不動産投機의 指標에 관한 實證硏究 - 용인시외 2개 지역의 사례를 중심으로 -

박창수 ( Park Chang Su ),정승영 ( Jeong Seoung Young ) 한국부동산학회 2003 不動産學報 Vol.20 No.-

1. CONTENTS (1) RESEARCH OBJECTIVES Real Estate Speculation means that someone taking large risks, especially with respect to trying to predict the future; gambling, in the hopes of making quick, large gains. The objective of the research which it sees will follow in the present condition regarding the cause of land speculation and floating spreading out proposing phase and floating spreading out proposing type land speculation volition reading and the for real estate document to copy it will lead and in advance will confirm the actual condition of land speculation, with the base which will reach it will be able to contribute in setting up of efficient real estate policy in order, there is a place where it presents the index of actuality land speculation. The contents as follow, the actual proof real estate relation document to lead a land speculation, the type and a land speculation suppression of relationship with meaning, real estate development phase and land speculation of contents regarding the index it will be able to confirm the land speculation which occurs from regional market in advance. (2) RESEARCH METHOD Literature research, case study, market research and policy research (3) RESEARCH RESULTS Real Estate Speculation became known from the phased which appears from this schedule one real estate development aspect which is a detonating agent which brings the diffusion in residential competition. This price of land and brokerage comparison of the smallness, land relation document and the national plan back it led early even from the government and it divided with price of land indices, transactions indices and response indices. 2. RESULTS The result which analyzes YONGIH-SI actual proof from the research which it sees, to preceding index wild for the relationship of schedule one first and last exists, also the burglar of response probably can be exists. Also the land relation document to read and, dividing the transcript is becoming the analysis which is added up to be enforced, when also the problem will do probably selects a response overview, the result which is more accurate becoming escape believes firmly. Together, that the each area must be considered the general feature which it is having especially and a regional characteristics.

부동산투기범죄의 형사법적 고찰

정신교(Jeong, Shin Kyo) 한국부동산학회 2009 不動産學報 Vol.39 No.-

1. CONTENTS (1) RESEARCH OBJECTIVE Real estate speculators doctors, lawyers, university professors and professionals, as well as civil servants, housewives, farmers got various got various occupations and real estate speculation in the everyday life we have been commonplace. This tendency to accumulate wealth in a capitalism of society, so comments may not be a problem, but real estate speculation and the market economy are cluttering the negative impact on the overall economy is very large. the study of real estate speculation about the crime to review regulations to prevent real estate speculation. (2) RESEARCH METHOD To study the ways, of the related theses, publications and statistics released in Korea and abroad, they are theoretically reviewed and the materials are obtained from related references. the above is used by literature reviews and survey analyses to achieve the purpose of this study. (3) RESEARCH FINDINGS Chapter 1 is discussed about the concept of real estate speculation. Chapter 2 is discussed about cause and status of real estate speculation. Chapter 3 is discussed of the law of real estate speculation, about institutional transition. Chapter 4 is discussed about Corresponding measures of real estate speculation. Chapter 5 is the conclusion of the paper. 2. RESULTS Real estate speculation can not be solved the efforts of any one institution by laws and systems. various economic policies, including interest rate policies for real estate will need to change people's perception. To this end, the government and local governments and related agencies harmonize the various parts of the interaction will be resolved.

부동산의 투자와 투기에 관한 이론적 고찰

김승욱(Kim, Seung Wook),이창석(Lee, Chang Suck) 한국부동산학회 2009 不動産學報 Vol.36 No.-

1. CONTENTS (1) RESEARCH OBJECTIVES It is difficult to distinguish investment from speculation in the real estate market, and some insist that it be useless to do. But the purpose of this study is to try to make new distinction between investment and speculation in real estate by means of adopting expectation hypothesis theories in economics to the concept of investment and speculation. (2) RESEARCH METHOD This study adopted the existing theoretical literature review and we added our thoughts to it. (3) RESEARCH FINDINGS In the results of this survey, the difference between investment and speculation has relation with the difference of shapes of demand curve of them, and this has relation with the difference of the way how people expect the real estate price which will be realized in the future. 2. RESULTS This results of this research suggests that it be important to distinguish investment from speculation in real estate because investment has relation with the normal demand curve and the Rational Expectation and speculation does with the abnormal demand curve and the Rational Expectation. 3. KEY WORLD investment, speculation, expectation theory, Rational Expectation, Adapted Expectation, abnormal demand curve

