Wage Disparities and Internal Migration Patterns

Akira Shimada 한국경제연구학회 2016 Korea and the World Economy Vol.17 No.1

I investigate how the choice of migration pattern is associated with wage disparities. Wage disparities have negative as well as positive effects on human capital formation under parental migration, whereas they have positive effects under family migration. It is possible that parental migration is more likely preferred to family migration with decreases in wage disparities, whereas family migration is more likely preferred to parental migration with increases in wage disparities. My results suggest that not only do wage disparities cause internal migration but also affect the choice of the internal migration pattern and that they may facilitate human capital formation.

부동산 산업직종의 임금격차에 관한 연구 : 대전지역 사례 중심으로

김형근(Kim, Hyeong Geun),유한수(Yoo, Han-Soo) 한국부동산정책학회 2016 不動産政策硏究 Vol.17 No.2

This study aims to present implications of wage disparity by analyzing wage disparity between sexes caused by characteristics of human capital and labor market in real estate industries. There were previous studies of wage disparity over the whole industry, but this study classified into the real estate industry and other industries to analyze mean difference in the wage between sexes and wage disparity(productivity). As a result of analysis on the human capital factor, variables of SEX, LNAGE and EDU were found to be significant and had influence on log PAY. As a result of analysis on the labor market factor, variables of YEAR and TERM were found to be significant, which implies that the longer the period of working in the labor market the more they have influence on log PAY. As for wage disparity(productivity), the biggest variables were found to be AGE 0.106, TERM 0.031 and YEAR 0.0.23; therefore, because the job intensity difference was high in the real estate industries and other industries, wage disparity between sexes seemed to be high.

인도의 임금 결정요인과 현지 진출기업에 대한 시사점

박원빈 ( Wonbin Park ),이순철 ( Soon-cheul Lee ) 한국국제통상학회 2021 국제통상연구 Vol.26 No.3

본 연구는 인도에서 사회문화적 요인과 지역 특성이 미치는 임금수준 및 변화에 어떻게 영향을 미치는지를 IHDS 패널자료(2004-5년, 2011-12년)를 이용하여 분석하고 이를 바탕으로 현지에 진출한 기업들에게 임금 결정에 대한 시사점을 제시하였다. 이를 위해 Mincer 임금 방정식을 바탕으로 개인의 역량, 사회 및 문화적 요인, 지역 특성 등을 고려하여 분석모형을 설정하였다. 특히 경제성장과 연계하여 임금 변화에 대한 분석과 함께 이를 임금분위로 구분하여 분위 회귀분석을 하였다. 분석결과, 카스트ㆍ종교 요인과 지역 특성은 근로자 임금 결정에 영향을 미쳐왔다. 하지만 경제성장에 따른 임금 상승에는 카스트나 종교와 같은 사회문화적 요인의 영향은 미미했다. 반면, 지역적 요인은 개별 근로자의 임금 증가에 지대한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 교육이나 능력 기준으로 임금이 결정되는 추세가 확대되고 있어, 인적자본 이론에 근거한 임금 결정이 인도에서 명확하게 나타나고 있다. 종합해보면, 인도에서는 지역과 근로자의 역량에 따라 양극화 및 불평등이 확대될 가능성이 크며, 전통적인 요인들은 점차 사라지고 있다는 점을 확인하였다. 이러한 점을 반영하여 본고는 능력 기준 보상과 지역별 특성을 고려한 현지에서의 임금 결정 방법에 대한 시사점을 제시하였다. This study estimates the influence of Indian sociocultural factors and regional characteristics on the wage determinants in India and provides political implications for Korean firms in India that have to decide the wages of Indian workers. We make setting for wage models with variables about ability, caste, religion, and regions based on the Mincer wage equation. In particular, quantile regression analysis is carried out to investigate the factors according to quantile for changed wages during the economic growth period. The analysis results using the IHDS data(2004-5, 2011-12) are as follows. First, sociocultural factors and regional characteristics make affects their income as wage determinants. Second, the influence of sociocultural factors such as caste and religion seems insignificant on the rise in wage, but the regional factors make differences in wage growth by the regional gap in terms of economic development. Especially, the results indicate that wages are more likely to be determined based on individual abilities such as education based on the human capital theory during stable economic growth. Therefore, these show the possibility for expansion of economic inequality and polarization in the future, and traditional factors are gradually reduced in the economic growth. Finally, we suggest implications for wage determination methods considering competency-based and regional disparity for Korean firms in India.

