A Dynamic Simulation Model for the Total Packaging System Cost Analysis in an International Supply Chain

김종경,신해웅 한국무역연구원 2017 무역연구 Vol.13 No.6

To implement a new packaging system for an international supply chain, a packaging and supply chain manager should have a good understanding of the total packaging cost concept. Especially for the reusable packaging system, a poor investment may result in enormous loss of assets and efficiency throughout the supply chain. This paper compares one-way and reusable packaging systems. For the reusable packaging system, two options, company-owned or rental, were considered. A dynamic simulation method was used for calculating the number of reusable plastic containers (totes) and total packaging cost, based on activity-based cost data provided by an automotive company. The variables considered include costs of shipping containers, distance, and transport time required for a minimum 2-year operation. Five scenarios were tested which evaluated system time and cost, resource utilization for the process and number of units processed. The greatest benefit of using the dynamic simulation is that it provides real-time status information about the packaging inventory and various cost-benefit scenarios in the target supply chain. This paper identified the cost associated with each level of various activities (e.g., cost per line item picked, cost per delivery, etc.) which enables to show a clearer picture of the true packaging and logistics costs, so any inefficiency in a supply chain due to adoption of different packaging system. The results of this simulation can help in analyzing the interactive and coherent behavior between different packaging and supply chain systems.

A Dynamic Simulation Model for the Total Packaging System Cost Analysis in an International Supply Chain*

Jong-Kyoung Kim,Hae-Woong Shin 한국무역연구원 2017 貿易 硏究 Vol.13 No.6

To implement a new packaging system for an international supply chain, a packaging and supply chain manager should have a good understanding of the total packaging cost concept. Especially for the reusable packaging system, a poor investment may result in enormous loss of assets and efficiency throughout the supply chain. This paper compares one-way and reusable packaging systems. For the reusable packaging system, two options, company-owned or rental, were considered. A dynamic simulation method was used for calculating the number of reusable plastic containers (totes) and total packaging cost, based on activity-based cost data provided by an automotive company. The variables considered include costs of shipping containers, distance, and transport time required for a minimum 2-year operation. Five scenarios were tested which evaluated system time and cost, resource utilization for the process and number of units processed. The greatest benefit of using the dynamic simulation is that it provides real-time status information about the packaging inventory and various cost-benefit scenarios in the target supply chain. This paper identified the cost associated with each level of various activities (e.g., cost per line item picked, cost per delivery, etc.) which enables to show a clearer picture of the true packaging and logistics costs, so any inefficiency in a supply chain due to adoption of different packaging system. The results of this simulation can help in analyzing the interactive and coherent behavior between different packaging and supply chain systems.

Evaluation of Internal Costs and Benefits for Taiwanese Computer Manufacturers Adopting Green Supply Chains

Dun-Ji CHEN,Shih-Wu LIANG 한국해운물류학회 2012 The Asian journal of shipping and Logistics Vol.28 No.1

This study aims to explore internal cost variation in Taiwan’s computer industry after adopting green supply chains, and to calculate sales revenue difference with and without green supply chains, further estimating the so-called “green producer’s surplus.” that is the difference between the changes of revenue and product cost after adopting green supply chains. The multiple-output translog cost function is used to establish an empirical model based on the cost data of twelve listed companies in Taiwan. There are two kinds of outputs and four element prices considered in the empirical cost model. This study uses 2006, the year the associated environment directives were executed as the first year Taiwanese computer manufactures adopted green supply chains. The results of estimation show that, the internal cost of Taiwan’s computer industry increased 3.84% after adopting green supply chains in the European market, and the entire Taiwanese computer industry generated approximately NT$1.72 billion of producer’s surplus in 2006. Our major research contribution is to develop a valid cost function and the cost-benefit difference analysis to measure the associated changes in cost and revenue for the Taiwanese computer manufacture adopting green supply chains, and to prove the significant internal economic benefit gained by Taiwanese computer industry after implementing green supply chains.

