E. coli와 Salmonella에 의한 자돈설사에 있어서 Dioctahedral Smectite의 치료효과

정원철,차춘남,김영일,이여은,유창열,김석,이후장 한국임상수의학회 2010 한국임상수의학회지 Vol.27 No.4

The objectives in the present study were to evaluate the therapeutic effect of dioctahedral smectite (smectite)against piglet diarrhea caused by E. coli and Salmonella. Of this study, twenty piglets (body weight, 6.60 ± 0.34 kg)with diarrhea were used to estimate the efficacy of smectite on piglet diarrhea with 20% smectite suspension in PBS. Pigs were administered with 1 ml smectite suspension three times a day after feeding, and fecal samples were collected at the gate of treatment and on 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th day after administration. Changes in body weight, diarrhea index, and shedding of E. coli and Salmonella were monitored during the experimental period. The group treated with smectite reduced diarrhea index (p < 0.01), and increased body weight compared to control group. In the treated group, the number of E. coli and Salmonella was significantly decreased compared to each control group (p < 0.01). From results of the present study, 20% smectite suspension had therapeutic effect on diarrhea caused by E. coli and Salmonella in piglets.

Assessing the anion type effect on the hydro-mechanical properties of smectite from macro and micro-structure aspects

Goodarzi, Amir R.,Akbari, Hamid R. Techno-Press 2014 Geomechanics & engineering Vol.7 No.2

The expansivity of clayey soils is a complicated phenomenon which may affect the stability of geotechnical structures and geo-environmental projects. In all common factors for the monitoring of soil expansion, less attention is given to anion type of pore space solutions. Therefore, this paper is concerned with the impact of various concentrations of different inorganic salts including NaCl, $Na_2SO_4$, and $Na_2CO_3$ on the macro and microstructure behavior of the expandable smectite clay. Comparison of the responses of the smectite/NaCl and smectite/$Na_2SO_4$ mixtures indicates that the effect of anion valance on the soil engineering properties is not very pronounced, regardless of the electrolyte concentration. However, at presence of carbonate as potential determining ions (PDIs) the swelling power increases up to 1.5 times compared to sulfate or chloride ions. The samples with $Na_2CO_3$ are also more deformable and show lower osmotic compressibility than the other mixtures. This demonstrates that the barrier performance of smectite greatly decreases in case of anions with the non-specific adsorption (e.g., $Cl^-$ and $SO{_4}^{2-}$) as the salinity of solution increases. Based on the results of the X-ray diffraction and sedimentation tests, the high soil volumetric changes upon exposure to carbonate is attributed to an increase in the repulsive forces between smectite basic unit layers due to the PDI effect of $CO{_3}^{2-}$ and increasing the pH level which enhance the buffering capacity of smectite. The study concluded that the nature of anion through its influence on the re-arrangement of soil microstructure and osmotic phenomena governs the hydro-mechanical parameters of expansive clays. It seems not coinciding with the double layer theory of the Gouy-Chapman double layer model.

Dyeability and Colorfastness of Knitted Fabrics with Natural Dye PinuxTM (Part 2) -Improvement of Colorfastness Using Cationizing Agent and Smectite-

( Jong Sun Jung ),( Kyung Hun Song ) 한국의류학회 2012 한국의류학회지 Vol.36 No.12

This study examines the possibilities to improve natural dyestuff`s (PinuxTM) dyeability and colorfastness for C/R (Cotton/Rayon (40/60)) and W/T (Wool/Tencel (10/90)) knitted fabrics in cationizing and smectiting for pre-treatment, simultaneous-treatment and post-treatment process sequences; as well as various other treatment methods. The sample dyeability showed the strongest K/S value in the order of smectite (S) < cationization + smectite (C+S) < cationization (C); however, the K/S value showed a low level in the simultaneoustreatment method of smectite. Colorfastness to washing improved in the order of C < C+S < S, and after thes mectite post-treatment process, C/R improved from Grade 1 to Grade 4 and W/T improved from Grade 1-2 to Grade 4. Colorfastness to perspiration generally improved in the same order as the colorfastness to washing and after the smectite post-treatment process C/R, W/T sample`s acidic and alkaline colorfastness to perspiration improved greatly. As for the colorfastness to rubbing, the addition of smectite in the simultaneous-treatment and post-treatment processes resulted in improved wet-colorfastness; however, smectite showed less effect on the colorfastness to light compared to other colorfastness ratings.

