고봉(高峰)은 퇴계(退溪)의 사단칠정설(四端七情說)에 동의하였는가 - 주자어류의 사단시리지발(四端是理之發) 칠정시기지발(七情是氣之發)에 대한 논의를 중심으로

洪正根 ( Hong Jung-geun ) 한국유교학회 2010 유교사상문화연구 Vol.42 No.-

고봉은 퇴계와 8년여에 걸쳐 사단칠정에 관한 논변을 벌였다. 최근에 성균관에서 발간한 『유교대사전』과, 민족문화추진회에서 번역한 『국역 고봉전서』에는 고봉이 퇴계의 사단칠정설에 동의하였다거나 복종하였다는 표현이 나온다. 그러나 근래에 발표된 또 다른 일부 서적과 논문들에서는 이와 달리 고봉이 퇴계의 주장을 시인하고 받아들였다고 할 수 없다거나, 퇴계에게 승복당하지 않았다는 등의 주장을 하고 있다. 상반된 의견이다. 고봉은 퇴계와 『주자어류』의 ‘四端是理之發 七情是氣之發’을 해석하는 과정에서 다른 입장을 취했다. 퇴계는 사단과 칠정을 엄격히 구분하는 관점을 유지하며 『주자어류』의 문장을 논변 초기부터 줄곧 긍정하였고, 고봉은 초기에는 『주자어류』의 문장에 대해 퇴계의 설과 같다고 보아 비판적으로 논하다가 시간이 지나면서 긍정하였다. 고봉은 퇴계의 해석 방법을 對說이라고 하였고, 자신의 해석 방법을 因說이라고 하였다. 퇴계는 자신의 학설을 대설이라고 하는 고봉의 견해에 대해 수긍하였다. 퇴계는 본연지성과 기질지성을 구분하듯이 사단과 칠정을 엄격히 구분해야 한다는 점을 지속적으로 주장하였다. 이에 비해 고봉은 사단은 칠정 가운데 선한 측면이라는 입장을 취하고 있었다. 퇴계는 칠정은 기를 위주로 논해야 하므로 氣發이라고 해야 옳다고 주장하였으며, 이러한 관점에서 『주자어류」의 ‘七情是氣之發’을 긍정하였다. 고봉은 칠정은 리기의 발로 보아야 한다고 주장하였으며, 초기에는 이러한 입장에서 『주자어류』의 ‘七情是氣之發’을 비판하였으나, 시간이 흐르면서 주자의 ‘七情是氣之發’을 理弱氣强의 현실을 고려한 표현이라고 보아 긍정하였다. 그러나 내적으로는 여전히 칠정은 리기의 발이라는 관점을 유지하고 있었다. ‘四端是理之發’에 대해서는 퇴계와 고봉사이에 별다른 논쟁이 없었다. 『주자어류』의 ‘四端是理之發 七情是氣之發’에 대한 고봉과 퇴계의 해석을 검토해 보면, 고봉은 사단은 칠정 가운데 선한 측면이라는 점과 칠정은 리기의 발이라는 주장을 처음부터 끝까지 유지하고 있었다. 이러한 견해는 퇴계의 사단칠정설과 다른 것이다. 고봉이 퇴계의 사단칠정설에 동의하였다거나 승복하였다고 보는 견해는 수정되어야 한다. Gobong and Toegye had discussed the Doctrine of "Four Bases and Seven Feelings" over eight years. Recently, it is said that Gobong agreed with or accepted Toegye's doctrine of Four Bases and Seven Feelings in the Encyclopedia of Confucianism published by Sungkyunkwan University and in the Translation of Gobong's Whole Book published by the Institute for the Translation of Korean Classics. Also, when closing their discussion, Gobong wrote the Later Doctrine of Four Bases and Seven Feelings and the Total Doctrine of Four Foundation and Seven Feelings. In them, there is a few of sentences that Gobong seemed to accept Toegye's doctrine of Four Bases and Seven Feelings. On the other hand, in a few of theses recently published, there are a few opinions that Gobong neither accepted Toegye's doctrine nor he consented Toegye. Therefore, their opinions of understanding positions of the two are opposed to each other. Gobong and Toegye had their own positions in the process of understanding "Four Bases as the Arousing of Principle and Seven Feelings as the Arousing of Vital Force" in Zhuziyulei. Toegye clang to the position of sharply distinguishing Four Bases from Seven Feelings and constantly accepted these sentences in Zhuziyulei. On the other hand, firstly Gobong criticized them, because he thought that they were in accordance with Toegye's doctrine, but later he agreed with them. Gobong called Toegye's method of understanding these sentences a doctrine of corresponding to them (對說), while he did his own method a doctrine of having a foundation for them (因說). Toegye agreed with Gobong's opinion that Toegye's method of understanding these sentences is a doctrine of corresponding to them. Toegye constantly argued that Four Bases and Seven Feelings were sharply distinguished, as is in the case of the human nature of original substance and that of disposition. On the other hand, Gobong had a position that Four Bases were the good side of Seven Feelings. Toegye emphasized that it was correct to say that Seven Feelings was called the arousing of vital force because they were regarded as vital force, and so accepted the doctrine of "Seven Feelings as the Arousing of Vital Force" in Zhuziyulei. Gobong emphasized that Seven Feelings were regarded as the arousing of principle and vital force, firstly criticized the doctrine of "Seven Feelings as the Arousing of Vital Force" in Zhuziyulei, but later accepted it, in that this doctrine was an expression of considering a real situation of principle was week and vital force is strong. Nevertheless, he still maintained a view that Seven Feelings were the arousing of principle and vital force. The two scholars had no controversy over "Four Bases as the Arousing of Principle." Considering the two scholars' opinions of "Four Bases as the Arousing of Principle and Seven Feelings as the Arousing of Vital Force" in Zhuziyulei, Gobong constantly had an argument that Four Bases were the good side of Seven Feelings and Seven Feelings were the arousing of principle and vital force. This argument is different from Toegye's doctrine of Four Bases and Seven Feelings. It seems to me that we have to correct such a view that Gobong agreed with or accepted Toegye's doctrine.

