MiT Family Transcriptional Factors in Immune Cell Functions

Kim, Seongryong,Song, Hyun-Sup,Yu, Jihyun,Kim, You-Me Korean Society for Molecular and Cellular Biology 2021 Molecules and cells Vol.44 No.5

The microphthalmia-associated transcription factor family (MiT family) proteins are evolutionarily conserved transcription factors that perform many essential biological functions. In mammals, the MiT family consists of MITF (microphthalmia-associated transcription factor or melanocyte-inducing transcription factor), TFEB (transcription factor EB), TFE3 (transcription factor E3), and TFEC (transcription factor EC). These transcriptional factors belong to the basic helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper (bHLH-LZ) transcription factor family and bind the E-box DNA motifs in the promoter regions of target genes to enhance transcription. The best studied functions of MiT proteins include lysosome biogenesis and autophagy induction. In addition, they modulate cellular metabolism, mitochondria dynamics, and various stress responses. The control of nuclear localization via phosphorylation and dephosphorylation serves as the primary regulatory mechanism for MiT family proteins, and several kinases and phosphatases have been identified to directly determine the transcriptional activities of MiT proteins. In different immune cell types, each MiT family member is shown to play distinct or redundant roles and we expect that there is far more to learn about their functions and regulatory mechanisms in host defense and inflammatory responses.

Temporal Regulation of Ovine Interferon-tau Gene by the Transcription Factor Eomesodermin in the Peri-Implantation Period

Min-Su Kim,Hyun-Joo Lim,Ji Hwan Lee,Tae Young Hur,Jun Kyu Son 한국동물생명공학회(구 한국동물번식학회) 2019 Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Vol.34 No.4

Interferon tau (IFNT) regulation, an anti-luteolytic factor produced by conceptuses of the ruminant ungulates, is essential for the maintenance of early pregnancy, but a definitive mechanism for its temporal transcription has not been elucidated. We and others have observed the T-box protein eomesodermin (EOMES) exhibited high mRNA expression in the ovine embryonic trophectoderm; thus, both caudal-relatedhomeobox-2 (CDX2) and EOMES coexist during the early stages of conceptus development. Objective of this study was to examine the effect of EOMES on ovine IFNT gene transcription when evaluated with CDX2, ETS2 and AP1 transcription factors implicated in the control of cell differentiation in the trophectoderm. In this study, quantitatively via reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis between ovine trophoblast cells was initially performed, finding that transcription factors CDX2 and ‘EOMES transcription factor mRNAs’ were specific to trophectoderm cells. These mRNAs were also found in days 15, 17, and 21 ovine conceptuses. Furthermore, human choriocarcinoma JEG3 cells (trophoblast cell line) were cotransfected with an ovine IFNT (-654bp)-luciferase reporter (-654-oIFNT-Luc) construct and several transcription factor expression plasmids. Cotransfection of the reporter construct with CDX2, ETS2 and AP1 increased transcription of -654-oIFNT-Luc by about 11-fold compared with transfection of the construct alone. When cells were initially transfected with EOMES followed by transfection with CDX2, ETS2 and/or AP1, the expression of -654-oIFNT-Luc was decreased. Also, EOMES factor inhibited the stimulatory activity of CDX2 alone. These results suggest that when conceptuses attach to the uterine epithelium, ovine IFNT gene transcription is down-regulated by an increase of EOMES factor expression in the attached ovine trophoblast cells.

억양 전사의 객관성 제고를 위하여

오재혁 한말연구학회 2024 한말연구 Vol.65 No.25

. The purpose of this study is to critically examine the problems of intonation transcription that relies on the senses and to propose ways to ensure objectivity to improve the consistency and reliability of intonation transcription. To achieve this, the study briefly reviewed the history of intonation transcription, identified specific problems with the sensory-based transcription method, and discussed two complementary methods: intonation transcription and pitch measurement. In many intonation studies, the intonation transcription method is briefly described in a single line, such as “follows the prosodic transcription conventions of K-ToBI.” However, this does not sufficiently explain the intonation transcription method. Additionally, transcribing intonation by listening to the intonation or observing the intonation curve is a method that relies on human senses, which can result in different outcomes due to variations in perception, even when the same speech is heard and observed. Sensory-based transcription methods have inherent limitations in ensuring the consistency and reliability of intonation transcription. To build on the achievements of intonation research and advance the field, it is essential to ensure the objectivity of intonation transcription. To ensure objectivity, it is necessary to improve sensory-based transcription methods to enhance the consistency and reliability of intonation transcription. Therefore, this study suggests presenting the ‘intonation viewing window dimension ratio (abbreviated as intonation dimension ratio)’ in future intonation transcription and using standardized units (percentage units) for pitch measurement instead of time units on the x-axis. The effectiveness of the intonation dimension ratio and the use of percentage units requires further validation, which will be gradually elucidated in future studies.