주택가격 상승기의 주택투자 결정 요인: 일명 '갭투자'를 중심으로

이성원 한국도시부동산학회 2022 도시부동산연구 Vol.13 No.2

The aim of the study is to examine the determinants of housing gap speculation from 2017 to 2020. Housing price have steeply increased last 5 years in Korea. The median apartment sale prices in the Seoul Metropolitan Areas (SMAs) increased by about 60.5% from about 370 million won in 2017 to about 590 million won in 2021. Housing policy makers believe that young people who cannot afford to buy a house with their own income and assets entered the housing market through gap speculation, and thereby housing prices skyrocketed with increasing housing effective demand. Therefore, various demand-side strategies have been applied to curb speculative demand. Extensive financial borrowing restrictions and increase in tax, nevertheless, have not stopped the rise in housing prices. This study focuses on what gap speculation is and what characteristics gap speculators have. Theoretically, it can be conceptualized as buying a house on a cheonsei contract ― a kind of rental agreement, but a unique Korean way to rent a house with only a long-term and large deposit ― for the purpose of capital gains without a plan to live there. From the empirical study, we can find several things as follows. Contrary to the stereotype about young speculators, gap speculator tends to increase with age. They can be estimated as a group that are low-income groups compared to renters or homeowners but increase savings by reducing current consumption for future consumption. Their net assets are relatively high, but they reduce housing costs by living in small, old, and poor places. It implies that actual gap speculators can be not general speculators, but can be those who really need affordable places to live in someday.

‘투기부인’이라는 허수아비 정치: 두 편의 사적 다큐멘터리 분석을 중심으로

김주희 계명대학교 여성학연구소 2019 젠더와 문화 Vol.12 No.1

In Korea, the amoral speculator is often portrayed with a woman’s face, as typified by the label ‘Lady Speculation.’ However, this study details the practice of establishing a male-centered normality for investment while pathologizing speculation as a non-normative women’s economic activity. For this purpose, two personal documentaries produced by women directors, Family in the Bubble and My Father’s House, are analyzed, showing that the ‘becoming middle class’ project in Korea has been indispensable to the practice of property speculation by family members. Although the ‘Lady Speculation’ represented a recommended gender role for women in middle-class families, such women have in fact been puppets, set up by the government and financial interests to rationalize the money market. This study therefore calls for careful consideration regarding the “crisis of social reproduction,” through an exploration of the lives of the documentaries’ two families and the women directors. 한국에서 탐욕스럽고 혐오스러운 투기꾼은 여성의 얼굴을 하고 있다. ‘복부인’이 대표적이다. 본 연구에서는 투기를 여성의 비규범적 경제활동으 로 병폐화하면서 투자의 남성중심적 규범성을 구축하려는 시도를 비판적 으로 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 여성 감독에 의해 제작된 두 편의 사 적 다큐멘터리 <버블 패밀리( Family in the Bubble )>와 <모래( My Father’s House )>를 분석하면서 한국 사회에서 ‘중산층 되기’ 프로젝트가 가족 구성 원의 부동산 투자 실천과 불가분이었음을 드러냈다. 사실상 ‘복부인’은 중 산층 가족 내 여성에게 권장된 성역할이었기 때문에 결국 이러한 ‘투기부 인’은 금융시장을 합리화하고자 한 정부와 자본이 세운 허수아비일 뿐이었 다. 본 연구는 두 가족과 여성 감독들의 삶을 전경화하면서 “사회재생산의 위기”에 대한 적극적 고민을 촉구하였다.

