초목신화에 담긴 역사인식: A. S. 바이어트의 『소유』를 중심으로

박현경 ( Hyun Kyung Park ) 한국현대영미소설학회 2010 현대영미소설 Vol.17 No.3

This paper is to study A. S. Byatt`s sense of history in “the vegetation myth” of Possession and her essays on myth and literature. From Plato to Byatt, famous historic debates on myth and literature mainly focus on the origin and the role of literature. While Plato debases literature as a lower mimesis of Idea and condemns poet`s inspiration as a delusive sway of “the possessed,” many authors defend literature as an embodiment of the truth, a comprehensive and everlasting creation, and a true expression of life and world. Byatt, following Frazer, Freud, and Nietzsche`s argument, and based on Vico`s assertion of circularly revolving history, explains literature as an integrated presentation of all human, natural, and supernatural beings revealed in myth, history, and reality. Just as one seed contains the whole part of the plant and incessantly dies and ceaselessly revives, Byatt tries to depict divine presence in human history with her archetypal mythic characters. Through the shifts from Melusina`s myth to Ash and LaMotte`s historical time and to Roland and Maud`s modern real world, Byatt reveals the intrinsic desire in human beings and its potential to resurrect the age of sterility. The vegetation myth, as a core concept of Possession, shows the everlasting and selfsame vital force, in spite of individuals` despair and death. Throughout Possession, Byatt asserts the value of literature with her emphasis on vegetation myth and an optimistic view toward ever revolving human history.

Tradition and Japanese vegetables: history, locality, geography, and discursive ambiguity

Yuta Uchiyama,Yoshinori Fujihira,Hikaru Matsuoka,Ryo Kohsaka 한국식품연구원 2017 Journal of Ethnic Foods Vol.4 No.3

Background: Traditional vegetables are produced and consumed throughout Japan. Individual vegetables, including Kyo vegetables and Kaga vegetables, are individually defined with their own criteria for history and quality standards and are registered in their respective regions. Several traditional vegetables are utilized as symbols of regional revitalization. For example, Kaga vegetables are tourist attractions, and Noto vegetables are promoted in the Noto region and were registered under the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS). Methods: We will review the distribution, public standards, and definitions of dento-yasai, traditional Japanese vegetables. Quantitative analysis on the status of the branding of traditional vegetables will be conducted. Results: First, the ambiguity and distribution of traditional vegetables are demonstrated. Next, as a case study, the results of a quantitative analysis of Kaga vegetables and Noto vegetables are provided. Kaga vegetables have their own quality standards and definition, and producers have acknowledged the positive impact of the regional certification, GIAHS, on the amount sold. However, a social conflict has been caused by their standards and definition. On the other hand, Noto vegetables do not have a strict quality standard, and they were registered relatively recently. Because of their comparatively lax standard, producers could not acknowledge the positive impacts of GIAHS certification. Conclusion: Origins of traditional Japanese vegetables and relationships with their regions have innumerable ambiguous points. The results of the analysis of two types of traditional vegetables show that quality standards and definitions strongly influence branding and brand management.

채소 품종육종 과거 현재 미래

조명철(Myeong Cheoul Cho),곽정호(Jung-Ho Kwak),정효봉(Hyo Bong Jeong),장석우(Suk Woo Jang),박수형(Su Hyoung Park),권영석(Young Seok Kwon),김철우(Chul Woo Kim),최민선(Min Seon Choi),한지원(Ji Won Han),문지혜(Ji Hye Moon),김대영(Dae Yo 한국육종학회 2020 한국육종학회지 Vol.52 No.S

Nowadays most parts of vegetable breeding in Korea have been conducted by private seed companies. However, in the beginning stages of breeding research, Horticulture Experiment Station played a crucial role. Major vegetable varieties that are distributed from Korea are produced as F1 hybrids. Korea has developed leading techniques and human infrastructure for vegetable breeding. Such brilliant developments have resulted from three major factors: changes in the composition of varieties, the establishment of year-round vegetable production, and the development of the seed export market. First, an F1 hybrid system increased seed performance more than traditional open pollinated (OP) varieties with respect to productivity, uniformity and disease resistance. Moreover, an F1 hybrid system required repetitive seed production and provision, which increased the economic growth of seed companies. Second, vegetables tend to be consumed fresh instead of dried or processed. Finally, vegetable seed exports have continuously increased with the aid of R&D projects such as the Golden Seed Project (GSP). Therefore, for further progress of the vegetable industry, new varieties that can meet consumers’ demands, as well as the stable provision of fresh vegetables, are required. Contrary to the past, the future focus must be concerned with productivity and cultivation stability, the development of high value, functional, eco-friendly vegetables, and high quality vegetables. To cope with this, every breeding subject, including industry, universities, and institutes, have to collaborate with the aim of advancing vegetable breeding in Korea.