지방상수도 서비스의 생산비용 및 요금에 관한 영향요인 연구

정성영 ( Seong Young Jeong ),조세현 ( Sae Hyen Cho ),현대용 ( Dae Yong Hyun ),배수호 ( Su Ho Bae ) 한국지방행정연구원 2012 地方行政硏究 Vol.26 No.3

The purpose of this paper is to examine factors affecting local water supply costs and water prices in Korea. Our major concerns are in the following: (1) supply-side factors, (2) demand-side factors, and (3) institutional and financial factors. We utilize a seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) estimation method to take into account the correlations between the residuals in the both equations for our dependent variables, i.e., water supply costs and water prices. In doing that, it utilizes panel data (2000 to 2009) from 156 local water suppliers in Korea. According to empirical findings, institutional and financial factors, along with supply-side and demand-side factors, significantly affect local water supply costs and water prices. In details, water supply capacity and population density have negative effects on water supply costs, while water supply rates, water leakage rates, single household rates, multiple household rates, and water supply-related debts have positive effects. Water supply capacity, population density, and local financial autonomy make contributions to a decrease in water prices, while pipe length, a local government categorized as a city rather than a county, and water supply-related debts contribute to an increase in water prices. These findings suggest that we need to consider not only supply-side and demand-side factors but also institutional and financial factors in order to reduce water supply costs and prices.

광역상수도 비용배분문제에 대한 게임이론접근법 도입방안 연구

김상우,이정전 대한국토·도시계획학회 2006 國土計劃 Vol.41 No.3

Much-talked overinvestment in water supply facilities is partly due to the cost allocation problem associated with multi-regional water supply. Recognizing this fact, this paper is intended to propose a rational cost allocation mechanism that is based on the Shapley value method. The Shapley value method and it's special form, the serial cost sharing method satisfy the fairness conditions for the cost allocation. This is particularly relevant to the multi-regional water supply problem we face. Especially, the serial cost sharing method has an advantage in that it is relatively simple to apply. In addition to these two methods, this paper proposes a new version that combines the Shapley value method and the serial cost sharing method. Then, this version is applied to the case of Metropolitan water supply system. As a result of the application, it was estimated that the price of water per ton would decline by about 90 Won on the average. In addition, it was also estimated that more than 2 trillion Won could be saved in the national budget.키 워 드 광역상수도, 비용배분방법, 협조적 게임이론, 샤플리밸류, 순차적 배분방법Keywords Multi-regional Water Supply, Cost Allocation Methods, Cooperative Game Theory, Shapley Value, Serial Cost Sharing

지방상수도의 총괄원가 편차 분석

전병희 ( Byong-hee Jun ) 한국환경기술학회 2016 한국환경기술학회지 Vol.17 No.4

상수도는 국민생활에 필수적인 기본재이며 대체재가 없다. 따라서 수도요금이 사회에 미치는 영향력은 크다. 이 연구의 목적은 지역의 상수도 총괄원가와 요금에 영향을 주는 지역적 요인을 밝히는 것이다. 먼저 상수도 생산원가와 요금을 기초로 요금현실화율의 지역적 편차를 조사하였다. 대도시의 현실화율은 비교적 높은 반면 중소 지자체의 현실화율은 매우 낮았다. 규모의 경제 효과를 파악하기 위해 각 지역별 정수장 수와 시설용량, 급수면적, 급수인구를 조사하였다. 그 결과 정수장당 시설용량과 급수인구가 상수도 생산원가에 큰 영향을 미치는 것을 알 수 있었다. 정수장당 급수인구 10만 이하에서는 생산원가가 급격히 증가하여, 규모의 경제가 크게 영향을 주고 있음을 보여준다. 특히 강원도의 경우 인구 밀도가 작음에도 불구하고 지자체가 면적이 넓어 광역시보다 많은 정수장을 운영하고 있어 규모의 경제를 실현하기 매우 어려움을 알 수 있다. 결과적으로 강원도 내 중소 지자체의 상수도 생산원가는 광역시에 비해 톤당 2,500원정도 높게 소요되었다. 이런 규모의 경제를 실현할 수 없는 지역적 특수성에 의한 총괄원가 상승분은 보편적 물복지의 차원에서 중앙정부의 정책적 지원과 보상이 필요하다고 판단된다. Drinking water is the essential primary goods for people`s life and there is no substitutional goods else. So the water rate has strong influence on community. The purpose of this paper is to find out the regional determinants of local water supply overall costs and water rates. First, the regional variation in the rates of recovering costs from water supply costs and water rates was investigated. Whereas the recovering rates in metropolitan city were relatively higher, those of local government were very low. To identify the effect of economies of scale, the number, capacity, water supply area, water supply population of metropolitan city and local government, respectively. As results, we found that water supply capacity and water supply population in each water purification plant have a decisive effect on water supply cost. A sharp increase of water supply cost below 100 thousand of water supply population each water purification plant shows a obvious effect of economies of scale. Especially, regardless of low population density, each regional government in Gangwon-do Province operates more water purification plants than the metropolitan cities, so it was proved to be difficult to realize the economies of scale. Consequently, the water supply cost of regional government in Gangwon-do Province is higher to 2,500 won per ton than that of metropolitan cities. These findings suggest that the central government should promote the public politic support and compensation for the increasement in water supply cost in regional government which can`t realize the economies of scale in the dimension of social welfare.