국토의 균형발전, 경자유전원칙에 맞는 농지거래법제 개선 연구 - LH 투기사태 이후 농지법 개정을 중심으로 -

송재일(Song, Jaeil) 한국민사법학회 2021 民事法學 Vol.95 No.-

2021년 3월 불거진 LH 투기 사태는 비농업인인 LH 직원이 제3기 신도시 사업에 대한 내부정보를 이용하고 고도의 투기수법을 통해 막대한 수익을 올림으로써, 우리 사회의 공정과 신뢰를 근본적으로 무너뜨린 충격적인 사건이다. 미완의 농지개혁을 달성하는 데 필요했던 한시법에 불과한 구 농지개혁법(1949년 제정)을 진작 대체하여야 했던 농지법은 오랜 동안 답보상태였고, 드디어 1994년 제정되어 1996년 시행되었다. 그러나 현행 농지법은 제정 당시부터 내재된 입법 흠결에 더해 수차례 규제 완화 일변도의 개정이 헌법상 경자유전원칙을 실현하거나 투기를 막는 목적 달성에 역부족이었으며, 농업의 구조개선이라는 본질에 충실할 규범력은 이러저러한 예외조항으로 상실되고 불법과 탈법행위에 너무나도 취약하고 무력해졌다는 현실만 드러낸 것이라고 본다. 핵심은 농지의 소유 및 사용 수익에서 농지가 경자유전의 원칙에 따른 농업생산성의 제고와 농지이용의 합리화에 기여할 수 있어야 한다. 이미 독일, 스위스, 프랑스 등 외국의 농지거래법제에서는 투기까지 예방하거나 규율할 수 있도록 현대적 경자유전원칙에 맞추어 농업활동과 농업인 정의, 농지 취득과 사용 수익 등에서 많은 장치들을 마련해 놓았다. 물론 나라마다 사정과 여건, 법문화도 다르겠지만, 우리나라에 시사점을 줄 만한 점도 있겠다. 요컨대, 농지의 취득에서 농지취득자격증명을 토지거래허가처럼 유동적 무효의 법리로 다룬다든지(독일 사례), 실질적 심사를 통해 영농능력과 교육을 갖춘 사람들이 농촌에서 최소 경영면적 이상의 농지를 가질 수 있도록 경작허가를 배분하거나(프랑스 사례), 영농에 종사하는 가족, 임차농 등에게 선매권 기회를 부여하는 것(독일, 스위스, 프랑스 사례) 등이 그러하다. 우리나라처럼 통작거리와 거주요건을 다 무시하고 전국 어디나 농지를 취득하게 하는 것은 잘못이다. 또한 농지를 투기적으로 보상이나 차익을 노리게 하거나, 약탈적으로 활용하는 것도 잘못이다. 농지는 그 지역 자연이나 경관, 농업여건에 가장 맞는 방식으로만 활용되어야 한다. 나아가 농지은행을 통해 비농업인이 상속, 이농 등을 통해 취득한 농지를 무한정 소유하게 하는 것은 지양해야 한다. 우리나라가 진정한 선진국이 되려면, 식량안보가 확립되어야 하고 산업과 국토가 골고루 균형 있게 지속가능하게 발전되어야 한다. 약한 고리, 그것이 농업이며 농지법인 것이다. 더 이상 미봉책에 그치지 말고 근본적으로 농지법을 전면 개정하여야 한다. Some employees working for Korea Landing and Housing Corporation were involved in property speculation, mostly in farmland. So the LH property speculation scandal in March 2021 was shock, fundamentally destroying the fairness and trust of the society. Korean Farmland Act(1994) with the legislative deficiencies inherent was insufficient to keep from thriving speculation like LH incident, because it was too vulnerable and helpless. The key is that farmland must be able to contribute to the rationalization of farmland use and the improvement of agricultural productivity in accordance with the principle of light free oil field in the profit of ownership and use of farmland. Already, foreign farmland laws such as Germany, Switzerland, and France have prepared a number of devices in terms of agricultural activities, definition of farmers, and profits from farmland acquisition and use in accordance with the moderate legal system keep land to the tiller rule and regulate speculation. Of course, the circumstances, conditions, and legal culture vary from country to country, but there are best practice and legal experiences that can give implications to Korea. In short, in the acquisition of farmland, the certification of farmland acquisition is treated as a law of liquid invalidity like a land transaction permit (German case), or through practical examination, so that people with farming ability and education can have farmland with more than the minimum management area in rural areas. This is the case with distributing cultivation permits (French case) or giving preemptive rights to family members and tenants engaged in farming (the cases in Germany, Switzerland, and France). To sum up, farmland law should suit land to the tiller and balanced national development for the people.