朝鮮 初期 洞里村名의 國語學的 硏究

이건식 한국어문교육연구회 2012 어문연구(語文硏究) Vol.40 No.4

This study collected the different transcription of town names in the early Joseon Dynasty, presented the different transcription by stereotyping it and discussed word forms of Korean reflected in the transcription of town names in the early Joseon Dynasty while explaining the relationship between the different transcriptions. The different transcription of town names was collected by using the annotated data described in Topography materials in the early Joseon Dynasty and the different transcription of town names was collected by closely comparing Topography materials from different eras. The following findings were derived while deciphering the relationship of collected the different transcription. First, 7 different transcription relationships were confirmed such as ‘transliteration vs. transliteration, transliteration vs. meaning-borrowing, meaning-borrowing vs. meaning-borrowing, different transcription of Abbre- viations, different transcription of simplification, different transcription caused by Chinese reading of a character, sound borrowing vs. Chinese Characters of Korean Origin’ etc. Second, it turned out that Town Name also tended to be read by their Chinese pronunciation. It was confirmed that Deung can be used in transcription of ‘Do’ and also confirmed that ㅜ> ㅗ changes of Korean can be found in the transcription of Town Name. Third, ‘Baemi’ is known as ‘the unit counting demarcated rice fields’ in modern Korean but it was confirmed that the transcription of town names writing this ‘Baemi’ is Beopmi and the original meaning of ‘Baemi’ was identified as ‘Galpi’ or ‘Jukji’ based on the fact that this Beopmi corresponds to Ik. 이 글은 조선 초기 地理誌 자료에 기술된 주석 자료를 활용하여 洞里村名의 異表記를 수집하였고, 시대를 달리한 지리지 자료를 면밀하게 대조하여 洞里村名의 이표기를 수집하였다. 수집된 異表記의 관계를 해독하면서 다음과 같은 연구 결과를 도출하였다. 첫째, ‘訓借 대 訓借, 音借 대 訓借, 音借 대 音借, 音讀으로 발생된 이표기, 音借 대 韓國固有漢字, 省略表記의 異表記, 簡素化의 이표기’ 등 7가지 이표기 관계를 확인하였다. 둘째, 洞里村名의 경우에도 音讀하는 경향이 조선 초기에 존재했음을 밝혔다. 等이 ‘도’의 표기에 쓰일 수 있음을 확인하였으며, 洞里村名의 표기에서도 국어의 ㅜ>ㅗ 변화를 찾을 수 있음을 확인하였다. 셋째, 현대국어에서 ‘배미’는 ‘구획진 논을 세는 단위’로 알려져 있으나 이 ‘배미’를 표기한 洞里村名 표기가 法彌임을 확인하고, 이 法彌가 翼과 대응되는 것에 근거하여 ‘배미’의 기원적인 의미를 ‘갈피’ 또는 ‘죽지’로 파악하였다.

高句麗 古墳壁畵에 나타난 書寫 관련 내용 검토

고광의 한국고대사학회 2004 韓國古代史硏究 Vol.34 No.-

Writings in ink and scenes of writing found in murals of old tombs in the age of the Koguryo verify the actual conditions of transcription culture in those days exactly. Writings in ink have more material values than inscription engraved on stone or metal in that they were written directly by the Koguryo people and scenes of writing depicted on murals vividly and transcription tools show their actual transcriptions. Many researches on the transcription of murals in old tombs have been developed, but the whole examinations of scenes of transcription found in murals have not been conducted. Therefore, this study analyzes the scenes related to transcription of murals in old tombs in the age of Koguryo and examines the transcription culture in those days. Consequently, transcription tools used in actual life iucluding brush, ink, inkstone, piece of wood, silk, paper and baton were continued. These transcription tools were various and excellent in their quality. And, scenes of transcription found in murals of Koguryo showed writing styels and transcription posture in detail. It seems that writing style was Dangu style or Ssanggu style suitable to transcription in those days and transcription posture showed attaching arms to body tightly and corresponded to actual posture of transcription in those days. Shapes of Koguryo brushes depicted on the murals of Anak Tomb #3 and Muyongch'ong reflected the transcribers' habit in those days. This investigation through murals in Koguryo is meaningful in that it is a new finding of actual materials showing the transcription culture of those days in the research of ancient history of Korea with the lack of records and relics related to transcription culture.