Vegetation history around Yongneup moor at Mt. Daeamsan, Korea

장병오,강상준,최기룡 한국생태학회 2011 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.34 No.3

A pollen analytical study of sediment sequences collected from Yongneup moor (sampling point: 38°12′57.4″ N, 120°7′30.2″ E) was conducted to understand the vegetation history in the mountainous region of the central Korean peninsula. Carbon dating was carried out to measure five successive samples obtained from the bottom at a depth of 180 cm to the surface. The Yongneup moor sediment revealed four main local pollen zones; that is, four past vegetation phases as follows: Local pollen zone I: Quercus-Pinus zone; estimated age, 5,900-4,800 calibrated years (cal) before present (BP); vegetation type, cool-temperate central/montane deciduous broad-leaved forest. Local pollen zone II: Pinus-Abies-Quercus zone; estimated age, 4,800-3,400 cal BP; vegetation type, cool-temperate northern/alti-montane mixed coniferous and deciduous broad-leaved forest. Local pollen zone III: Quercus-Pinus-Abies zone; estimated age, 3,400-400 cal BP; vegetation type: cool-temperate central/montane deciduous broad-leaved forest. Local pollen zone IV: Pinus-Quercus zone; estimated age, 400-present cal BP; vegetation type, cool-temperate central/montane mixed deciduous broad-leaved and coniferous forest. It was confirmed that subalpine coniferous forests had expanded to the mountainous region of the central Korean peninsula during the period from 4,800-3,400 cal BP and thereafter deciduous forests dominated by Q. mongolica were established. Notably, secondary forests dominated by P. densiflora developed in the lower part of the mountainous region of the central Korean peninsula about 400 cal BP due to human interference.

Vegetation history around Yongneup moor at Mt. Daeamsan, Korea

Jang, Byeong-O,Kang, Sang-Joon,Choi, Kee-Ryong The Ecological Society of Korea 2011 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.34 No.3

A pollen analytical study of sediment sequences collected from Yongneup moor (sampling point: $38^{\circ}$12'57.4" N, $120^{\circ}$7'30.2" E) was conducted to understand the vegetation history in the mountainous region of the central Korean peninsula. Carbon dating was carried out to measure five successive samples obtained from the bottom at a depth of 180 cm to the surface. The Yongneup moor sediment revealed four main local pollen zones; that is, four past vegetation phases as follows: Local pollen zone I: Quercus-Pinus zone; estimated age, 5,900-4,800 calibrated years (cal) before present (BP); vegetation type, cool-temperate central/montane deciduous broad-leaved forest. Local pollen zone II: Pinus-Abies-Quercus zone; estimated age, 4,800-3,400 cal BP; vegetation type, cool-temperate northern/alti-montane mixed coniferous and deciduous broad-leaved forest. Local pollen zone III: Quercus-Pinus-Abies zone; estimated age, 3,400-400 cal BP; vegetation type: cool-temperate central/montane deciduous broad-leaved forest. Local pollen zone IV: Pinus-Quercus zone; estimated age, 400-present cal BP; vegetation type, cool-temperate central/montane mixed deciduous broad-leaved and coniferous forest. It was confirmed that subalpine coniferous forests had expanded to the mountainous region of the central Korean peninsula during the period from 4,800-3,400 cal BP and thereafter deciduous forests dominated by Q. mongolica were established. Notably, secondary forests dominated by P. densiflora developed in the lower part of the mountainous region of the central Korean peninsula about 400 cal BP due to human interference.