불교에서 언어에 의한 대상세계 구성의 문제: 유식사상에 나타난 언어적 전회

안성두 한국불교연구원 2023 불교연구 Vol.59 No.-

It is widely known that Indian thought has a fundamental interest in language. Recently, J. Bronkhorst published a series of studies that drew our attention to the relationship between language and objects in Indian thought. In Language and Reality (2011), in particular, he designates this principle as “Correspondence Principle”, and argues that it lay at the root of the thoughts of various schools of the Indian schools for over half a millennium after Nāgārjuna (ca 150-250). This paper aims to understand whether it is possible to apply his correspondence principle to Buddhist ideas, especially to the Three-Nature (svabhāvatraya) theories of Indian Yogācāra-Vijñānavāda school, and to understand it from the perspective of the so-called “Linguistic turn” in Indian Buddhism. To this purpose, I try to distinguish the Three-Nature theory into two flows. One is an explanation from the perspective of the Noesis-Noema (grāhaka-grāhya) corelation, to use the terminology of Phenomenology, and the other is to apply the perspective of the expression-the expressed (abhilāpa- abhilāpya) relation to the fictive nature (parikalpitasvabhāva). For me, the latter flow could be rightly understood as a linguistic turn in Indian thought. 인도사상이 언어에 대해 근본적인 관심을 갖고 있다는 것은 널리 알려져 있다. 최근 브롱코스트(Bronkhorst 2011)는 인도사상에 나타나는 언어와 대상 간의 대응관계를 ‘대응원리’(correspondence principle)이라 부르면서, 그것이 용수(Nāgārjuna, ca 150-250) 이후 반천년 동안 인도고전시기의 여러 학파들의 사유의 근저에 놓여있다고 주장했다. 본 논문은 불교사상, 특히 인도유식문헌에 나타난 삼성설에 그의 대응원리를 적용시킬 수 있는지를 검토한 것이다. 여기서는 특히 삼성설 중의 변계소집성의 해석에 나타나는 언어의 대상구성적 측면을 인도사상에서의 언어적 전회(linguistic turn)로서 간주한 것이다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 삼성설을 문헌의 설명에 따라 두 개의 흐름으로 구별했다. 하나는 식의 흐름에 초점을 맞춘 능취(grāhaka)-소취(grāhya)의 관점에서의 설명이고, 다른 하나는 변계소집성의 설명에서 능전(abhilāpa)-소전(abhilāpya)의 관점을 적용하는 설명이다. 나는 유식문헌 일부에 보이는 후자의 해석이 인도사상에서의 언어적 전회에 해당된다고 주장하는 것이다.