충남 청년 임금격차 실태

강수현 ( Suhyeon Kang ) 충남연구원 2022 충남연구 Vol.6 No.2

본 연구는 2010~2020년 통계청 지역별고용조사 자료를 활용하여 충남도 청년층의 임금격차 기초실태를 분석한다. 개별청년의 구분을 통한 다양한 집단의 임금격차를 비교할 수 있도록 타일지수 분해방법을 이용하였다. 분석 결과 충남청년은 2010년과 비교하여 2020년 시간에 따라 임금격차 수준이 완화된 것으로 나타난다. 평균임금이 더 낮은 집단, 즉 여성, 중졸 이하, 임시직 및 일용직, 단순노무직, 농림어업 및 서비스직에서의 지니계수 및 타일지수 개선 크기가 더 크게 나타남에 따라 임금격차 문제는 긍정적 방향으로 진행되어 왔다고 판단된다. 그러나 성별, 교육수준별, 종사상지위별, 직종별, 산업별 등 요인구분을 통해 살펴보면 여전히 집단 간, 집단 내 구조적인 평균 임금격차가 존재하는 것으로 나타났다. 선행연구에 기초한 전국추세와 달리 충남의 경우 집단 간 임금격차 문제보다 집단 내에서의 임금격차 문제에서의 개선을 더 필요로 하는 것으로 해석된다. 즉, 여성의 경제활동 참여 증가, 최저임금제도 개선, 고용창출 및 고용안정화 등의 제도를 통해 전체집단의 임금격차는 완화되어 온 것으로 나타나지만, 각 집단 내에서의 불평등도 개선에 대한 정책방향 보완이 필요함을 시사한다. This study analyzes the wage disparity among young workers in Chungnam Province by using the Regional Employment Survey for 2010~2020. The Theil-decomposition method is used to compare the wage gap of various groups by classifying individual youths. As the magnitude of improvement of the Gini and Theil coefficients of the group with lower average wages was higher, the wage gap has been progressing in a positive direction. The wage gap between Chungnam youth appears to have eased with time between 2010 and 2020 however, examining factor classifications such as gender, education level, employment status, occupation type, and industry, reveals that a structural average wage gap remains between groups and within groups. In the case of Chungnam, in contrast to the national trend, it is essential to improve the within group wage gap more than between group wage gaps.

식민지기 조선의 도시 간 물가 및 임금 격차

박기주,김낙년 경제사학회 2013 經濟史學 Vol.54 No.-

본 논문은 최근 국가 간 비교를 위해 사용되고 있는 CPD 방식에 의해 식민지기의 도시 간 물가격차와 임금격차를 추계하고 기존의 연구와 비교하였다. 추계 결과에 의하면, 물가는 경성과 청진이 전 도시 평균보다 높았고 평양은 낮았으며, 물가격차의 변이계수는 큰 등락 없이 낮은 수준을 유지하였다. 물가격차의 시기별 추이는 도시마다 상이하여 1920년대는 남부 도시의 물가가 비교적 높은 편이었으나 1930년대에는 북부 도시가 높았다. 쌀 가격이 높은 도시에서 물가도 높았지만, 쌀 가격격차의 변화만큼 물가격차가 변하지 않았으며 양자의 관계도 뚜렷하지 않았다. 임금에서는 청진의 명목 및 실질 임금이 가장 높았으며 대구가 가장 낮았다. 임금격차의 변이계수는 물가격차의 변이계수보다 훨씬 높았으며 식민지기 전반에는 변이계수가 증가하다가 후반에는 감소하였다. 도시 간 임금격차는 도시 간 물가격차 외에 노동시장에서의 공급보다 수요 측면의 요인에 의해 영향을 받았다고 할 수 있다. This paper estimates the price and wage disparity between eight cities in Korea during the colonial period, using the CPD(country commodity dummies) method which is used recently in comparing prices disparities between countries. Prices of Seoul and Chungjin were higher and Pyungyang lower than the average. The coefficient of variance of price disparities was small without noticeable fluctuation. The prices of southern cities were comparatively higher in 1920's and those of nothern cities were higher in 1930's. By city, prices did not change so much as rice price and the relation between the two was not clear, even though prices was high in cities where rice price was high. Meanwhile, the nominal or real wage of Chungjin was the highest and that of Daegu the lowest among cities. The coefficients of variance of wage disparity between cities was greater than that of prices disparity and decreased in the second half after having increased in the first half of the colonial period. Wage disparity between cities was dependent on the demand factors rather than supply factors.

