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郭坦 성균관대학교 유교문화연구소 2017 Journal of Confucian Philosophy and Culture Vol.0 No.27
The four dicta (siju jiao 四句敎) which Wang Yangming formulated in his late period of life represent the central tenets of his whole thoughts. The four dicta were mostly analyzed from the perspective of ontology or focusing on the practice of ontology; however, these approaches do not clearly illuminate Wang Yangming’s thoughts. Wang considers the four dicta as the truth which “encompasses the below and the above.” However, Qian Dehong, one of Wang’s students, only focuses on the below: the importance of practical action. In contrast, Wang Ji, another student of Wang, only emphasizes the above: the importance of recognizing the ontology. Thus, neither Qian Dehong nor Wang Ji fully clarifies Wang Yangming’s thoughts. However, as the students who followed Wang for the longest time, their understandings of the four dicta are more profound than others, and thus we can understand Wang Yangming’s thoughts most clearly through an analysis of their explanations. “四句教”是王陽明最晚期的思想。後世學者的研究多是把注意力放在對“四句教”本體或工夫的把握,對“四句教”本身“徹上徹下”的特性研究尚有不足,本文擬在此有所發明。王陽明認爲“四句教”是“徹上徹下”,可惜的是,王陽明早逝,沒有時機對“四句教”如何“徹上徹下”進行更深入地闡述;意外的是,王陽明去世後,錢德洪、王畿二人對“四句教”均有不同程度的修改,錢德洪抓住的是徹下一節;王畿抓住的是徹上一節。這些修改在一定程度上雖模糊了王陽明“四句教”的本義,但爲後人理解提供了最相近的注腳。
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곽원,곽탄 성균관대학교 유교문화연구소 2016 Journal of Confucian Philosophy and Culture Vol.0 No.25
The “Xian wen” 憲問 chapter in the Lunyu 論語 contains Chen Men’s 晨門 remark about Kongzi 孔子 (551-479 BCE). Kongzi was well known for his travel to feudal states to preach his political ideals. Of this effort, Chen Men remarked that Kongi was “doing things though he know they are unworkable” (zhi qi bu ke er wei zhi 知其不可而為之). Chen Men’s remark has typically been understood as a ridicule of Kongzi. While there have been various debates on the nature of the Chen Men’s criticism of Kongzi’s behavior and diverse interpretations are possible it seems clear that Chen Men’s ridicule of Kongzi attests to Kongzi’s lofty moral integrity and idealistic devotion to improving human society. The effort and devotion exemplified by Kongzi are usually understood as the essence of Confucian morale and value. 在“子路宿于石門”篇中,“晨門”對孔子周流列國之舉的態度究竟如何?對此問題,先賢巨匠的釋讀觀點既精彩紛呈又存有爭論。在分析《論語》原典和諸家注釋的基礎上,本文認為“晨門”之“知其不可而為之”一語應是在譏諷孔子;但是“晨門”的譏諷卻恰好反證了孔子高尚的品格和對人類社會發展的真切關懷;同時,“知其不可而為之”從另外一種側面揭示了儒家的精神骨幹。
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중국 호북미술학원 미술기초조형교육의 과제와 방향에 대한 연구
도학회(Do, hakhoe),유향동(Liu, Xiangdong․,Guo, Lan),곽탄,황찬(Huang, Can) 한국미술교육학회 2010 美術敎育論叢 Vol.24 No.3
최근 한국과 중국의 미술교육분야 교류가 활성화되는 시점에서 예술교육을 전문으로 하는 중국 호북성 무한시의 역사 깊은 호북미술학원과 한국의 한국예술종합학교의 기초조형교육을 비교연구 하였다. 연구의 과제는 1학년 기초조형교육과정을 그 범위로 하고, 교육과정과 함께 학생들의 심미의식과 교사들의 교육관도 함께 조사하여 보다 효과적인 비교방법을 모색하였다. 비교결과 호북미술학원의 한국예술종합학교에 비해 교육과정이 단조로웠다. 특히 호북미술학원이 2006년부터 실시한 시각예술기초부의 기초조형교육은 통식교육의 지향, 입시교육의 교정, 예술적 감수성의 향상, 인문학적 접근 등을 목표로 하고 있으나 입체 및 매체교육을 생략함으로서 한국예술종합학교의 파운데이션 과정에 비해 학생들에게 다양한 양식의 미술들을 이해시키고 체험시키는 문화교육적 공간으로서의 미술교육과정으로는 폭이 좁았다. China, in the area of culture tradition, has been considered as the suzerain state of Orient and has long been related with socialistic culture. The Arts Education Society, whichhas recently imported Western culture, has worked with various and new trends of today's Western culture. Today, The educational exchanges between Korea and China have been drastically developed and the many cases of the study on mutual development are needed. The Hubei Art Institution, located in the Mid-China, has 100 years of tradition and is one of the many institutions which have undergone the changes in progress in the arts education of China today. The problems of the standardized education in the existing Korean Universities, art educational institutions as well as in the Hubei art Institution have been pointed out even though they have common features, as in the recently established the Korea National University of Arts in farming of the professional artists in the pre-art educational programs(Foundation Course) and systematic art education programs. Many differences can be found in their goals as well as in the details. The specifics of the education in the Basic Visual Arts Division of the Hubei Arts Institution are in the emphasis on the refinement of the entrance examination, the advancement of artistic sensibility, the exclusion of the three dimensional and the mixed media education. as well as the educational philosophy based on humanistic perspectives. The educational specifics of fundamental level of the Korea National University of Arts are the expansion of the use of visual language; the experience of visual expression in work process; the expansion of reasoning; and the rearing of artists upon educational methods of the Renaissance; the studio-oriented education; the critique and presentation based class methods. The differences seemed to have common goals in the perspectives of esthetics, but many differences can be found in approaching different methods. In the matter of considering the vagueness of the value of arts, the Hubei Arts Institution's basic visual education has relatively a limited curriculum, compared to the Korea National University of Arts, and, as a result, its educational outputs are relatively simple. Gaps can be found in the rapidly changing world of arts education, not only because of the exclusion of the educational process of three dimensional and media, of which the curriculum that the Basic Visual Arts Division once formulated, but also because of the import of the expressing methods in two dimensional education which are limited in the traditional methods. As a result, a number of scholars set up international exchange programs in arts education- expansion of the exchange programs in mixed-media; emphasis on the personal experiences in arts; emphasis on the creative education; classes for all students for the advancement in education as well as for the recovery from the relative weaknesses of the Hubei Arts Institution. This means that the direction of the arts education today is not limited in one area of arts, but it surpass the visual culture education and connects and set the direction to the social phenomenon in general as well as to the communication, which forms spaces for the culture education. These agendas should be studied in the freshmen year when the basic concepts of arts are educated. So, the approach to the elementary level in arts in general should be experienced so that the thought ability of students can be developed in the earliest time. The Hubei Arts Institution has relatively a simple curriculum in the basics of plastic arts education, compared to the Korea National University of Arts. But it is not the writer's intension of judging one school from another by the completeness of a curriculum of one school.
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