significant difference was found in milk yield between treatments, T2 numerically increased (+150 g/d) compared with T1. There were no significant differences in milk composition and milk urea nitrogen (MUN) between T1 and T2. Relative to T1, T2 significantly increased the stearic acid (C18:0) and linoleic acid (C18:2) (p<0.05). Overall results of the present experiment indicated that organic feed could not adversely affect DM intake and milk production in dairy goats compared with conventional feed.

반추가축영양 : 농산부산물을 이용한 In Vitro 반추위발효 특성 및 적정 배합수준을 통한 옥수수 및 대두박 대체 효과

박중국 ( Joong Kook Park ),임동현 ( Dong Hyun Lim ),김상범 ( Sang Bum Kim ),기광석 ( Kwang Seok Ki ),이현준 ( Hyun June Lee ),권응기 ( Eung Gi Kwon ),조원모 ( Won Mo Cho ),김창현 ( Chang Hyun Kim ) 한국축산학회 2011 한국축산학회지 Vol.53 No.5

This study was conducted to determine the effects of partial replacement of corn grain and soybean meal with agricultural by-product feeds on in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics and optimum levels of mixing ratio. The agricultural by-products to examine the effectiveness of the partial replacement of concentrate were wheat bran, corn gluten feed, bakery waste, soybean curd, rice bran, green kernel rice, soybean hull, distillers` grain, and mushroom substrate. In the first experiment, in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics of feedstuffs were evaluated at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours after incubation. In the second experiment, fermentation characteristics were investigated with green kernel rice and soybean curd which replaced corn grain or soybean meal. Feed were formulated with 40% corn grain + 20% soybean meal(T1), 40% corn grain+17.5% soybean meal + 2.5% soybean curd (T2), 25% corn grain + 20% soybean meal+15% green kernel rice(T3), and 30% corn grain+15% soybean meal+6% green kernel rice+9% soybean curd (T4), respectively, with forage source of 10% alfalfa hay, 20% timothy hay, and 10% corn silage as fed-basis. In 24 and 48 hour cultivations, T4 showed significantly lower pH compared to T1, whereas in 3 and 24 hour cultivations, T4 showed significantly higher DM degradation compared to T1. In addition, the gas production of T3 was also higher than T1(p<0.05). Overall results of the present experiments indicated that green kernel rice and soybean curd as agricultural by-products have the possibility of partial replacements of corn grain and soybean meal.

반추가축영양 : 반추위 섬유소분해 박테리아 배양액의 투여 수준에 따른 한우 반추위 발효에 미치는 영향

박중국 ( Joong Kook Park ),정찬성 ( Chan Sung Jeong ),박도연 ( Do Yeun Park ),김현철 ( Hyun Cheol Kim ),이승철 ( Seung Cheol Lee ),김창현 ( Chang Hyun Kim ) 한국축산학회 2009 한국축산학회지 Vol.51 No.1

에너지 및 단백질 공급 수준에 따른 비유 중기 유산양의 유생산성에 미치는 영향

박중국(Joong Kook Park),김종덕(Jong Duk Kim),김지애(Ji Ae Kim),유정숙(Jung Suk Yoo),배귀석(Gui Seck Bae),김창현(Chang-Hyun Kim) 한국초지조사료학회 2010 한국초지조사료학회지 Vol.30 No.1

