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김유환(Yoo Hwan Kim) 행정법이론실무학회 2021 행정법연구 Vol.- No.64
최근의 대법원의 판례이론은 취소판결의 기속력과 관련하여 재처분의무와 원상회복의무 등의 범위를 확장하여 취소판결의 기속력을 확대하는 경향을 보이고 있다. 그러나 기속력에 대한 무분별한 확장은 원고, 피고 및 제3자 사이의 권익보호의 균형을 파괴할 수 있으므로 신중하게 검토되어야 한다. 이 문제를 구체적으로 검토하기 전에 먼저 기속력의 본질에 관한 판례이론을 살펴본다. 판례이론은 취소판결의 기속력과 기판력을 그다지 구별하지 않는 경향을 보인다. 그러나 기판력은 소송상의 효력으로서 법원과 당사자를 구속하지만 기속력은 소송외적 효력으로서 당사자인 행정청과 관계행정청을 구속하는 것이므로 양자의 본질은 다른 것으로 보아야 하며 또한 그렇게 볼 때 기속력의 확장도 공고한 기반을 가지게 된다. 기속력은 처분청과 관계행정청의 고권적 행위와 관련하여 판결의 실효적인 이행을 가능하게 한다. 이것은 판결의 기판력으로는 확보할 수 없는 것이다. 그러므로 기속력을 광범위하게 인정하는 것은 취소소송을 통하여 피해자인 원고의 권익구제를 보다 철저하게 할 수 있도록 하는 것이므로 이를 일단 긍정적으로 평가할 수 있다고 본다. 그러나 기속력의 확장으로 인하여 자칫 재판에서 미처 다투어지지 않았거나 충분히 다투어질 기회를 가지지 못한 사항에 판결의 효력이 강요된다고 하면 그것은 용납하기 어려울 것이다. 그러므로 기속력의 확장이 처분사유의 기본적 사실관계과의 동일성의 범위를 벗어나는 사항이나 소송물의 범위를 벗어나서 까지 허용될 수는 없다고 본다. 구체적으로는 판례이론이 말하는 취소판결의 기속력으로서의 일반적 재처분의무이나 판례가 암시하는 부정합처분의 취소의무 그리고 결과제거의무나 원상회복의무의 경우에도 이러한 점을 고려하여 기속력의 확장을 제한하여야 한다. 이러한 여러 경우의 판결의 기속력의 확장이 인정되려면 그러한 재처분이나 부정합처분의 취소 또는 결과제거나 원상회복에 대한 다툼의 실체가 처분의 취소판결에서 충분히 다루어진 것이고 그러한 재처분이나 부정합처분의 취소 그리고 결과제거와 원상회복에 의해 공익이나 제3자의 정당하게 보호되는 법적 이익에 대한 침해가 없어야 할 것이며 취소판결에서 다투어지지 않은 다른 요건이 존재하지 않은 경우라야 한다고 본다. 결론적으로 법해석론으로서는 이상과 같은 고려사항을 반영하기 위하여 판례이론의 일부가 제시하듯이 신의성실의 원칙을 기속력 확장의 한계원리로 활용하는 것을 고려할 것을 제안한다. 또한 입법론적으로는, 우리 행정소송법의 기속력에 관한 규정은 현재의 상황을 규율하기에 너무나 불충분하여 이러한 기속력의 확장과 관련되는 쟁점에 대한 충분한 기준을 제시해 주지 못하고 있으므로, 기속력의 인정기준으로서 적절한 수준으로 행정소송법 제30조의 규정을 개정할 것을 제안하고자 한다. The recent Supreme Court decisions expand re-disposition obligation and duty to restoration concerning the binding force of revocation judgment. However, reckless expanding of the binding force of revocation judgment could destruct the balance of interests among the plaintiff, the defendant, and the third party. As a premise for argumentation for the above issue, I differentiate the effect of excluding further litigation (Res Judicata) from the binding force of revocation judgment. Res Judicata is an effect on litigatory actions whereas the binding force of revocation judgment has the substantive law effect. The binding force of revocation judgment enables effective execution of court rulings on administrative agencies‘ actions, which is impossible to achieve with only Res Judicata. For this reason, expanding the binding force of revocation judgment could be desirable for plaintiffs. However, it is important that the expansion of the binding force of revocation judgment is not allowed to the extent that the effect applies to arguments that are not fully disputed in the court. Specifically, we should limit re-disposition obligation that is not regulated by the administrative litigation act, revocation obligation against inconsistent disposition, and duty to restoration. Expanding the binding force of revocation judgment of such obligations and duty should be accepted only after the court has fully reviewed the case concerning these expansions and if the expansions do not interfere with the public interests and the interests of the third party and no other requirements for the ruling exist. In conclusion, I recommend using the ‘good faith and sincerity rule’ when applying the expansion. For the legislative solution, I recommend revising the Administrative Litigation Act of Korea Article 30 to establish adequate standards for administering the expansion of binding force of revocation judgment.