딕카이트로부터 스멕타이트의 수열합성

류경원,장영남,배인국,채수천,최상훈 한국광물학회 2004 광물과 암석 (J.Miner.Soc.Korea) Vol.17 No.3

딕카이트[Al₂Si₂O_(5).(OH)₄]를 출발물질로 사용하여 이팔면체형 스멕타이트를 수열합성하였다. 시료를 활성화시키기 위해 Na₂O 성분을 첨가하고 800℃에서 4시간 열처리하였다. 합성실험을 Na-0.7 바이델라이트의 화학반응식에 의한 화학양론적 조성에 따라 SiO₂성분을 첨가하였으며 300℃, 70 ㎏f/㎠ 이하의 조건에서 온도, 압력, 시간 등을 변화시키면서 실험을 수행하였다. 합성실험을 위해 약 1리터 용량의 밀폐형 강철재 압력용기를 사용하였다. 스멕타이트를 합성할 수 있는 최적 조건은 반응온도 290℃, 반응시간 48시간, pH 10 및 60 ㎏f/㎠ 의 압력조건인 것으로 확인되었다. 온도, 압력조건 외에 원료물질의 활성화, 반응시간, 반응용액의 초기 pH 등은 결정도에 영향을 미치는 주요 요인으로 작용하였다. 합성결과물에 대한 X-선 회절분석, 에틸렌글리콜 처리, 'Greene-Kelly' 측정법 등의 실험결과, 합성된 스멕타이트는 Na-바이델라이트임이 확인되었다. A hydrothermal process was used to synthesize dioctahedral smectite from dickite [Al₂Si₂O_(5).(OH)₄]. Dickite was previously activated by heating at 800℃ for 4 hours with Na₂CO₃. After the heat-treatment, Sift was added for stoichiometrv. The autoclaving was carried out in closed stainless steel vessel (about 1 liter) at the condition of various temperature, pressure, time etc. High quality smectite could be obtaind by heating at 290℃ under the pressure of 60 ㎏f/㎠ for 48 hours. This experiment reveals that pH of the solution was an important factor and should be maintained at 10 to 11 for the formation of dioctahedral smectite. Be synthesized smectite was identified as Na-beidellite by the treatment of ethylene glycol and Greene-Kelly test.

Hydrothermal Behaviors and Long-term Stability of Bentonitic Buffer Material

이재완,조원진 한국방사성폐기물학회 2007 방사성폐기물학회지 Vol.5 No.2

벤토나이트 완충재의 열수거동 실험에서는 고준위폐기물처분장 완충재로 유력하게 고려되고 있는 국산 벤토나이트를 대상으로 열수특성을 규명하고, 또 그 결과를 바탕으로 KRS 처분환경에서 벤토나이트 완충재의 장기건전성을 평가하였다. 실험결과, 벤토나이트 완충재의 열수반응은 주 구성광물인 스멕타이트의 일라이트화를 통해 진행되었으며, 온도, 농도, pH는 이러한 일라이트화에 중요한 열수반응인자 역할을 하였다. KRS 처분환경에 대한 국산벤토나이트 완충재의 장기건전성을 분석한 결과, 정상상태에서는 벤토나이트 완충재가 오랜 기간 동안 방벽재기능을 유지하였지만, 보수적인 조건에서는 약 년이 경과했을 때 벤토나이트 완충재를 구성하는 스멕타이트의 50%이상이 일라이트로 전환되어 방벽재로서의 팽윤능력을 상실할 수 있음을 예상할 수 있었다. In hydrothermal reaction tests, smectite-to-illite conversion was identified using a domestic bentonite which is favorably considered as a buffer material, and its dependency on various hydrothermal conditions was investigated. The analysis results of the XRD and Si concentration indicated that the smectite-to-illite conversion was a major process of bentonite alteration under the hydrothermal conditions. The temperature, potassium concentration in solution, and pH were observed to significantly affect the smectite-to illite conversion. A model of conversion reaction rate was suggested to evaluate the long-term stability of smectite composing a major constituent of bentonitic buffer. It was expected from the evaluation results that the smectite would keep its integrity for very long disposal time under a normal condition, whitens it might be converted to illite by 50 percent after over year of disposal time under a conservative condition and consequently lose its swelling capacity as a buffer material of a repository.