Reconsidering the Formal Accounts of Continuity in the Theory-Change from Newtonian to Einsteinian Physics

양경은 한국논리학회 2009 論理硏究 Vol.12 No.2

This essay will consider evolutionary views that attempt to capture the continuity of theory-change from Newtonian to Einsteinian physics via the formal aspects of these theories. Although it cannot be denied that the formal aspects such as ‘correspondence principles’ and ‘covariance principles’ provide important information concerning this theory-change, these formal properties are not sufficient to capture the essential elements of any evolutionary account of the development of Einstein’s special and general theories of relativity from Newtonian mechanics.

Enriched finite element method for three-dimensional viscoelastic interfacecrack problems

Junhui Yang,Yongjun Lei,Junli Han,Shangyang Meng 대한기계학회 2016 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.30 No.2

The enriched finite element method is developed for three-dimensional problems of an interface crack between elastic and viscoelastic (including dissimilar viscoelastic) materials. According to the displacement fields of elastic interface crack, the displacement fields of viscoelastic interface crack are derived through the correspondence principle. By incorporating the displacement expressions into the displacement model of regular element, the incremental formulations of enriched element are derived. The stress intensity factor, and strain energy release rates can be solved based on the enriched degree of freedoms. A 3-D through interface crack at the center of jointed dissimilar viscoelastic plate subjected to remote tension and a quarter-circular viscoelastic interface corner crack subjected to uniform thermal loading was investigated using the enriched finite element method. It is shown that the present solutions are consistent with the analytical solutions, which indicates the present method is correct and efficient.

Application of modified Tao-Mason equation of state to refrigerant mixtures

Masoumeh Kiani,Mohammad Mehdi Papari,Zahra Nowruzian,Jalil Moghadasi 한국화학공학회 2015 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.32 No.7

In our previous work, we modified the Tao-Mason EOS [1] to predict the volumetric properties of pure refrigerants [2]. In the present study, we have successfully extended the modified Tao-Mason EOS to refrigerant mixtures. The second virial coefficient, B2(T), and the temperature-dependent correction factor α(T) and van der Waals co-volume b(T) were calculated from a two-parameter corresponding-states correlation along with the enthalpy of vaporization and the molar density, both at the normal boiling point. Then the cross parameters B12(T), α12(T), and b12(T), were determined with the help of simple combining rules. The constructed Tao-Mason EOS was employed to predict the densities and vapor pressures of several HFC, hydrocarbons and HFO mixtures. The calculated results were compared with literature data. The overall agreement between our results and literature values is remarkable.