화분분석으로 본 신라 왕경 식생사와 문화경관

안소현(Ahn Sohyeon) 한국고고학회 2020 한국고고학보 Vol.0 No.117

In order to reconstruct the landscape of an ancient capital city and its living landscape as close as possible to how it may have actually been, it is necessary to identify its green space (by identifying how the vegetation within the landscape looked like, where it was located, and what it meant to the ancient people who lived there), in addition to understanding aspects of its civil engineering and architecture. This research reveals the vegetation change that took place at five archaeological sites in Gyeongju during the time from the Three Kingdoms to the Unified Silla Period, with a focus on the places where vegetation grew, by examining the findings of various plant remains, with focus on pollen analyses. According to the analysis, the cultural meaning of the vegetation which formed part of the landscape of the ancient capital city of Silla is as follows. During the period from the fifth to the sixth century AD, a riparian forest dominated by Zelkova-Ulmus was distributed along the banks of the Nam-cheon and Buk-cheon Rivers; the findings of the research suggest the possibility that the expansion and decline of this forest may have resulted from certain human activities. Evidence from this research suggests that the extinction of the wetland vegetation in the central area of the Gyeongju Basin in the late sixth century may have been due to the development of lowland areas for land required by the capital city. From the Unified Silla Period, the areas peripheral to settlements within the Gyeongju Basin appear to have witnessed a relative decrease in forest lands, as a result of the expansion of city development and an increase in its population; this is evidenced by the increase in the proportion of grassland. Meanwhile, in mountainous areas, the Quercus-Pinus climax forest declined while secondary pine forests increased. In addition, this research discovered the presence of ancient exotic plants that had been imported through the trade with foreign countries, especially newly cultivated plants which began to appear and become diversified during the Unified Silla Period. The empirical data of this research, which was produced by collecting and classifying landscaping plants of the time, can provide a better resource based on which the variety of the plant culture of the capital city of Silla may be assumed. 실체에 가까운 고대 도성의 경관 및 생활경관을 복원하기 위해서는 토목·건축물에 대한 논의뿐만 아니라, 녹지 공간 즉 경관 구성요소로서의 식생이 어떠한 모습으로 어디에 위치했는지 밝히고 논의하는 일이 중요하다. 본고에서는 경주지역 유적 5곳의 화분분석을 중심으로 한 다양한 식물자료를 통해 삼국시대~통일신라시대 식생 변천사를 생육장소에 주목하여 밝히고, 이러한 녹지는 고대인에 있어 어떠한 공간이었는지 파악하고자 했다. 검토 결과, 신라 왕경 구성요소로서의 식생과 그 문화경관적 의미를 다음과 같이 정리하였다. AD 5~6세기대 남천 및 북천의 하천변에는 느티나무·느릅나무류가 주된 하안림이 분포하였고, 이러한 숲의 확대 및 쇠퇴는 인위적 영향에 의한 것일 가능성을 제시하였다. 신라 왕경 내 대지 조성을 위한 6세기 후반 무렵 저지대개발로 인해 경주분지 중앙부 북천과 남천 사이의 습지식생이 쇠퇴한 양상이 확인되었다. 통일신라시대로 이행되면서 경주분지 내 생활공간 주변은 왕경 개발 범위의 확대 및 인구증가로 인해 초지 면적이 증대하고 상대적으로 숲의 감소를 초래하였다. 한편, 산지에서는 참나무류 중심의 극상림이 쇠퇴하고 소나무 이차림이증가하였다. 또한 대외 교역의 산물로서 외래식물의 존재가 밝혀졌으며, 특히 통일신라시대에 접어들어 새로운 재배식물이 출현하고 한층 다양화되는 양상을 확인하였다. 고대 조경식물에 대한 실증적인 자료가 확보되어, 신라 왕경에서 향유된 다양한 식물문화를 짐작할 수 있다.