Review and Strategy for Study on Korean Buffer Characteristics Under the Elevated Temperature Conditions: Mineral Transformation and Radionuclide Retardation Perspective

박태진,윤석,이창수,조동건 한국방사성폐기물학회 2021 방사성폐기물학회지 Vol.19 No.4

In the majority of countries, the upper limit of buffer temperature in a repository is set to below 100℃ due to the possible illitization. This smectite-to-illite transformation is expected to be detrimental to the swelling functions of the buffer. However, if the upper limit is increased while preventing illitization, the disposal density and cost-effectiveness for the repository will dramatically increase. Thus, understanding the characteristics and creating a database related to the buffer under the elevated temperature conditions is crucial. In this study, a strategy to investigate the bentonite found in Korea under the elevated temperatures from a mineral transformation and radionuclides retardation perspective was proposed. Certain long-term hydrothermal reactions generated the bentonite samples that were utilized for the investigation of their mineral transformation and radionuclide retardation characteristics. The bentonite samples are expected to be studied using in-situ synchrotron-based X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) technique to determine the smectite-to-illite transformation. Simultaneously, the ‘high-temperature and high-pressure mineral alteration measurement system’ based on the Diamond Anvil Cell (DAC) will control and provide the elevated temperature and pressure conditions during the measurements. The kinetic models, including the Huang and Cuadros model, are expected to predict the time and manner in which the illitization will become detrimental to the performance and safety of the repository. The sorption reactions planned for the bentonite samples to evaluate the effects on retardation will provide the information required to expand the current knowledge of repository optimization.

포항시 남부 현무암체의 단층점토에서 산출되는 Fe-세피올라이트

손병서 ( Byeongseo Son ),황진연 ( Jinyeon Hwang ),이진현 ( Jinhyun Lee ),오지호 ( Jiho Oh ),손문 ( Moon Son ),김광희 ( Kwanghee Kim ) 한국광물학회 2016 광물과 암석 (J.Miner.Soc.Korea) Vol.29 No.1

경북 포항시 남구 동해면 금광리 일대의 전기 마이오세 현무암층 내에 단층파쇄대의 중심에 약 5-10 cm의 폭을 가진 흑색의 단층점토가 길게 연장되어 나타났다. 이 단층점토에 대해 XRD, FTIR, DTA/TGA, SEM, TEM, XRF, EPMA 등으로 자세히 분석한 결과, Fe 성분을 다량 함유하는 Fe-세피올라이트인 것으로 확인되었다. 이 외에 단층파쇄대의 변질광물은 주로 스멕타이트인 것으로 나타났으며, 신선한 모암인 현무암에도 스멕타이트가 상당량 포함되어 나타났다. 이러한 구성광물의 산상으로 보아, Fe-세피올라이트는 현무암의 고화 형성 후에 다소 깊은 곳에서 단층작용과 함께 열수변질작용이 관여하여 형성된 것으로 사료된다. The black fault gouge having 5-10 cm width occurs at the center of the fault fracture zone developed at the early Miocene basaltic rocks that is located at the Geumkwang-ri area in Donghae-myeon, Pohang city. The fault gouge was analyzed with XRD, FTIR, DTA/TGA, SEM, TEM, XRF, EPMA. Analyses reveal that the fault gouge is Fe-rich sepiolite having high iron content. Alteration minerals observed in the fault fracture zone are mainly smectite. The significant amount of smectite also observed in the basaltic parent rocks. The occurrence of constituent minerals indicates that the Fe-rich sepiolite was crystallized by faulting and hydrothermal alteration after the consolidation of basaltic rock at the deep place.