마크 트웨인과 남북 전쟁 이후의 자본주의 : 『도금시대』를 중심으로

성경준 ( Kyung Jun Sung ) 근대 영미소설 학회 2006 근대 영미소설 Vol.13 No.2

This article aims to examine Mark Twain`s attitude toward his contemporary capitalism in The Gilded Age. Although this work was co-authored with Charles Dudley Warner, it specifically exhibits his ideas and relationship with the Gilded Age capitalism and its various phenomena. The most remarkable aspect of the Gilded Age capitalism is the speculation which pervades all regions and classes of America. All characters in the work are directly and indirectly related to this turbulence of speculation and corruption following it. Twain portrays and satirizes the speculation and corruption of the Gilded Age capitalism in all levels and regions of America in the work. Especially, railroad plays the most important part in the unfolding of speculation. Railroad, on the one hand, symbolizes development and hope to western people, and, on the other hand, brings catastrophes to their fates. In this process capitalism of western regions is also completely dominated by the finance and industry of the East. In the work the politics of Washington is the center of all these speculation and corruption. It is described as the pandemonium of corruption where hypocritical and corrupt politicians and lobbyists such as Senate Dilworthy and Representative Buckstone make conspiracies against one another. New York`s financial and industrial companies bribe them and obtain enormous appropriations from the national treasury. More interesting thing is that although Twain is critical of speculators, capitalists and all corrupt people, he applauds Sellers and agrees to his vitality and energy. It comes from the fact that his vitality and energy represents those of his contemporary capitalism. On the other hand, Twain takes side with him in that he belongs to the middle class or petty bourgeois aspirants in the survival game of the Gilded Age capitalism. This eventually reveals Twain`s class positioning in his contemporary capitalism.