운전리 유적 퇴적층의 화분분석에 의한 식생변천에 관한 연구

박지훈 ( Ji Hoon Park ) 한국지형학회 2004 한국지형학회지 Vol.11 No.4

한반도 후빙기의 저지대 식생사

최기룡 한국생태학회 1998 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.21 No.2

This is the review of vegetational history of the post-glacial period in Korea. most of studies for vegetational changes are located in the lowland alluvial plain, especially below the hilly zone of western and eastern coastal regions of Korea. A couple of methods, pollen analysis and radiocarbon dating, have been employed in these studies. These results lead us to establish the pollen zonation in Korea as the followings. Yasuda et al.(1980) classified six period in Yongrang lake of sokcho. These are as follow I. 17,000-15,000yr B.P.: Picea, Abies, Pinus(Haploxylon), Larix stage, II.15,000-10,000yr B.P:Herb, Pteridophyta stage, III.10.000-6,700yr BP.:Quercus stage, IV.6,700-4,500yr B.P.:Pinus, Quercus, Carpinus stage, V.4,500-1,400yr B.P.:Quercus. Pinus stage, VI.1,400yr B.P.-present: Pinus, Herbs stage. Jo(1979) also divided the period into two stages from the outcomes of analysis done in Jumoonjin and other sites I.10,000-6,000yr B.P.:Quercus stage, II.6,000-present: Pinus-Quercus stage, and three substages: IIa.6,000-3,400 yr B.P.:lower Pinus stage, IIb.3,400-2,000yr B.P.:Pinus-Quercus stage, IIc.2,000-present: Pinus stage. Choi(1993, 1996) divided the period into three stages: I.6,000-5,000yr B.P.:Alnus, Quercus stage, II.5,000-4,000yr B.P.: Alnus, Quercus, Pinus stage, III.4,500-2,600yr B.P.: Alnus, Pinus stage. In the period around 6,000yr B.P. distinct dominant species clearly occupied the lowland of the eastern and western coasts. Thus, this strongly supports the fact that even if Korea experienced its warm and wet climate after the lateglacial, it underwent a different environmental change, dry climate, compared to the regions of Japan.

제주도 물영아리늪 퇴적물의 화분분석에 의한 식생변천

이창수 ( Chang Su Lee ),강상준 ( Sang Joon Kang ),최기룡 ( Kee Ryong Choi ) 한국환경과학회 2011 한국환경과학회지 Vol.20 No.3

For the reconstruction of the past vegetational changes in Jeju Island, Korea, pollen analysis and radiocarbon dating on the sediments obtained from the Mulyeongari fen were carried out. By the results, the vegetational changes around the Mulyeongari fen from ca. 3,300 cal. yr BP to the present can be interpreted and reconstructed. The pollen record from the Mulyeongari fen was divided into two local pollen assemblage zones and three sub-pollen assemblage zones. Zone I (Quercus-Carpinus-Herbs Zone) was characterized by the predominance of Quercus(30~63%), Carpinus(9~35%) and herbs(40~424%). Zone II was characterized by three sub-pollen assemblage zones and the high occurrence ratio of the tree layer in comparison with Zone I. In Zone IIa (Quercus-Carpinus Zone), herbs(3~161%) were drastically decreased in predominance of Quercus(28~56%) and Carpinus(14~31%). In Zone IIb (Carpinus-Quercus Zone), Carpinus(36~48%) was preferentially increased but Quercus(29~39%) was slightly decreased. In Zone IIc (Quercus-Carpinus Zone), Carpinus(26~38%) was decreased inversely but Quercus(36~50%) was increased. In addition, Cyperaceae was also increased to 52%. Consequently, it is suggested that cool temperate southern/sub-montane vegetation composed of Quercus and Carpinus which was physiognomy of deciduous broad leaved forest was distributed around the Mulyeongari fen from ca. 3,300 cal. yr BP. In addition, Cyclobalanopsis(4~23%), Castanopsis(1~12%) and Myrica(under 1%) which are warm-temperate evergreen deciduous forest components were constantly appeared from this period. Accordingly, it can be inferred that the present vegetation type around the Mulyeongari fen was formed from ca. 180 cal. yr BP.

Recent Vegetation History and Environmental Changes in Wangdeungjae Moor of Mt. Jiri

Kim, Jae-Geun,Lee, Yang-Woo The Ecological Society of Korea 2005 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.28 No.3

To reveal vegetation history and environmental changes in Mt. Jiri, sediment cores were collected from Wangdeungjae moor of Mt. Jiri. Overall dry matter accumulation rates and sedimentation rates by $^{14}C-dating$ were 0.027 $kg{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}yr^{-1}$ and 0.184 mm/yr since 1250 ($760{\pm}40$ yrs BP, 14 cm in depth). There are three pollen zones; the first zone is below 14 cm depth where Quercus dominated, the second zone is from 14 cm to 6 cm depth where Gramineae increased and Quercus and Salix dominated and the third zone is from 6 cm depth to the top where Pinus and Quercus dominated. Total pollen concentration gradually increased from bottom to the top of sediment core, which implies wet, anaerobic and cool condition during covered period by the core. Calcium and magnesium contents had increased since 14 cm depth, with peaks at 13 and 20 cm depths. This indicates that groundwater had recently become relatively more important than surface water as water source of Wangdeungjae moor Exotic plant or Chenopodiacea pollen was less than 1%. There was little variation in total N and P contents along the length of the core. These results support that Wangdeungjae moor has been little affected by anthropogenic activities. Also, nutrients and heavy metal contents indicate the baseline condition of Wangdeungjae moor.