본 시험은 산양유 생산을 위해 유기사료를 이용하여 유산양의 적정 에너지 및 단백질 공급 수준과 조농비율을 결정하기 위하여 비유중기 Saanen종 유산양 4두(57.5±10.8 ㎏ BW)를 이용하여 4 × 4 라틴방각법으로 실시하였다. 대사에너지 공급수준과 단백질 공급수준을 10.59 (T1), 10.14 (T2), 9.45 (T3) 및 8.75 (T4) MJ/㎏과 11.90 (T1), 12.73 (T2), 15.19 (T3) 및 16.60% (T4)로 달리하였으며, 조농비율은 49:51 (T1), 59:41 (T2), 74:26 (T3) 및 90:10 (T4)의 네 처리구로 나누었다. 사료 섭취량 및 체중은 모든 처리구 사이의 유의한 차이가 없었다. 유량은 T3구에서 가장 높았으며, T2 및 T4구와 비교하여 유의하게 높게 나타났다 (p<0.05). 유지방함량과 생산량은 T4구에서 다른 처리구와 비교하여 가장 낮았다 (p<0.05). 유단백질과 유당 생산량은 T1 (61.29 및 70.95 g/일)과 T3 (60.52 및 75.82 g/일)구에서 T2 (50.49 및 59.64 g/일)와 T4 (52.49 및 59.82 g/일)구와 비교하여 유의하게 높게 나타났다. 결과적으로 유산양의 유생산성을 극대화시키기 위해서 에너지 공급수준은 최소 9 MJ/㎏ 이상과 단백질 공급수준은 최소 15% 이상을 공급해 주어야할 것으로 기대된다. The study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary energy and protein levels on milk production in Saanen (Capra hircus) dairy goats fed the diets with the different ratio of forage and concentrate. Four lactating goats in mid lactation (57.5±10.79 ㎏ BW) were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square with 21-d periods. Animals were randomly allocated to one of the four groups; 10.59 MJ ME/kg and 11.90% CP (T1), 10.14 MJ ME/㎏ and 12.73% CP (T2), 9.45 MJ ME/㎏ and 15.19% CP (T3), 8.75 MJ ME/㎏ and 16.60% CP DM (T4). Also ratio of forage to concentrate was 49 : 51 (T1), 59 : 41 (T2), 74 : 26 (T3) and 90 : 10 (T4). Intakes of forage and concentrate were linearly increased (p<0.05) with their increasing energy levels in the diets. No significant differences were found in total dry matter intake and body weight between treatments. Milk yield in T3 was the highest among treatments (p<0.05). Relative to other treatments, T4 significantly (p<0.05) decreased the content of milk fat. The yields of milk protein and lactose in T1 (61.29 and 70.95 g/d) and T3 (60.52 and 75.82 g/d) were significantly higher (p<0.05) than T2 (50.49 and 59.64 g/d) and T4 (52.49 and 59.82 g/d). This study suggested that the minimum dietary level of energy and protein was 9 MJ ME/kg and 15% CP in mid lactation Saanen dairy goats.