Cost of supplying umbilical cord blood for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

김지애,임민경,박주희,김건일 한국보건경제정책학회 2018 보건경제와 정책연구 Vol.24 No.1

Background: To analyze unit cost of umbilical cord blood (UCB) for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSC) and to proposed a method for cost-effective supply of UCB. Study Design and Methods: “Activity Based Costing” (ABC) was adopted to calculate the supplying cost of a UCB unit. The cost object is UCB supplying cost, and activity center a UCB bank. To identify activities of UCB supply, literature and regulations were reviewed with consultation by experts. The survey was conducted on 16 banks to identify cost by each activity. Results: The total cost of supplying UCB was $32,781,133 and the unit cost $ 964 that was separable into one-off cost ($ 924/unit) and continuous cost ($ 40/unit). Banks with large inventory had lower supplying cost. Banks storing 10,000 units or greater had lower cost than its counterparts ($ 777 vs $ 2,078, respectively). Conclusion: Considering unit cost is widely different among banks, it is essential that supplying of UCB is carried out efficiently. An inverse association between cost and inventory size suggests integration of small banks into large ones, or a centralized banking system, are advantageous in terms of cost.

Supply-Chaining, Transaction Costs, and Governance Structures : A Conceptual Framework and Its Applications

Richard B. Daite 한국무역연구원 2012 The International Academy of Global Business and T Vol.8 No.1

While supply-chain management is principally a business management concept, supply chains involve contractual relationships among economic agents, uncertainty of outcomes, conflict and complementarity, power and property rights, and the prevalence of opportunity costs. A fuller understanding of its workings necessitates a more multidimensional approach. This paper focuses on the theoretical underpinnings of new institutional economics to better frame the analysis of supply chains. Specifically, the transaction cost economics (TCE) concepts marshaled by Ronald Coase and Oliver Williamson were used to build a framework for analyzing the design of supply chains. The paper tries to situate the concept of supply chain within the range of structures proposed in the TCE literature, with the markets on one end of the spectrum and hierarchies in the other. We show that an integrated supply chain belongs to a middle category in the spectrum. Case studies of several industries affirmed that a dominant governance structure in the form of either a coordinated or fully integrated supply chain would evolve to minimize transaction costs.

전자산업의 공급사슬 특성을 고려한 부품공급사의 재고비용 산정기준 제시

남정훈 ( Jung-hoon Nam ),황승준 ( Seung-june Hwang ) 한국생산성학회 2017 生産性論集 Vol.31 No.2

SCM activities in a company are total activities for efficient integration and cooperation related to production and distribution to satisfy total optimization of the supply chain and customer satisfaction as well. Also, considering it as innovation activities for the survival companies, reducing inventory level and its costs are managed as the key indexes for SCM performance. Recently, the importance of SCM activities in the component suppliers which advanced overseas together with its client company has been emphasized by the request of the product manufacturer due to rapid international expansion of the enterprise resources. Especially, in the electronics industry, the value of product inventory and component inventory is falling sharply because of their short product life cycle and the frequent new model launch. And the part costs due to price negotiation with a product manufacturer also influences the component suppliers` business. However, the study on the SCM performance and the inventory costs in the component suppliers are insufficient and the definite estimation criteria are also uncertain. In this research, we defined new estimation criteria of the component total inventory cost from the component supplier`s view, considering the supply chain characteristics in electronics industry. In addition, we performed the case study to verify the component total inventory cost`s influence on the business performance by applying the new criteria to four component suppliers that supply key component to global product manufacturer. Consequently, we suggested new estimation criteria on the total inventory costs of the supply chain of the electronics industry related to the product total inventory cost of the product manufacturer defined in the previous study.