도박ㆍ도박개장죄, 사행행위 등 규제 및 처벌특례법위반죄 및 게임산업진흥에 관한 법률위반죄의 관계에 대한 고찰

김용찬(Kim Yong-Chan) 한국법학원 2009 저스티스 Vol.- No.113

2006년 ‘바다이야기’ 사태 이후로 불법 사행성 게임영업이 전국에 만연하고, 이에 대한 처벌도 급증하고 있으며, 온라인 네트워크에서 사행성 게임장을 운영하는 등 영업방법도 점차 지능화ㆍ조직화되어 가고 있는데 반하여, 실무에서는 사행성 게임영업을 도박개장죄로 처벌하는 경우도 있고, 또는 사행행위 등 규제 및 처벌특례법위반죄나 게임산업진흥에 관한 법률위반죄로 처벌하는 경우도 있어, 사행성 게임영업에 대한 처벌에 있어서 일관되지 못한 모습을 보이고 있고, 사행성 게임영업에 대한 처벌의 내용도 종전과 별다른 차이를 보이지 않고 있는 실정이다. 이에 따라 사행성 게임영업을 규율하는 대표적인 법규인 형법(도박, 도박개장죄), 사행행위 등 규제 및 처벌특례법, 게임산업진흥에 관한 법률의 관계를 고찰함으로써, 각각의 적용범위를 확정할 필요가 있는데, 우리나라 입법자는 외국의 입법례와는 달리 형법상의 ‘도박ㆍ도박개장’이라는 개념이 있음에도 불구하고, 사행행위 등 규제 및 처벌특례법에 ‘사행행위’라는 개념을 별도로 두어 이에 대하여 규율하고 있는 점 등에 비추어 보면, 사행행위는 도박과는 별개의 개념이라 할 것이므로 형법과 사행행위 등 규제 및 처벌특례법의 적용범위는 구분되어 양자가 중첩적으로 적용될 여지가 없고, 또한 게임산업진흥에 관한 법률에 ‘사행성게임물’을 그 적용대상에서 제외하는 규정이 신설됨으로써, 사행성게임물을 포함한 사행성유기기구를 이용한 사행행위영업에 대하여는 사행행위 등 규제 및 처벌특례법이, 사행성이 없는 게임물을 이용한 사행행위영업에 대하여는 게임산업진흥에 관한 법률이 각 적용되어, 사행행위 등 규제 및 처벌특례법과 게임산업진흥에 관한 법률 간에도 양자가 중첩적으로 적용되는 상황이 더 이상 발생하지 않는다고 할 것이다. 한편, 사행성이 없는, 게임물이 아닌 유기기구를 이용한 사행행위의 경우에는 현행법상 그 사행성을 규제할 법규가 존재하지 않으므로, 이에 대한 입법이 필요하다고 할 것이다. Gambling fervor took place in Korea in 2006 due to the speculative game device called the “Story of the Ocean”. For all that the government strive to root out gambling with the speculative game device, the criminal cases of gambling don't decrease, on the contrary steadily increase. If someone has a gambling or opens a gambling place in korea, he will receive criminal penalty. And there are the three typical laws(acts) in force, 「Criminal Law (article 246, 247)」, 「Act on Special Cases Concerned with Regulation and Punishment of Speculation」, 「Act on Promotion of Game Industry」 in korea, which regulate against gambling and opening a gambling place. Although the above three laws(acts) are different in the limit of application, the criminal cases of gambling are together applied by the above three laws(acts) in practical affairs. However, such application of the above three laws(acts) is wrong in korean existing criminal code system. that is to say, the gambling with the speculative game device must be applied by 「Criminal Law(article 246, 247)」 or 「Act on Special Cases Concerned with Regulation and Punishment of Speculation」, and the gambling with the non-speculative game device must be applied by 「Act on Promotion of Game Industry」.

P2E 게임이 게임산업법 제28조 제3호의 경품 등을 제공하여 사행성을 조장하는 게임물에 해당하는지 여부 - 서울행정법원 2023. 1. 13. 선고 2021구합65484 판결 등을 계기로 -