중도문화의 지역성

박중국(Park, Jung-kuk) 중앙문화재연구원 2012 중앙고고연구 Vol.0 No.11

중부지역의 원삼국문화는 소위 ‘中島類型文化’로 대표된다. 박순발에 의해 제창된 중 도유형문화란 경질무문토기ㆍ타날문토기ㆍ회흑색무문양토기의 공반, ‘呂(凸)’자형 주거지, 즙석식 적석묘 등의 요소를 특징으로 하며, 이는 한성백제의 기층문화이자 濊系집단의 고고학적 문화로 이해된다. 이러한 견해는 이후 연구의 근간이 되었다는 점과 더불어 현재까지도 폭넓게 수용되고 있다는 점에서 매우 획기적인 것으로 평가되고 있다. 최근 조사의 폭증으로 인해 중부지역의 고고학적 양상이 매우 다양하게 확인되면서 기존 중도유형문화의 틀로는 이를 포괄할 수 없다는 인식이 증가함에 따라 중도유형문화의 개념에 대한 비판이 제기되게 되었다. 따라서 본고는 중도유형문화를 재검토하여 그 개념을 재정립하고, 기존에 간과해왔던 중부지역의 지역성에 대한 분석을 시도하였다. 그 결과 ‘중도유형문화’라는 용어는 ‘중도 문화’로 대체하고 그 의미를 대폭 수정하여 ‘경질무문토기ㆍ타날문토기가 공반되는 ‘呂’ 자형 주거지의 공통분포권’으로 정리하였다. 그 시간적인 범위는 원삼국기부터 백제 한 성기까지이며, 공간적 범위는 중부지역에서 서해안 일대와 안성천유역을 제외한 지역에 해당된다. 중도문화를 구성하는 토기-주거지-분묘는 서로 대등한 요소가 아니라 다른 공간적 위계를 가진 요소이기 때문에 이를 기준으로 하여 大-中-小지역으로 이어지는 위계적 지역 구분을 시도해 보았다. 大지역권은 주거지의 爐시설을 기준으로 구분할 수 있다. 쪽구들 주거지가 주로 분포 하는 서울ㆍ경기지역과 노지 주거지가 주로 분포하는 영서지역과 영동지역으로 대별되는데, 이는 각각 韓濊의 생활양식이 투영된 것으로 판단된다. 中지역권은 수계와 지형에 따라 구분이 가능하며, 서울ㆍ경기지역은 북부와 남부, 영서지역은 북한강유역과 남한강유역으로 구분할 수 있으며, 영동지역은 해당되지 않는다. 경기북부지역은 원삼국기에서 백제 한성기로 이행하면서 취락규모가 축소되는 경향이 확인되며, 경기남부지역은 반대로 취락규모가 확대되는 경향이 관찰된다. 북한강유역에 는 낙랑계유물의 빈도가 높게 확인되는 반면, 남한강유역에는 낙랑계유물이 거의 확인되지 않고 있다. 이러한 지역차의 배경으로는 경기지역의 경우 백제와의 정치적 역학관계가, 영서지역의 경우는 낙랑과의 교역망과 관련된 것으로 이해된다. 小지역권은 현재 적석분구묘를 기준으로 추출할 수 있으며, 이는 원삼국기의 강력한 소국의 존재를 시사하는 것으로 이해된다. 그 중 서울의 송파구 일대는 伯濟國, 연천지역은 臣 濆 沽國에 해당되는 것으로 추론하였다. The notion of Jung-do cultural assemblage, which claims that the cultural characteristics of the Proto-three kingdoms period in central Korea as the association of specific types of potteries, dwellings and burials, has been widely accepted for a long time. However, as last 20 years of excavation much revealed new archaeological data, the argument shows clear limitation and loosing its power of explanation. This thesis aims to have a critical review on the Jung-do cultural assemblage first, and then redefine Jung-do archeological culture through detailed analysis of potteries, dwellings and burial types. The analysis shows that the ‘呂’-shaped dwellings, associated with hard plain pottery and beating patterned pottery, that widely distributed in central Korea, now are defined as new features of redefined Jung-do archeological culture. However, it was also noticed that there are regional variations, like heating system types of the dwellings – east and west part of central Korea. This seems to reflect different lifestyle, likely ethnic difference. Even more, the burial types showed clear differences among regions – it might be a signal of the growth of regional polities, and/or the result of their ‘peer polity interaction’.

섬유소 분해균을 이용한 건조 청보리 발효사료가 돼지의 In vitro 발효 특성에 미치는 영향

박도연(Do Yeun Park),박중국(Joong Kook Park),조성백(Sung Back Cho),김창현(Chang-Hyun Kim) 한국초지조사료학회 2010 한국초지조사료학회지 Vol.30 No.2