김유환(Kim Yoo-Hwan) 행정법이론실무학회 2004 행정법연구 Vol.- No.11
States, parents, teachers, local educational authorities and educational institutions are essential educational decision-makers in the United States of America. There are some legal principles or concepts settling conflicts among those educational decision-makers. (1) The authority of a state in terms of education should be regarded as a legal power provided for in state constitutions, statutes and governmental rules. A state has got the authority for itself. Therefore, states are the most important decision-makers in the field of education. (2) The parents' rights in decision-making for their children's education should be regarded as human rights. Consequently, states guarantee parents' participation and cooperation in educational decision-making. (3) Teachers do not have any ultimate authority or right to decide the contents of public education. However, they shall have freedom of science and the arts and freedom of speech and the press. Teachers' rights should be restricted to the category of freedom or discretion in their duties. (4) The authority of school districts over public education originates from the state authority over education. It is under legal control of the state. (5) The authority of educational institutions to decide about educational problems emanates intrinsically from their educational duties. For this reason, their discretion must be restricted by the other authorities or legal powers. In the United States of America, the basis for settling conflicts among educational decision-makers was established by above-mentioned legal concepts and principles.
미국에서의 교육주체 상호간의 법적 관계 - 갈등과 그 해결의 관점에서의 검토 -
김유환(Kim Yoo Hwan) 한국교육법학회 2005 韓國敎育法硏究 Vol.8 No.1
미국의 경우 건국의 아버지들(Founding Fathers)은 교육이 주의 고유한 기능이라고 생각했으며, 연방헌법에 교육에 관한 조항을 두지 않았다. 이처럼 교육이 각 주의 소관사항인 까닭에 미국의 교육법제와 교육에 대한 법적 규율은 매우 다양하다. 또한 미국에서는 교육과 관련된 권리·의무를 둘러싼 논쟁은 학생이나 교사 또는 그 단체, 그리고 학부모의 일반적인 권리와 관련되는 논의로서 진행되는 것이 보통이다. 또한 미국의 교육제도의 발전사를 살펴보면 교육을 둘러싸고 행정주체 상호 간, 그리고 학부모와 행정주체 사이에는 기본적으로 협조와 참여의 관계를 전제로 하고 있었다. 따라서 교육행정주체 사이 그리고 주민과 교육행정주체 사이에서 순수한 의미의 교육갈등이 발생할 여지는 많지 않았으리라고 생각된다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 미국 역시 교육문제를 둘러싸고 여러 가지 형태의 갈등상황을 연출하고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 미국의 여러 교육주체들의 교육결정권과 참여권의 내용을 검토하고 그러한 검토의 바탕 위에서 미국의 교육갈등의 해결제도의 틀을 논구해 보면서 우리 교육현실에의 시사점을 도출해 보기로 한다. 미국의 교육주체 상호간의 법적 관계에서부터 우리나라의 교육갈등 해결에 있어서의 시사점을 찾는다면, (1) 사법부가 공정하고 적실한 법해석을 통해 일정한 갈등해결의 공식을 마련해 주고, (2) 일반국민이나 학부모의 교육적 감각이 교육현장과 교육정책 모두의 결정에 반영될 수 있는 대변구조를 제도적으로 마련하며, (3) 교육현장에서 일하는 교육집행기관에 대해 집행상의 자율성을 최대한 허용해 주는 것 등이 교육주체간의 갈등을 방지하고 쉽게 갈등조정의 실마리를 찾는 기본적인 제도적 틀이 되고 있다는 점이라고 할 수 있다. 앞으로 우리나라도 (1) 교육문제에 대한 사법부의 건전한 역할 모델을 확립하여 이를 법치교육의 토대로 삼고, (2) 교육정책결정기능과 교육집행기능을 구별·분화시키고, (3) 지방교육자치의 건실화를 통해 교육일선에 있는 교육자들에게 많은 교육상의 결정권을 주고, (4) 일반 국민의 교육에너지를 교육결정에 반영할 수 있는 건전한 참여의 제도적 틀을 마련한다면, 교육주체간의 갈등은 현저히 줄어들 뿐 아니라, 설사 발생한다 하더라도 상당부분 줄어들게 되지 않을까 기대해 본다. The Founding Fathers of the U.S. have not dealt with the Educational Issues as constitutional problems as they have not regard them federal issues, resulting various educational systems and legislations in the each State. In the U.S. they debate legal problems of education in respect of rights of educational participants, such as students, teachers, teachers' organizations or parents. And as we probe the U.S. history of the educational system, we can find out that there are cooperative and participative relations in the basis of the relationship of educational actors, such as administrative bodies, parents and both of them concerning the educational matters. So we may presume that conflicts, in the meaning of Korean understanding, between educational participants have rarely happened in the U.S., though some various conflicts on the educational matters might be aroused. This paper aims to review the educational decision-making and participation of educational actors in the U.S., to study the educational conflict settlement frame of the United States