구문론으로서의 수학: 괴델의 비판과 카르납의 과학적 철학

이정민 ( Jeongmin Lee ) 한국논리학회 2018 論理硏究 Vol.21 No.1

괴델은 ‘수학은 언어의 구문론인가?’라는 미출간 논문에서 그가 ‘구문론적 해석'이라고 부르는 카르납의 관점을 비판한다. 박일호, 전영삼, 어워디와 캐러스, 리켓츠, 테넌트 등은 괴델의 논변을 여러 가지 방식으로 재구성하고, 카르납의 가능한 대응을 검토해 왔다. 이 논문은 수학의 성격에 대한 괴델과 카르납의 논쟁을 재현한 뒤 대부분의 기존 논의를 비판하고 다음과 같은 새로운 기여를 하려 한다. 먼저 여러 학자가 카르납의 견해로 지적한 ‘언어 상대성’이 과장되었다고 주장한다. 오히려 괴델 비판의 핵심은 수학의 적용 문제이며 ‘기대가능성’에 기초한 논변이다. 따라서 카르납이 수학의 적용, 특히 과학에의 적용을 어떻게 보았는지를 논의하여 괴델에 응답한다. 그 과정에서 기존 논의가 간과한 카르납의 ‘대응 원리’가 핵심적인 역할을 한다고 주장한다. 마지막으로 괴델 불완전성 정리의 진정한 함축인 수학의 소진불가능성은 카르납과 괴델 자신이 정확히 동의하는 부분이라고 주장한다. In his unpublished article, “Is Mathematics Syntax of Language?,” Godel criticizes what he calls the ‘syntactical interpretation’ of mathematics by Carnap. Park, Chun, Awodey and Carus, Ricketts, and Tennant have all reconstructed Godel’s arguments in various ways and explored Carnap’s possible responses. This paper first recreates Godel and Carnap’s debate about the nature of mathematics. After criticizing most existing reconstructions, I claim to make the following contributions. First, the ‘language relativity’ several scholars have attributed to Carnap is exaggerated. Rather, the essence of Godel’s critique is the applicability of mathematics and the argument based on ‘expectability’. Thus, Carnap’s response to Godel must be found in how he saw the application of mathematics, especially its application to science. I argue that the ‘correspondence principle’ of Carnap, which has been overlooked in the existing discussions, plays a key role in the application of mathematics. Finally, the real implications of Godel’s incompleteness theorems - the inexhaustibility of mathematics - turn out to be what both Godel and Carnap agree about.