본 연구는 높은 섬유소 분해력을 검증 받은 Aspergillus niger (KCCM 60357)와 Bacillus licheniformis (KCCM 40934)를 단독 및 혼합 배양한 미생물제제로 양돈용 청보리 발효사료를 제조하였을 때 사료 성상변화, in vitro 대장발효 및 전장소화율에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 실험 설계는 건조 청보리 (control), A. niger (control + A. niger), B. licheniformis (control + B. licheniformis) 및 Mixture (control + Aspergillus niger + Bacillus licheniformis)구로, 균주를 첨가시킨 발효사료에 따라 네 처리군으로 나누었다. 사료 성분변화는 발효사료의 일반 성분분석을 통해 확인하였으며, 그 결과 A. niger 및 B. licheniformis구에서 조단백질과 조지방 함량이 유의하게 증가하였다 (p<0.05). In vitro 대장발효성상의 변화는 배양 후 24시간에 건물 분해율이 A. niger와 Mixture구에서 각각 55 및 57.42%로 대조구 및 B. licheniformis구와 비교하여 유의하게 높았다 (p<0.05). 가스 발생량은 대조구에서 유의적으로 가장 높았으며, 메탄가스 농도는 모든 처리구가 대조구에 비해 증가되었다. pH는 대조구를 비롯한 모든 처리구가 6.8 로 확인되었으며, 암모니아 질소는 모든 발효사료에서 유의하게 증가되었다. Xylanase 활력은 A. niger구가 유의적으로 높았으며 모든 처리구의 활력이 증가하였다 (p<0.05). 총 VFA 농도는 배양 후 24시간에 B. licheniformis구에서 높은 농도 (12.61mM)를 보여주며 VFA 개선효과를 나타냈다 (p<0.05). In vitro 전장 소화율은 B. licheniformis구에서 49.61%로 대조구의 45.65% 보다 소화율이 유의적으로 증진되었다(p<0.05). 따라서 본 실험에 사용된 미생물을 이용하여 청보리 발효사료를 제조하였을 때 전장 소화율 및 대장발효 환경 개선에 충분한 효과가 있을 것으로 기대된다. The experiment was conducted to observe the effects of dried whole crop barley treated with cellulolytic microorganisms (Aspergillus niger KCCM 60357 and Bacillus licheniformis KCCM 40934) on the chemical composition, in vitro colonic fermentation and whole tract digestibility in swine. Whole crop barley were fermented with no microorganism addition (control), A. niger, B. licheniformis and co-culture of A. niger and B. licheniformis (Mixture) for 3 days at 30℃. In the feed chemical composition, CP contents of whole crop barley treated with A. niger (7.52%) and B. licheniformis (7.77%) were significantly higher than control (6.81%) (p<0.05). The in vitro colonic fermentation of dried whole crop barley fermented with control showed significantly higher CH₄ contents than A. niger, B. licheniformis and Mixture at 18h incubation (p<0.05). Dry matter (DM) digestibilities of A. niger (55%) and Mixture (57.42%) treatments were significantly higher than control (43.74%) (p<0.05). Ammonia-N was significantly increased in A. niger, B. licheniformis and Mixture relative to control at 24 hour incubation (p<0.05). Xylanase activities in A. niger, B. licheniformis and Mixture treatments were significantly higher than control at 24 hour incubation (p<0.05). Concentrations of total VFA were significantly increased in B. licheniformis (12.61 mM) at 24hour incubation (p<0.05). In vitro whole tract digestibility was significantly increased in B. licheniformis (49.61%) compared with the control (45.65%) (p<0.05). In conclusion, whole crop barley treated with cellulolytic microorganisms improved whole tract digestibility and colonic fermentation for swine.

항생제 대체 생균제가 자돈의 생산성,영양소 이용률, 유해가스 발생량 및 분내 미생물 수에 미치는 영향

김종덕,정흥우,심금섭,박승용,주종철,송재준,이경호,박중국,박도연,김창현,Kim, Jong-Duk,Chung, Heung-Woo,Shim, Kum-Seob,Park, Seung-Young,Ju, Jong-Cheol,Song, Jae-Jun,Lee, Kyung-Ho,Park, Joong-Kook,Park, Do-Yun,Kim, Chang-Hyun 한국유기농업학회 2010 한국유기농업학회지 Vol.18 No.4