규질 이암으로부터 유기 스멕타이트의 저온 수열합성

노진환 한국광물학회 2004 광물과 암석 (J.Miner.Soc.Korea) Vol.17 No.1

단백석이 주성분을 이루는 포항 지역산 규질 이암을 합성원료로 하여 80℃의 온도 조건에서 10∼15% 농도의 TMAOH 및 TMAOH+NAOH 용액으로 수열 반응시켜 유기 스멕타이트를 합성하였다. 이 실험에서 NaOH와 TMAOH의 혼합용액으로 처리했을 경우에는 스멕타이트 외에 N몌와 하이드록시소달라이트가 함께 합성되는데 비해서, TMAOH용액만으로 처리했을 경우에는 이들이 수반됨이 없이 스멕타이트만 생성되었다. 합성된 스멕타이트는 X-선회절 분석, 시차열분석 및 적외선 흡관 분석을 통해서 결정구조상의 충간에 TMA+ 이온이 개재된 몬모릴로나이트 계열의 유기 스멕타이트인 것으로 밝혀졌다. 스멕타이트 생성을 조장시킨 주요 반응 모질물은 단백석으로 밝혀졌고, 이 유기 스멕타이트의 골격 성분인 Al의 공급원으로서는 원료 물질 내에 상당한 함유되는 퇴적물 기원의 스멕타이트가 그 역할을 담당하는 것으로 해석 된다. 반응성이 상대적으로 낮은 석영과 운모는 대부분 이 합성반응에 관여하지 못하고 반응산물 내에서 주요 불순물로서 잔존된다. 이 같은 실험 결과들은 앞으로 이 합성 반응계에 적합한 Al 공급원이 동원될 수 있다면 저온(100℃ 이하)에서 이 이암을 원료로 하여 새롭고 효과적인 유기 스멕타이트의 수열합성 방안이 마련될 수 있음을 시사한다. Organic smectite was hydrothermally synthesized by treating the opal-rich siliceous mudstone from the Pohang area with TMAOH solutions and 1:1 solutions of TMAOH+NaOH at 80℃ and concentrations ranging 10 - 15%. Smectite was solely formed without accompanying any mineral products in case of TMAOH, whereas NaP and hydroxysodalite was synthesized together with smectite under the blending solution of TMAOH+NaOH. The synthesized smectite is identified as an organic smectite intercalating TMA' within its interlayer site, specifically corresponding to monmorillonite species, through mineralogical characterization by XRD, DTA, and IR analyses. The experimental results indicate that main precursor of the synthesized smectite is undoubtedly opal-CT, and the original sedimentary smectite included as considerable amounts in the mudstone seems to play a maior role as Al-sources necessary for the smectite formation. Original inert components such as quartz and mica do not affect mostly to the synthesis reaction, and thus, are resultantly found as impurities in the synthetic products. These experimental results may imply that a new effective method for the low-temperature (less than 100℃) hydrothermal synthesis of organic smectite will be established if some Al-sources adequate for this synthetic system are available.

HDTMA-, BDTDA- 및 CP-스멕타이트의 물리-화학적 특성

고상모 ( Go Sang Mo ),홍석정 ( Hong Seog Jeong ),송민섭 ( Song Min Seob ) 한국광물학회 2003 광물과 암석 (J.Miner.Soc.Korea) Vol.16 No.4

This study aims to provide the physicochemical properties of three kinds of organosmectites which can be diversely used in industries. Some properties of them were compared with Na-smectite. Three kinds of organo-smectites such as Hexadecyltrimethylammonium(HDTMA), Benzyldimethyltetradecylammonium(BDTDA), and Cetylpyridinium(CP) exchanged smectites were manufactured for this study. Three types of organo-smectites showed the alkaline character(pH 9), very low swelling property and viscosity, and a fast flocculation behavior because of strong hydrophobic property in contrast to hydrophilic Na-smectite. Three organo-smectites showed the strong interlayer expansion with basal spacing from 19 A to 23 A compared with the Na-smectite of about 12 A. Organic cations such as HDTMA, BDTDA, and CP exchanged into smectite were completely decomposed in the temperature range from 250℃ to 400℃. Generally, three organo-smectites showed the similar mineralogical, physicochemical and thermal properties. But their properties are quite different from Na-smectite. Considering economically, CP exchanged smectite would be used for the diverse utilization field in the future time.

Therapeutic Effect of Dioctahedral Smectite on Diarrhea Caused by E. coli and Salmonella in Calves

차춘남,Yeo Eun Lee,최현주,Joon-Seob Shin,김석,이후장 충북대학교 동물의학연구소 2012 Journal of Biomedical and Translational Research Vol.13 No.2

The objectives in the present study were to evaluate the therapeutic effect of dioctahedral smectite (smectite) against calf diarrhea caused by pathogenic E. coli and/or Salmonella typhimurium. Of this study, twenty calves (aged 2-3 months) with diarrhea were used to estimate the efficacy of smectite on calf diarrhea with 20% smectite suspension in PBS. Calves were administered with 10 ml smectite suspension three times a day after feeding, and fecal samples were collected at the gate of treatment and on 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th day after administration. On the 5th day after treatment of smectite suspension, the treated group significantly reduced diarrhea index compared to control group (P<0.001). The number of pathogenic E. coli in feces of the treated group was significantly decreased compared to each control group from on the 2nd day after treatment (P<0.001), and that of Salmonella typhimurium was significantly decreased from on the first day after treatment (P<0.05). From results of the present study, 20% smectite suspension had therapeutic effect on diarrhea caused by E. coli and/or Salmonella in calves.