and to find out some suggestion for the current educational system of the Republic of Korea. For the dispute resolution in the field of education in our country, I find out the following suggestions from the legal relationship of educational participants in the U.S. (1) the judiciary should arrange the settlement formulas by just, proper and practical analysis of law; (2) the effective system to reflect the parents and people's educational values and interests to the educational field and policy should be prepared; (3) the autonomy of the educational institutions should be respected at its maximum. These would be helpful to prevent and settle the educational participants' conflicts.
행정법상 처분 개념 - 성문 개념 규정과 대법원 판례에 대한 비판 -
김유환(Yoo Hwan Kim) 한국공법학회 2024 공법연구 Vol.53 No.2
Through the comprehensive amendment of the Administrative Litigation Act and the Administrative Appeals Act in 1984, a legislative definition of the concept of administrative disposition as the subject of appeal litigation was established. This legislation faced numerous criticisms and academic debates based on German administrative law. However, during these 40 years, discussions on the concept of administrative disposition have made little progress. The Administrative Procedures Act enacted in 1996 and the General Act on Public Administration enacted in 2021 adopted the contentious concept of administrative disposition from administrative litigation law without modification. This additional legislation has caused various issues by providing procedural protection and recognizing substantial legal effects, such as authentification force, for acts that are not ‘administrative acts(Verwaltungsakte)’ but have been recognized as administrative dispositions by the court due to the needs of litigation law.<BR/> On the other hand, the additional conceptual category of ‘other equivalent administrative actions’ in the administrative disposition concept of the Administrative Litigation Act was ignored by the Supreme Court without any mention and has not been materialized for 40 years.<BR/> Now, it is necessary to correct the legislative wording of “other equivalent administrative actions” adopted 40 years ago for the purpose of relieving people's rights and interests. In retrospect, it is difficult to understand why the legislative text that was ignored by the courts was adopted into the Administrative Procedures Act and the General Act on Public Administration.<BR/> The new administrative disposition concept should be refreshed by removing the additional category of ‘other equivalent administrative actions’. Even in this way, it is possible to equate the idea of ‘administrative act(Verwaltungsakt)’ with the new concept.<BR/> In the long run, it would be good to clarify the legislative text, but in the short term, even if the legislative text is not clarified, ‘other equivalent administrative actions’ in the Administrative Litigation Act should be understood as so-called ‘apparent administrative acts’, as in some Supreme Court cases. And ‘other equivalent administrative actions’ in the concept of administrative disposition in the Administrative Procedures Act and the General Act on Public Administration Law should be viewed as almost meaningless, as the Supreme Court has avoided its interpretation and application. This is because the Administrative Procedures Act and the General Act on Public Administration adopted ‘other equivalent administrative actions’ in the administrative disposition concept of the Administrative Litigation Act as legislative text as it is, which should be regarded as incorrect legislation.<BR/> The expansion of the concept of administrative disposition through precedents can mostly be justified by extending the conceptual factors of administrative act. In cases where it cannot be viewed as an administrative act but administrative disposition is acknowledged for the protection of citizens' rights, it would be appropriate to explain it by encompassing it within the concept of a ‘apparent administrative act’ that possesses the form and appearance of the exercise of public power.