형법에서 사전 관점과 사후 관점의 부합원칙

김현조 경북대학교 법학연구원 2016 법학논고 Vol.0 No.54

The fundamental prerequisite to impose criminal sanctions is a infringement of obligation by the subject of crime. The infringement of obligation exists only to the extent possible the ability of the subject of crime. This is the basic precondition of criminal dogma. It is confirmed by the ex-post judgment that there was the infringement of certain obligation. However, such an obligation must always exist in advance(=ex-ante) in that it can be set only towards the future. The principle of correspondency means that ex-post judgement is must be made within the scope to be determined through ex-ante judgement. Judging by ex-ante, there must be the risk, the possibility of actions, the knowability, and the behavioral norms in order to say that there is a obligation for actor. This is the primary imputation. If the primary imputation was recognized in a individual case, we will be to judge whether he pulled the fulfill its obligations. This is the secondary imputation and ex-post judgement Namely, in order to impute the results that have already occurred to the offender, the risk that had been determined to be important in ex-ante should be realized. If it is determined to be riskless in ex-ante, there is no risk be created in ex-post. Thus in this case there is no need to consider whether the realization of the risk. In the extent corresponding between ex ante and ex post review, it is possible to be impute the criminal sanction. The principle of correspondency is not only to play a key role in the objective imputation of a result. This principle has important implications in the overall problem of criminal law theory such as intent and negligence, feasance and nonfeasance, consummation and attempt, impossible attempt. 형법적인 귀속에 있어서 의미가 있는 모든 사후 판단에는 하나의 사전 판단이선행하게 되는데, 이러한 사전 판단을 통해서 정해진 범위 내에서 사후 판단이 이루어져야 한다는 것이 사후 판단과 사전 판단의 부합원칙이다. 형법적 제재를 부과하기 위해서는 의무침해가 있어야 하며, 사후적으로 의무침해가 있었는지를 판단하기 위해서는 사전적으로 행위자에게 그것에 상응하는 행위(작위 또는 부작위)의무가 있어야 한다. 행위자에게 사전적으로 의무가 있다고하기 위해서는 위험, 행위가능성, 인식가능성, 그리고 행위규범이 존재해야 하는데이를 제1차적 귀속이라고 한다. 개별적인 사례에서 제1차적 귀속이 긍정되면 제2 차적 귀속, 즉 행위주체가 그러한 의무에 따랐느냐 따르지 않았느냐에 관한 판단이 이루어지는데 이것은 사후적으로만 판단할 수밖에 없다. 사후적 판단의 구체적내용은 의무를 설정할 때 그에게 요구되었던 것과 동일하게 그 주체가 자신의 신체적 또는 인식적 능력을 사용했는지 사용하지 않았는지와 위험이 실현되었는지에 관해 판단하는 것이다. 민법과 같은 법률체계와는 달리 형법적 귀속, 특히 제2 차적 귀속을 위해서는 의무침해의 존재여부 이외에 작위인지 부작위인지, 고의인지 과실인지, 그리고 기수인지 미수인지에 대한 판단이 필요하다. 제2차적 귀속의전제조건들이 많이 충족되면 될수록 의무침해는 더욱더 강한 형법적 제재를 받게된다. 부작위, 과실 또는 미수의 경우에는 그것이 완전히 불가벌적인 것이 아니라면 작위, 고의 또는 기수에 비하여 경한 형벌이 부과되는 것이다. 사전 판단과 사후 판단 사이의 부합원칙은 단지 위험실현에 관한 판단, 즉 소위결과의 객관적 귀속가능성에 있어서만 핵심적 역할을 하는 것은 아니다. 고의와과실, 작위와 부작위, 기수와 미수 등 형법의 전반적인 문제에 있어서 부합원칙은모순 없는 형법적 귀속체계의 발전을 위해서 결정적인 의미를 가진다.

The Distinctness Principle of Copies and The Linear Correspondence Axiom

Gwangrak Son 한국언어과학회 2016 언어과학 Vol.23 No.4

登記强制主義에 관한 立法論的 考察

김판기(Kim PanGi) 한양법학회 2008 漢陽法學 Vol.24 No.-

We have adopted the principle of application by the party in Registration of Real Estate Act. So, it is decided through an intention of the party whether the party makes an application. However, this system has raised some problems. So, the government has enacted the Act on Special Measures for the Registration of Real Estate to making public the process and form changed property rights of real-estate to correspond the truth right of real-estate. But, the registration to preserve the ownership is not enforced under the existing provisions. In result, it has had a bad influence to our system: evasion of the registration tax, damage of the principle about fair taxation etc.. In this study, I would review and analyze some problems of our system about enforcing real-estate registration and registration systems of Japan for construction of the real-estate registration corresponding to the substance. And then, I would offer solution to the adoption of a principle enforcing real-estate registration: the amendment of the Act on Special Measures for the Registration of Real Estate, the adoption of registration system about the indication of real-estate. In the event, this discussion would furnish the first step toward the solution of the question to improve the real-estate registration system.

개념의미론과 합성성

양정석 한국어의미학회 2013 한국어 의미학 Vol.40 No.-

In this paper I introduce the model-theoretic reconstruction of Jackendoff’s(1990) Conceptual Semantics by Zwarts & Verkuyl(1994), and show that, combining with some formal semantic devices like λ-expressions and functional application rule, it can be successfully implemented in the description of Korean locomotive verb constructions and manner-of-motion verb constructions. Three kinds of adjunct correspondence rules are formulated along with the argument linking principle, and it is elucidated how those rules and the principle are interconnected with syntactic procedures.