<北京官話 支那語大海> 중국어 성모의 한글 표기 연구

비신연 중국어문학연구회 2014 중국어문학논집 Vol.0 No.89

<北京官話 支那語大海> is a teaching material of Chinese which was published during the Japanese occupation period. This paper is focused on the Korean transcription of Chinese consonants in <北京官話 支那語大海>. The Korean transcription of Chinese consonants can be divided into tow types. The first type is one consonant to one transcription. And the second type is one consonant to more than one transcription. In <北京官話 支那語大海> there are 17 Chinese consonants correspond to the first type, and 5 Chinese consonants correspond to the second type. One consonant to one transcription type is helpful for learners. But one consonant to more than one transcription type causes confusion in pronunciation learning. In this paper we compared the Korean transcription of Chinese consonants in <北京官話 支那語對海> with another three teaching material of Chinese which were also published during the Japanese occupation period. We find that the Korean transcription of Chinese consonants in <北京官話 支那語大海> is more precise than the other three.

CosmoScriBe 2.0: 한국어 전사 도구의 개발

곽선동(Sun-Dong Kwak),장문수(Moon-Soo Chang) 한국지능시스템학회 2014 한국지능시스템학회논문지 Vol.24 No.3

구어 연구에서는 음성 데이터를 문자로 옮기는 전사(Transcription)라는 과정이 필요하다. 전사 작업을 보조하는 프로그램을 전사 도구라고 하는데, 발화 내용을 비롯하여, 발화 시간, 화자 정보 등의 많은 정보를 기록하는 다양한 기능을 제공한다. 이로 인하여 컴퓨터 사용에 익숙하지 않은 사용자는 숙지하는데 어려움이 있다. 또한 전사 도구는 국내에서 개발된 것이 거의 없어서 한국어 환경에 적합하지 않는 경우가 많다. 본 논문에서는 효율적인 한국어 전사를 지원하면서 비숙련자도 도구를 쉽고 빠르게 적응할 수 있는 전사 도구를 제안한다. 이를 위해 비숙련자를 위한 사용자 친화적인 인터페이스 환경을 제공한다. 또한 전사 과정에서 발생할 수 있는 실수를 최소화하기 위해 전사 지원 기능을 제공한다. 마지막으로 데이터 신뢰성을 위한 시스템 구조를 제공한다. 제안하는 도구에 대해 전사 경험의 유무에 따라 사용성 평가를 하였으며, 평가결과는 전체적으로 전사 속도 향상 및 전사 지원 기능이 편리한 것으로 나타났다. In spoken language research, transcription process needs to be carried out to translate voice data into text. Transcription tool, support program of transcription, offers various information such as content and time of utterance and speaker information. For this reason, inexperienced computer users are having trouble familiarizing with the program. Moreover, since there are little transcription tools developed domestically in Korea, they are usually not suitable for Korean environment. In this paper, we propose a transcription tool which supports not only Korean transcription but easy-to-use interface environment for novice. The transcription supporting function is also provided to minimize mistake that might happen in the process of transcription. And a system structure will be provided for data reliability. Usability of the proposed tool is evaluated in accordance with transcription experience. The evaluation result shows that transcription process and transcription support function have become faster and more convenient respectively.