우리나라 광역대도시 지역노동시장의 임금결정과정과 소득격차

이원호 ( Won Ho Lee ) 한국경제지리학회 2002 한국경제지리학회지 Vol.5 No.2

This study investigates the wage determination process of regional labor markets in order to understand the regional dimension of labor market processes in Korean metropolitan cities. Since the financial crisis in late 1997, the interplay between labor market restructuring such as unemployment and skill polarization and income disparity has been shaped by the labor market process in the metropolitan cities. This is also closely related to the fact that both industrial restructuring and expanding information technologies in the metropolitan region have reshaped the labor demand structure and finally resulted in structural unemployment due to skill mismatch and spatial mismatch and wage inequality across different occupations. In addition, since wage determination process clearly has a regional dimension, wage determination and its influence on income profile in a certain regional labor market need to be understood by investigating its labor market characteristics including labor supply and demand structure, industrial changes, changing unemployment, etc. This is why labor market policy as a regional policy needs to be redefined and it can be much enhanced by geographical investigation on regional labor market.

임금격차와 기업의 운영효율성, 그리고 고용 안정성의 조절효과에 대한 연구

윤인경(Inkyung Yoon),이한솔(Hansol Lee),이호영(Ho-Young Lee) 한국경영학회 2023 經營學硏究 Vol.52 No.3

This study examines the effect of executive-worker pay disparity on the operational efficiency of firms listed on the KOSPI and KOSDAQ from 2012 to 2020. Additionally, it investigates the impact of employment stability, as measured by the ratio of full-time employees, on the relationship between executive-worker pay disparity and operational efficiency. The results reveal that executive-worker pay disparity negatively impacts a firm’s operational efficiency. Furthermore, the adverse effect of executiveworker pay disparity is mitigated as the ratio of full-time employees increases. The study also finds that when the analysis is conducted based on employees’ years of service within the same industry, the mitigating effect of the ratio of full-time workers becomes more pronounced for employees with service years exceeding the industry median. This study provides empirical evidence that executive-worker pay disparity impairs employee motivation and adversely affects a firm’s operational efficiency, while such negative impact is alleviated by employment stability. This study also provides practical implication that executive-worker pay disparity should be carefully considered when determining the compensation levels of executives and employees in order to enhance a firm’s operational efficiency.