This study was conducted to determine the effect of probiotics as an alternative for antibiotics on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, noxious gas emission and fecal microbial population in growing piglets. A total of 96 piglets ($22.5{\pm}1.3$kg average body weight) were allotted to 3 different treatment groups and replicated 4 times with 8 piglets per replicate in randomized complete block design. Treatments were T1) (Control, basal diet+0.2% antibiotics), T2) 0.2% probiotics complex and T3) 0.3% Bacillus probiotics. During the whole experiment period, there were no differences (p>0.05) in average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed efficiency. However, digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, nitrogen free extract and crude ash were showed higher in probiotics groups (T2 and T3) than those of control. In noxious gas emission, ammonia, amine, hydrogen sulfide and mercaptan were significantly (p<0.05) reduced in T2 and T3 treatments compared to those in control. Moisture content of feces was not significantly different among treatments. The colony forming units (CFU) of total bacteria, E. coli and thermoduric bacteria in feces were significantly different among treatments. The CFU of total bacteria, E. coli and thermoduric bacteria in T3 treatment were reduced by feeding probiotics B. From this study, we suggest that probiotics A and B are likely able to improve the growth performance and nutrients digestibility, reduce noxious gas emission and change the fecal microbial composition in growing piglets.

허브부식토 및 비타민 C 급여가 홀스타인 송아지의 면역력 및 증체에 미치는 영향

김홍윤,박중국,안종호,Kim, Hong-Yun,Park, Joong-Kook,Ahn, Jong-Ho 한국유기농업학회 2012 한국유기농업학회지 Vol.20 No.4

This study was conducted to determine the effects of supplementing herbaceous peat preparation and vitamin C in order to find out its effects on immunity and growth performance in Holstein calves. Twenty Holstein calves ($39.3{\pm}4.21kg$ average initial body weight) were allocated into four treatments by completely randomized design. Dietary treatments included: 1) control (Basal diet), 2) treatment 1 (control +5% herbaceous peat), 3) treatment 2 (control+10g vitamin C) and 4) treatment 3 (control+10g herbaceous peat+10g vitamin C). The duration of the experiment was 38 days in this experiment, and blood metabolism, dry matter intake, body weight and diarrhea frequency were investigated. For blood metabolism, white blood cells (WBC), neutrophils (NE), lymphocytes (LY), and red blood cells (RBC) did not show any significant differences among treatments. Average daily gain and feed conversion were highest in T1 group feeding with the herbaceous peat preparation compared to the control groups and diarrhea frequency showed lowest in T3 group. Overall results of the present experiment indicated that dietary supplementation with herbaceous peat influenced positively on growth performances in Holstein calves.

허브부식토 급여가 비육우의 증체 및 육질개선에 미치는 영향

김홍윤,박중국,안종호,Kim, Hong-Yun,Park, Joong-Kook,Ahn, Jong-Ho 한국유기농업학회 2013 한국유기농업학회지 Vol.21 No.1

The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding herbaceous peat on growth performance and meat quality of Holstein beef cattle. Total of 20 Holstein beef cattle (18~20 month of age, $657{\pm}31kg$ body weight) were conventionally and separately fed a concentrate diet and rice straw for 134 days. The dietary treatments were randomly assigned by complete block design into four treatments, each of which were five heads in early fattening stage. The treatments in this study were the control group fed basal diet, feeding herbaceous peat group (5%/diet, T1), feeding coated vitamin C group (20g/head, T2) and feeding mixture of herbaceous peat and coated vitamin C group (5%/diet+20g/head, T3). The initial body weights between the groups of control, T1, T2 and T3 were similar showing with $689{\pm}31$, $661{\pm}24$, $659{\pm}32$ and $622{\pm}19kg$. The daily body weight gain was higher in T3 by 8.3% than that in the control (p<0.05). Glucose concentration in control group was the highest among treatments (p<0.05), but there was no significant differences between treatments on AST (aspartate aminotransferase), ALT (alanine aminotransferase), BUN and total protein concentrations of blood. The fat content of sirloin in the T2 was significantly higher than control and T1 group (p<0.05). Meat color (CIE) values in T2 was the highest among treatments (p<0.05), and other treatments also increased those values. In overall, the feeding herbaceous peat and vitamin C to the Holstein beef cattle was considered to have positive effects on the growth performance of Holstein beef cattle. In addition, the effects on the performances of animals were more improved when fed herbaceous peat and vitamin C concurrently.