<BR/> However, the recognition of administrative disposition without theoretical justification aimed only at concrete validity should be avoided. In the field of litigation practice, it is said that there are many cases where the court's judgment on administrative disposition is not certain, so it is not uncommon to file other lawsuits such as civil lawsuits along with appeals, and in some cases, the judgment of the administrative court and the civil court are different.<BR/> Moreover, ‘the administrative disposition’ should not be recognized for acts of administrative agencies unrelated to or too far removed from the conceptual indic
과학기술규제의 특성과 규제거버넌스(Governance)의 재구성
김유환(Yoo Hwan Kim) 행정법이론실무학회 2016 행정법연구 Vol.- No.47
오늘날 과학기술의 발전에 있어서 국가의 역할이 점점 더 중요해 지고 있다. 이러한 까닭에 우리나라의 과학기술 행정은 근래 그 외연을 확장시켜왔다. 그러나 그 확장의 과정이 충분한 준비와 경험에 대한 숙고를 통해 이루어졌는지, 본질에 대한 천착과 문제의식의 공유가 충분하였는지에 대해서는 근본적인 의심이 있다. 더구나 오늘날 국가 R&D의 문제점에 대한 우려가 점증하고 있다. 이러하므로 과학기술행정이 오늘날의 변화된 문제상황에 비추어 잘 기능하고 있는지 재검토할 필요가 있다. 생각건대, 규제완화를 통하여 정부의 역할이 줄어들어야 할 영역도 있지만 새로운 규제시스템을 구성하거나 정비하여야 할 영역도 상당히 넓다. 이러한 새로운 영역에 대해서는 이를 위한 적절한 규제거버넌스의 구축이 절실히 필요하다고 본다. 이러한 관점에서 과학기술규제의 본질론에서 출발하여 현재의 우리 과학기술규제 거버넌스의 재구성은 다음과 같은 방향 하에 이루어져야 할 것으로 본다. 첫째로, 기술혁신과 규제타이밍(Timing)의 관점에서 문제되는 자율규제 시스템이 정의롭고 효율적으로 작동되도록 자율규제의 지원 및 감독을 위한 적절한 거버넌스가 구축되어야 한다. 둘째로, 정부 R&D 지원 및 관리를 위한 규제과제를 적절히 개념화하고 이를 추진할 합당한 거버넌스를 구축하여야 한다. 셋째로, 창의적 아이디어와 연구개발 결과물의 보호를 위한 거버넌스가 효율화되고 재정비될 필요가 있다. 이를 위하여 현재의 지식재산권정책이 전반적으로 재검토되고 이에 기반하여 거버넌스의 재구축이 요망된다. 넷째로, 과학기술에 대한 가치평가와 리스크평가를 위한 거버넌스가 재검토되고 재구축될 필요가 있다. 다섯째로, 과학기술과 산업정책의 연계를 위한 거버넌스를 효율화 · 적정화하고 정책조정기능을 강화하여야 한다. 여섯째로, 과학기술과 관련된 리스크관리, 윤리문제 및 기본권 보호를 위한 거버넌스가 전향적으로 검토되고 적절히 구축되어야 한다. 그리고 이상의 과학기술규제 거버넌스의 재구성의 기본방향에 따른 실천적인 방안으로 다음과 같은 조직정비방안을 생각해 볼 수 있다. 첫째, 과학기술정책조정기구는 대통령직속으로 둘 필요가 있다. 둘째로, 정책기구로서의 국가지식재산위원회와 심판기구로서의 특허청이 조직적으로 연계될 필요가 있다. 셋째로, 과학기술 규제정책과 관련된 국가적 평가기능과 감시기능이 효율적으로 작동하도록 하기 위하여 국가과학기술심의회와 한국과학기술기획평가원의 지위와 역할을 재조정할 필요가 있다. 넷째로, 과학기술정책의 효율적 수립과 집행을 위하여 과학기술부를 부활시키는 것이 바람직하다. 다섯째로, 연구개발결과물의 산업화를 위한 거버넌스를 재정비하고 특히 기술평가기구가 실효성을 가질 수 있도록 재정비할 필요가 있다. Despite its scarce natural resources, the Republic of Korea has survived in the global competitive environment by relying on its human capital and investing in a knowledge-based economy. Advancing science and technology essential for the nation’s development and prosperity in the 21<SUP>st</SUP> century, we must acknowledge that government plays a crucial role in developing new technologies and scientific knowledge in this competitive global setting. For this reason, the Republic of Korea has recently expanded its governance of science & technology. However, whether the expansion has been designed through a rigorous investigation of the past and present problems is doubtful. Stakeholders fear the failure of the government in leading the national R&D process and are calling for reshaping the regulatory structure. Reshaping the nation’s science & technology regulatory structure should be based on right rationales. I believe the current science & technology governance of the Republic of Korea lacks the following important elements. (1) a mechanism to deal with uncertainty and time lags in regulation of science & technology. (2) a supervisory role that oversees the legitimacy and appropriateness of national R&D. (3) active protection of creative ideas and results of R&D. (4) impartial and rigorous evaluation schemes. (5) policy coordination between administrative authorities, and (6) a mechanism to attend to concerns for risk, fundamental rights and public policy. To address the issues above, I suggest the following governance building agenda as a conclusion. First, policy coordination function for science & technology should belong to the presidential authority. Second, authorities for intellectual property policy should operate jointly with the authority of the patent bureau. Third, the status and function of the National Science & Technology Council(NTSC) and the Korea Institute of Science & Technology Evaluation and Planning(KISTEP) must be redefined to strengthen their evaluative and supervisory roles for science & technology. Fourth, the Ministry of Science & Technology should be rebuilt. Lastly, the governance for industrialization of R&D outcomes must be reshaped and the organizations for technology evaluation should be reformed.