訓借 표기 기반 日本 國字와 音借 표기 기반 韓國 固有漢字에 대하여

이건식 구결학회 2019 구결연구 Vol.43 No.-

This study analyzed the distinct properties of Japanese characters from a viewpoint of Korean authentic Chinese characters. In this study, it was disclosed that in respect of word formation, the word formation of Korean authentic Chinese characters was transformed from compounding into word formation depending on forms and sounds, by contrast, that of the Japanese characters retains compounding including ideographic characters up to the present. This study identified that the Japanese characters have maintained the word formation of compounding by reason of the fact that its word formation of Japanese characters is based on loan meaning transcription. In addition, it was verified that the Korean authentic Chinese characters were transformed by the word formation based on forms and sounds. As a result, this study revealed the The Japanese characters based on loan meaning transcription have the properties of items, which are the transcription of native language, the variety of agent writing and the ways of encoding meaning. On the other hand, the Korean authentic Chinese characters based on loan sound transcription can not have the properties derived from loan meaning transcription. The Japanese words,‘凩(こがらし, a cold wind of early winter or late fall), 凪(なぎ, no wind and waves on the sea because of no wind), [几雪](ふぶき, blizzard), and 颪(おろし, a wind blowing down from a mountain)’ are vocabulary from the lexicon regarding ‘wind’which are transcribed in the Japanese characters. This study disclosed that these properties were originated from the efforts for transcribing the native language, Japanese and these properties of Japanese transcription are additional ones of loan meaning transcription. This study also illustrated that the Japanese characters have the property of multiple word formation and this is originated from the variety of agent writing. In other words, there are Japanese characters such as ‘[木/赤], [木/丹], [木/色], 椛’, which mean‘autumn leaves.’These show the property of multiple word formation in Japanese characters. Furthermore, this represents the property of the variety in agent writing. Moreover, the variety of agent writing which the Japanese characters have can be identified as an additional property of Japanese transcription. In addition, this study mentioned that based on 『新撰字鏡』, the fact can be justified that the multiple word formation of Japanese characters has retained the variety of agent writing for a long time. In this study, it was mentioned that the word formation of Japanese characters has the property of keeping the present aspect and this is starting from the ways of encoding meaning in Japanese characters It was also mentioned that illyeogeo(人力車), which is an invention of the 19th century, is transcribed into geo(俥) in the Japanese character and this reveals the Japanese character plays a role of a way for encoding meaning. Also it was mentioned that the property of encoding meaning which Japanese characters have is also an additional property of loan meaning transcription. 이 연구는 한국 固有漢字가 가지는 특성의 관점에서 일본 國字가 가지는 차별적 특성을 분석하였다. 이 연구에서는 造字法의 유형 측면에서 한국 고유한자와 차별되는 일본 국자의 특성을 파악하였다. 한국 고유한자의 경우에는 조자법이 合字法에서 形聲에 의한 조자법으로 변모했으나 일본 국자의 경우에는 오늘날에 이르기까지도 會意字를 포함하여 合字法을 유지하고 있다는 사실을 확인하였다. 이 연구에서는 일본 국자의 조자법이 訓借 表記法에 기반을 두고 있어서 일본 국자가 오늘날까지 합자법의 조자법을 유지하게 된 것으로 파악하였다. 아울러 이 연구에서는 形聲에 의한 조자법으로 변모한 한국 고유한자는 音借 表記法에 기반을 둔 것임을 확인하였다. 이 연구에서는 훈차 표기법에 기반한 일본 국자의 경우에는 ‘自國語 表記, 作成 主體의 다양성, 의미의 인코딩 수단’ 등의 특성을 가지나 음차 표기법에 기반한 한국 고유한자의 경우에는 훈차 표기법으로부터 파생된 특성을 가질 수 없음을 주장하였다. 일본 국자 ‘凩(こがらし, 초겨울이나 늦가을의 찬바람), 凪(なぎ, 바람이 없어 바닷물의 풍랑이 없음), [几雪](ふぶき, 눈보라), 颪(おろし, 산에서 내려 부는 바람)’ 등은 ‘바람’ 관련 語彙場의 어휘를 일본 국자로 표현한 것인데, 이 연구에서는 일본 국자가 가지는 이러한 특성이 자국어 표기를 위한 노력에서 유발된 것으로 파악하였으며, 이러한 자국어 표기 특성을 일본 국자가 가지는 훈차 표기법의 부가적인 특성으로 파악하였다. 이 연구에서는 일본 국자가 가지는 일본어를 多重的으로 造字하는 특성이 일본 국자의 작성 주체의 다양성에서 비롯된 것으로 파악하였다. 즉 ‘단풍’을 뜻하는 일본 국자에는 ‘[木/赤], [木/丹], [木/色], 椛’ 등이 있는데, 이것은 일본 국자의 다중적 조자법 특성을 말하는 것이며, 이 특성은 작성 주체의 다양성에서 비롯된 것으로 파악하였다. 또한 일본 국자가 가지는 작성 주체의 다양성은 일본 국자가 가지는 자국어 표기의 부가적 특성으로 파악하였다. 그리고 일본 국자의 다중적 조자법이 『新撰字鏡』에 나타나는 것을 근거로 일본 국자 작성 주체의 다양성이 오래 전부터 유지되어 온 것임을 언급하였다. 이 연구에서는 일본 국자의 조자법이 오늘날까지도 現在性을 유지하고 있는 것이 일본 국자가 의미를 인코딩(encoding)하는 수단에서 비롯된 것임을 언급하였다. 19세기 발명품인 人力車가 일본 국자 俥로 표현된 것은 일본 국자가 의미의 인코딩 수단임을 말해 주는 것으로 언급하였다. 또한 일본 국자가 가지는 의미의 인코딩 특성도 훈차 표기의 부가적 특성임을 언급하였다.