서종희 한국스포츠엔터테인먼트법학회 2024 스포츠와 법 Vol.27 No.1

게임산업법 제28조 제3호의 ‘경품 등’이란 ‘게임물을 이용한 결과물로 게임물 이용자에게 제공되는 재화 또는 이와 유사한 것으로 재산상 이익이 되는 것이다. NFT 등 가상자산의 법적 성질이 무엇이든지 간에 그것에 대한 재산상 가치(재산상 이익)는 인정되므로 NFT 등 가상자산을 경품 등이 아니라고 보기는 어려울 것이다. 문제는 경품을 제공하는 경우에도 사행성을 조장하지 않는다면 제28조 제3호의 위반이 아닐 수 있는지이다. 그러나 우리 판례는 경품 등의 제공 그 자체로 사행성을 조장한다고 보아 게임산업법 위반행위에 해당한다고 본다. 요컨대 판례는 경품 등의 제공행위를 제28조 제3호를 충족하기 위한 충분조건으로 본다. 특히 판례는 게임산업법의 입법연혁과 게임물의 사행화 방지라는 게임산업법 제28조 제3호의 입법목적 및 본문과 단서 형식의 규범 구조를 종합하여 보면, 개정 게임산업법 제28조 제3호는 ‘경품 등의 제공’이 곧 ‘사행성을 조장하는 행위’라고 전제하여, 모든 게임물에 대하여 원칙적으로 ‘경품 등을 제공하는 것’을 금지한 것으로 이해한다. 따라서 제28조 제3호에 대한 우리 판례의 태도가 변경되지 않는 한 사실상 국내에서 P2E 게임이 출시되기는 불가능하다. 온라인게임(모바일 게임 포함)이 일반적인 현 시점에서 경품으로 이용자를 유인하는 비즈니스 모델로 운영하는 게임사업자는 거의 없다. 오히려 경품은 게임내용의 일부가 되었다고 볼 수 있으며 게임사업자 또한 경품제공을 게임이용자에 대한 나눔이나 환원의 방법으로 이용하는 경우도 있다. 요컨대 사행성 조장과 전혀 무관한 경품의 제공까지도 인정하지 않는 것을 입법취지로 이해하는 것은 양자(사행성을 조장하는 경품제공과 그렇지 않은 경품제공)를 구분하는 어려움에 대한 리스크를 모두 사업자에게 전가하고자 하는 목적으로 판단된다. 입법당시에는 그러한 필요성이 제고되었을지 몰라도 현 시점에서 제28조 제3호에 대한 요건으로 경품 제공 자체만으로 충분하다는 사고는 재고가 필요하다. 요컨대“사행성 조장 우려가 있는 경품”의 경우에는 경품 제공을 금지하지만 “사행성 조장 우려가 없는 경품”의 제공은 허용하는 입법적 결단이 필요하다. 'free gifts, etc.' in Article 28(3) of the Game Industry Act means 'goods or similar that are provided to the user of the game product as a result of using the game product, which is a property benefit. Regardless of the legal nature of NFTs and other virtual assets, their property value (property interest) is recognized, so NFTs and other virtual assets are equivalent to ‘free gifts, etc.’. The question is, if you're offering a free gifts, is there a case for not promoting speculation? However, our precedent suggests that the provision of prizes or other incentives in and of itself encourages gambling and constitutes a violation of the Gaming Industry Act. However, our precedent suggests that merely offering a free gifts promotes speculation. In the current era of online gaming (including mobile gaming), few game operators operate with a business model that lures users with free gifts. Rather, free gifts have become an integral part of the game content, and some game operators use them as a way to share or give back to their users. While such a need may have been recognized at the time of the legislation, the notion that the offer of a free gifts is sufficient to satisfy the requirements of Article 28(3) should be reconsidered. In short, a legislative decision is needed that would prohibit the offer of a free gifts if it is "likely to promote speculation” but allow the offer of a free gifts that is "not likely to promote speculation”.

시선의 권리와 지각적 사유와 체험

김진택 ( Jin Taek Kim ) 한국사진학회 2011 AURA Vol.0 No.24

This essay aims to discuss how Derrida examine in his book <Droit de Regards> ``Photo-Romans`` photos of Marie Francoise Plissart through the deconstructive speculation. Images in Plissart`s photos don`t have narrative structure which comply with current of linear time. The story producted in her photos never closed. Derrida consider her images as a aesthetic event which is different to writing practice. ``See`` as a sensible experience is appeared wholly in ``droit de regards (right of inspection)``. Visual sens must be comprehended as a practice of right of inspection activated in the different dimension from the langage standard. Derrida`s texts trace photos of Plissart, with his concept ``differance`` including the philosophical and aesthetical notions. In this way, we meet the concept ``Punctum`` that Barthes used for analyse nature of photo. It contain a thinking of image demanding another intellectual approach for obtain intrinsic sens. It is important to arouse that nature of image is not the inferior element compare with langage. And also, in the concept ``chiasme`` of Merleau Ponty, dichotomy dividing subject and object disappear and their position become ambiguous. The position of subject and object is possible to change each other. There are only the thing and the subject which consolidate as one experience in the series of image. Through right of inspection being and things become finally ``body`` united in the ultimate silence. Power of silence could show the mystery of being in perceptional speculation of the visible things including invisible things.