코로나 바이러스 위험 하에서의 실내 대면예배 규제의 합헌성 판단기준
김유환 ( Yoo Hwan Kim ) 한국교회법학회 2024 교회와 법 Vol.10 No.2
In recent years, Korean churches have faced unprecedented challenges in response to government regulations due to the threat of the coronavirus. Churches have had to close their doors and conduct limited in-person worship services, all due to government restrictions.34) Now that the threat of the coronavirus has largely receded, it is deemed necessary to reevaluate the legitimacy of past regulations. This is crucial to establish reasonable national standards for how much government regulation can be tolerated in similar situations in the future. In light of this concern, it is necessary to review the situation of restricted religious freedom during the period of coronavirus health regulations in Korea, along with various lawsuits and judgments. Based on this awareness, the following three perspectives were examined in this paper to derive criteria for judging the constitutionality of restrictions on religious freedom through health regulations: Firstly, an examination was conducted on how different countries' supreme courts have responded to the health risks posed by the coronavirus. For instance, in the United States and Germany, judicial precedents have evolved over time. The US Supreme Court ultimately ruled that a blanket ban on indoor worship is unconstitutional, and even limited indoor worship regulations must be justified by the authorities' demonstrated need for regulation and the suitability of measures. It also emphasized maintaining equity compared to secular activities. Meanwhile, the German Federal Constitutional Court stated that while a ban on indoor worship may be permissible, exceptions must be recognized, and it should only be justified for a short duration, subject to continuous proportionality assessment, and ensuring fairness compared to other secular activities. Secondly, this paper examined how our Supreme Court and Constitutional Court have interpreted limitations on religious freedom and infringements on fundamental rights. The Supreme Court has emphasized that religious freedom should be broadly and highly guaranteed compared to other freedoms and that judicial scrutiny should be exercised with restraint regarding internal issues within religious groups. On the other hand, the Constitutional Court has deemed excessive restrictions on fundamental rights during the coronavirus crisis as unconstitutional due to violations of the principle of proportionality. Thirdly, lower court precedents regarding cases of infringement on religious freedom due to COVID-19 health regulations were reviewed to explore solutions. It is believed that lower courts should respect the overarching principles of the Supreme Court's theories on religious freedom and also consider the Constitutional Court decision in 2023 on the unconstitutionality of COVID-19 health regulations. In conclusion, the Supreme Court and Constitutional Court must establish appropriate criteria for constitutional judgment regarding extreme health regulations in response to unknown health threats. Based on the review so far, these criteria could be articulated through ① respect for the essence of religious freedom and the recognition of the subject of fundamental rights enjoyment, ②judicial scrutiny based on broad and highly guaranteed principles of religious freedom, ③ principles of equality and proportionality, ④ standards for balancing interests to value religious core activities, and ⑤ correct application of the burden of proof law.