현대국어의 어두 경음화 표기 실태 연구

한명숙 ( Myeong Suk Han ) 겨레어문학회 2014 겨레어문학 Vol.53 No.-

이 연구는 인터넷 웹 검색을 활용하여 현대국어의 어두 경음화 표기실태를 조사하는 것이 목적이다. 지금까지 어두 경음화가 실현된 형태의 표기들은 어문규범에 어긋난 표기라는 점만 주로 부각되었으나 본고에서 는 어두 경음화가 실현된 형태가 표기에 나타나는 것은 어두 경음화 현 상이 발음뿐만 아니라 표기에도 확산되어 가는 과정으로 보았다. 그리하여 현대국어의 어두 경음화 표기 실태와 시간의 흐름에 따른 어두 경음 화 표기의 변화 양상을 살펴보고자 하였다. 어두 경음화 표기 변화 양상을 확인하기 위해 어두 경음화 표기 정도 에 따라 크게 네 가지로 분류하여 사용 실태를 계량적으로 확인하였다. 첫째, 어두 경음화 표기가 거의 굳어진 경우 둘째, 어두 경음화 표기가 우세한 경우 셋째, 어두 경음화 표기가 증가하는 경우 넷째, 어두 경음화 표기와 표준 표기가 비슷한 경우로 나누어 최근 10년 동안 표기 선호도 가 어떻게 변하고 있는지를 살펴보았다. This study investigated the actual transcription condition of word-initial glottalization in modern-Korean by searching the Internet. So far, the real transcription form which is realized as word-initial glottalization has been dealt wit3h an error based on language norms. This paper, however, viewed it as a spreading process of word-intial glottalization; i.e. word-intial glottalization occurs not only pronunciation but also language transcription. Thus, this study examined the actual transcription condition and the transcription changing aspects of word-initial glottalization over time. This study, particularly, employed infinite size of the Web documents as a living language resources and identified specific figures of transcription in word-intial glottalization. In this sense, this research has the distinction with previous studies. The results are as follows. First, ‘Jjookkoomi, kkomjangeo, ssukmaek`` was identified. These are the fixed transcription of word-initial glottalization. The ratio of ‘Jjookkoomi, kkomjangeo, ssukmaek`` which are represented as fortis is more than 70% in the real world. Especially, in the case of ‘Jjookkoomi’, the ratio is over 90% and it shows that fortis is preferred. This representation, however, already was used ten years ago, so this indicates that language audiences regard word-fortis transcription as a standardtype. Second, the transcription of word-intial glottalization appeared prominently. These examples were ‘ssaeoul, jjolbyenong, jjoejipkye, etc’. In the case of ‘saeoul or jjolbyeong’, these transcriptions tend to change as standard notation. ‘jjoejipkye’ did not show a remarkable change. Third, the transcription of word-initial glottalization gradually increased. These instances were ‘kkomul, kkolcho, ssaengkicho, jjifinae, etc.’ Fourth, the two sets of data which the standard transcription and word-initial glottalization had similar ratios were dealt with. These were ‘jalida/jjalida’, ‘saengchobo/ssaengchobo’, and ‘jaturi/jjaturi’. These forms are currently understood that they co-exist with a similar level. In the case of ‘jaturi/jjaturi’, ‘jaturi’ had the upper hand. With regard to ‘jalida/jjalida’ and ‘saengchobo/ssaengchobo’, they did not show any particular direction.

Chromatin Kinases Act on Transcription Factors and Histone Tails in Regulation of Inducible Transcription

Josefowicz, Steven Z.,Shimada, M.,Armache, A.,Li, Charles H.,Miller, Rand M.,Lin, S.,Yang, A.,Dill, Brian D.,Molina, H.,Park, H.S.,Garcia, Benjamin A.,Taunton, J.,Roeder, Robert G.,Allis, C. Cell Press 2016 Molecular cell Vol.64 No.2

<P>The inflammatory response requires coordinated activation of both transcription factors and chromatin to induce transcription for defense against pathogens and environmental insults. We sought to elucidate the connections between inflammatory signaling pathways and chromatin through genomic footprinting of kinase activity and unbiased identification of prominent histone phosphorylation events. We identified H3 serine 28 phosphorylation (H3S28ph) as the principal stimulation-dependent histone modification and observed its enrichment at induced genes in mouse macrophages stimulated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Using pharmacological and genetic approaches, we identified mitogen-and stress-activated protein kinases (MSKs) as primary mediators of H3S28ph in macrophages. Cell-free transcription assays demonstrated that H3S28ph directly promotes p300/CBP-dependent transcription. Further, MSKs can activate both signal-responsive transcription factors and the chromatin template with additive effects on transcription. Specific inhibition of MSKs in macrophages selectively reduced transcription of stimulation-induced genes. Our results suggest that MSKs incorporate upstream signaling inputs and control multiple downstream regulators of inducible transcription.</P>