사업시행자의 비용부담과 원인자부담금 - 수도법상 상수도원인자부담금을 중심으로 -

윤지은 법조협회 2020 法曹 Vol.69 No.5

In principle, project developers must bear the expenses required for project implementation, including various charges. However, in addition to developing the inside of the project area, the developer must connect ‘the infrastructure inside the project area’ with ‘the infrastructure outside the project area’, such as roads, water and sewage facilities, electric facilities, gas facilities, communication facilities, and district heating facilities. This raises the following issues: Who has an obligation to install the infrastructure outside the project area based on what laws and to bear the cost. To address these issues, there are several approaches within the existing legal system. (1) In some cases, relevant development project laws have special provisions on cost-bearing. (2) The general laws regarding the installation and management of infrastructures, such as the Water Supply and Waterworks Installation Act, provides the grounds for imposing charges on the person who caused the installation of the relevant facility. (3) The relevant administrative agency, issuing a disposition related to a development project, may impose an obligation on installing facilities and the cost thereof to the developer or a third party in the forms of an ‘ancillary provision’(Nebenbestimmung) or an agreement. Therefore, the ultimate burden of project cost borne by the project developer varies depending on the types of the development project, the provisions of the relevant law which the development project is based upon, the contents of the administrative disposition, or the specific details of the agreement concluded in relation to the development project. In this regard, a recent court decision is noteworthy, which concerns the ‘charges of water supply facilities imposed on the causers’. In this case, the developer of the multifunctional administrative city construction project sought the cancellation of the charge imposed by the Sejong Special Self-Governing City. The main issue disputed between the developer and the city is who has to bear the cost of installing water facilities outside the multifunctional administrative city (pre-designated project area). The court held that the developer must bear the relevant cost. To fully understand the implication of this decision, the analysis of the followings should be conducted: Relevant provisions of the development law in relation to the installation of water facilities and the cost-bearing; contents of the Water Supply and Waterworks Installation Act as a general law for the installation and management of water facilities; the institution of ‘charges imposed on the causers’; the procedure of the construction project for the multifunctional administrative city and the installation method of water supply facilities, etc. This article discusses the cost-bearing of the developers and charges imposed on causers, with analyzing the above items. 개발사업의 사업시행자는 각종 부담금을 포함하여 사업 시행에 소요되는 비용을 스스로 부담하는 것이 원칙이다. 다만, 사업시행자는 해당 사업구역 내부를 개발하는 것 외에도 사업구역 내에 있는 기반시설을 사업구역 밖에 위치한 도로, 상하수도시설, 전기시설, 가스시설, 통신시설, 지역난방시설 등과 연결하여야 하는데, 이때 '사업구역 밖'에 설치되어야 하는 기반시설을 누가 어떠한 법률에 근거하여 설치할 것인지, 그 비용을 누가 부담할 것인지의 문제가 발생하게 된다. 이를 위해 개별 개발사업법에서 비용부담에 관한 특별규정을 두기도 하고, 기반시설의 설치 및 관리에 관한 일반법에 해당하는 도로법, 수도법 등에서 해당 시설의 설치 원인을 제공한 자에게 부담금을 부과할 수 있는 근거규정을 마련해 두는 경우도 있다. 또한 행정청이 개발사업과 관련된 행정처분을 하면서 부관을 부가하거나 협약을 체결하는 방식으로 사업시행자 또는 제3자에게 기반시설의 설치 및 비용부담 의무를 부과하기도 하므로, 개발사업의 시행자가 부담하는 최종적인 사업비용은 개발사업의 유형, 개발사업의 근거가 되는 법률의 규정, 행정처분이나 개발사업과 관련하여 체결된 각종 협약의 구체적 내용 등에 따라 달라지게 된다. 이와 관련하여 행정중심복합도시건설사업의 시행자가 제기한 상수도원인자부담금 부과처분 취소소송에 대한 판결이 최근에 선고되었다. 해당 판결에서는 행정중심복합도시(예정지역) 외부에 설치한 수도시설의 설치비용을 사업시행자와 세종특별자치시 중에서 누가 부담하여야 하는지가 다투어졌고, 종국적으로 사업시행자가 해당 비용을 부담하여야 한다는 결론이 내려졌다. 위 판결의 취지를 충실히 이해하기 위해서는 개발사업법상 수도시설의 설치와 비용부담에 관한 규정, 수도의 설치 및 관리에 관한 일반법인 수도법의 주요 내용과 원인자부담금 제도, 행정중심복합도시건설사업의 절차와 수도시설의 설치방법 등에 관한 이해가 선행되어야 하므로, 이를 함께 살펴보는 방식으로 사업시행자의 비용부담과 원인자부담금에 관한 연구를 진행하고자 한다.