성장기 거주지역에 따른 교육 및 임금 격차와 소득불평등의 재생산

김승정,최호권,정예림,양완진,박인권 대한국토·도시계획학회 2024 國土計劃 Vol.59 No.1

본 연구는 계층 간 불평등이 지역적 불균형으로 인해 강화되는 구조 속에서 교육이 기회의 사다리보다는 불평등의 재생산기제로 활용되고 있는 현상을 규명하고자 한다. 구체적으로는2009년과 2019년의 “대졸자 직업이동 경로조사”를 분석 대상으로 하여 개인이 성장기에 거주했던 지역이 대학 교육 및 대학 졸업 이후 임금에 미치는 영향을 분석하고자 한다. 이를 통해 지역별 교육격차가 계층 재생산 또는 이동성에 어떤 영향을 미치는지를 가늠해보고자 한다. 구체적으로, 헤크만 표본선택모형을 활용한 첫 번째 분석에서는 성장기 거주지역에 따라 임금 격차가 발생하는 양상을 확인하고, PLS 경로분석을 이용한 두 번째 분석에서는 이러한 격차를 야기하는 구조적인 경로는 무엇이며, 그 양상은 지난 10년간 어떻게 변화하였는지를 지역과 교육이 매개하는효과에 초점을 맞추어 규명할 것이다. This study analyzes the impact of individuals’ residential circumstances during their growth period on their wage income. Specifically, we examine the effects of place of birth and high school location, with education serving as a mediator. The study utilizes the Heckman sample selection model and PLS path analysis, using data from the Graduate Occupational Mobility Survey (GOMS). The main findings are as follows: First, individuals who lived in regions with higher centrality during their growth period, particularly during their high school years rather than at birth, tend to have higher wage income. However, while the influence of national-level centres like Gangnam remained consistent in 2019 compared to 2009, the influence of regional-level centres like non-capital metropolitan cities weakened. Second, the wealth of the parents' generation directly and indirectly affected the wages of their children. In the indirect path, parents' wealth was reproduced by providing their children with educational experiences in central regions (such as Gangnam), which opened up social and economic opportunities, and fostered educational enthusiasm. Third, compared to 10 years ago, the tendency of students from Gangnam to enter universities in the Seoul capital region has strengthened. However, the reproduction of wealth between generations through regional effects has weakened due to the diminished leverage effect of universities on job acquisition. These results suggest that regional disparities in opportunities, particularly in education, contribute to the reproduction of structural inequalities and limit individual social mobility. Therefore, it is important to enhance the competitiveness of regional-level centres, such as local metropolitan cities and their universities.

기술혁신과 기술모방에 대한 시장경쟁효과 연구

김상춘(Sang Choon Kim),최봉호(Bong Ho Choi) 한국경제통상학회 2011 경제연구 Vol.29 No.4

본 논문은 CES형 소비자 선호도를 모형화한 품질단계형 내생적 기술혁신 기반의 국제무역모형을 활용하여 기술혁신, 기술모방, 기술모방 대비 기술혁신 그리고 개도국과 선진국 간의 임금 격차 등에 대한 시장경쟁효과를 이론적으로 분석한다. 특히, 시장경쟁의 원천을 제품다양성과 제품 간 차별성으로 구분한다. 시장경쟁 강화의 기술혁신과 기술모방에 대한 영향은 연구개발투자의 기대수익효과와 연구개발에 대한 자원배분효과를 통해 나타나며, 시장경쟁의 원천에 따라 그리고 개도국 대비 선진국의 규모에 따라 다양화 된다. 제품 다양성의 확대는 기술혁신과 기술모방을 모두 약화시키는 반면에 제품 간 차별성 완화의 영향은 개도국 대비 선진국의 규모에 따라 기술혁신과 기술모방에 상이하게 나타난다. 한편, 시장경쟁의 기술모방 대비 기술혁신에 대한 상대적 영향과 개도국 대비 선진국 상대임금에 대한 영향은 시장경쟁의 원천에 관계없이 동일하나 이 또한 개도국 대비 선진국의 삼대 규모에 의해 결정된다. This paper analyses the effects of market competition on innovation, imitation, innovation relative to imitation, and wage disparity between developed and developing countries in the north-south trade model of quality ladder type endogenous innovation. Especially, this paper classifies the source of market competition into the expansion of product variety and the intensification of demand substitutability among products. We find that the mechanism through which the market competition affects innovation and imitation are the profit effect and the resource allocation effect on R&D, and the net effects are diverse depending on the source of market competition and the size of developed country relative to developing country. Specifically, the expansion of product variety negatively affects both innovation and imitation, but the intensification of demand substitutability among products has non-monotonous effects on innovation and imitation respectively depending on the relative size of developed country to developing country. Meanwhile, the effect of market competition on innovation relative to imitation as well as wage disparity is also diverse depending on the relative size of developed country to developing country but regardless of the source of market competition.

Unbalanced Endogenous Growth and International Trade: A Dynamic Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson Approach

윤상철 한국무역학회 2009 Journal of Korea trade Vol.13 No.4

This paper constructs a dynamic Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson (HOS) model under unbalanced endogenous growth in order to evaluate the relationship between unbalanced endogenous growth and international trade. This framework reveals an unbalanced endogenous growth driven by a positive sustained innovation without scale effects. The comparative statics analysis under Leontief production technologies reveals wage inequality between skills in the economy as well as resources-saving growth in the leading sector. In particular, the dynamic path of integrated trade equilibrium under an unbalanced endogenous growth leads to widen the relative GDP disparity between the skilled-labor rich and the skilled-labor poor over time.