은행서비스에서 고객지향성, 금리민감도, 고객애호도의 구조에 관한 연구: 예금이자율과 대출이자율의 조절효과

하홍열,최창복 한국마케팅학회 2010 ASIA MARKETING JOURNAL Vol.12 No.3

The notion of customer orientation is now importantly considered in the context of banking industries. Despite customer-oriented organizational cultures, there are few studies addressing the relationship between customer orientation and its outcomes. In particular, this study aims at testing the effect of customer orientation as a key marketing effort designed by a bank. This is because interest rate sensitivity is critical for evaluating banking services after raising the base rate. In so doing, first, this study investigates the relationships among customer orientation, interest rate sensitivity, and customer loyalty. Second, this paper examines how the moderating effects of both deposit interest and loan interest rates influence the linkages of customer orientation-interest rate sensitivity and customer orientation-customer loyalty. To test the proposed model, research data are collected from 304 subjects who use banking services(e.g., Shin-Han, Kookmin, the First Bank, Hana, and Woori banks). Each construct was measured by published items and the psychometric properties of the three constructs, excluding two constructs of the moderators, were evaluated by employing the method of confirmatory factor analysis via the use of AMOS. The model fit was also evaluated using the CFI, TLI, and RMSEA fit indices that are recommended based on their relative stability and insensitivity to sample size. The findings show that the relationship between customer orientation and customer loyalty is significant, whereas the relationships between customer orientation and interest rate sensitivity and between interest rate sensitivity and customer loyalty are not supported. Although customer orientation is highly evaluated, customers' interest rate sensitivity that results in the comparison of interest rates plays an important role in reducing the effect of customer orientation. As a consequence, interest rate sensitivity does not influence customer loyalty. First of all, one of interesting results in this study is that the moderating effect of loan interest rate is quite different from deposit interest rate. In the case of deposit interest rate, the linkages both customer orientation-interest rate sensitivity and customer orientation-customer loyalty are insignificant. In the case of loan interest rate, however, the two proposed linkages are supported. As our proposed relationships are still in its infancy in the context of banking industry, our study contributes to enhance scholars' knowledge of bank services and provides insights for practitioners when their marketing strategies, particularly both deposit and interest rates, have to be established. Finally, this research also illuminates the need for further research that considers the influence of customer orientation on consumer's decision-making and bank profits. More specifically, the results are encouraging and will lead us to further investigate this key outcome of the banking deposit/interest rates. 은행서비스에서 고객지향성의 중요성이 더욱 커지고 있다. 조직의 고객지향적 문화와 전략이 급증함에도 불구하고, 국내 마케팅 문헌에서 고객지향성과 그에 따른 성과를 분석한 논문이 제한적이었다. 특히, 최근의 기준금리 상승에 따른 고객들의 금리민감도가 더욱 커질 수 있는 상황에서, 본 연구의 목표는 기업의 마케팅 노력인 고객지향성의 효과를 측정한다. 먼저 고객지향성과 금리민감도, 고객지향성과 고객애호도, 그리고 금리민감도와 고객애호도의 관계를 고찰한다. 또한 예금이자율과 대출이자율의 조절효과를 통해 고개지향성-금리민감도, 고객지향성-고객애호도의 관계에 어떠한 영향을 미치는가를 조사한다. 본 연구의 모형을 테스트하기 위하여, 국내 은행을 이용하는 304명의 고객을 이용하였다. 연구결과 고객지향성과 고객애호도의 관계는 유의하게 평가된 반면, 고객지향성-금리민감도, 금리민감도와 고객애호도의 관계는 유의하지 않게 나타났다. 고객지향성이 높이 평가되어도 금리변동에 따른 경쟁상품간의 금리비교에 의해 고객의 금리민감도는 고객지향성의 효과가 상쇄되는 결과를 발생시키고, 금리민감도는 고객애호도에 유의한 영향을 미치지 않는다. 무엇보다도, 예금이자율과 대출이자율에 따른 조절효과가 완전히 상반되는 결과를 가져온 것이 흥미롭다. 예금이자율의 경우, 고객지향성-금리민감도, 고객지향성-고객애호도에 영향을 주지 않았으나, 대출이자율은 두 관계에 유의한 조절효과를 나타내었다. 본 연구의 결과는 아직 위의 관계에 대한 조명이 미숙한 상태에서, 향후 은행들이 어떻게 전략을 구축하여야 하는가에 대한 방향을 제공하였다는 점에서 그 연구의 공헌과 의의를 찾을 수 있다.

도로 협곡에서 NOx와 VOCs에 대한 오존의 민감도

이광연,백종진,곽경환,박승부 한국대기환경학회 2013 한국대기환경학회지 Vol.29 No.3

The sensitivity of ozone to NOx and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emission rates under different ventilation rates and NO2-to-NOx emission ratios in a street canyon is investigated using a chemistry box model. The carbon bond mechanism IV (CBM-IV) with 36 gaseous species and 93 chemical reactions is incorporated. NOx and VOCs emission rates considered range from 0.01 to 0.30 ppb s-1 with intervals of 0.01 ppb s-1. Three different ventilation rates and three different NO2-to-NOx emission ratios are considered. The simulation results show that the ozone concentration decreases with increasing NOx emission rate but increases with increasing VOCs emission rate. When the emission ratio of VOCs to NOx is smaller than about 4, the ozone concentration is lower in the street canyon than in the background. On average, the magnitude of the sensitivity of ozone to NOx emission rate is significantly larger than that to VOCs emission rate. As the NOx emission rate increases, the magnitude of the sensitivity of ozone to NOx and VOCs emission rates decreases. Because the ozone concentration is lower in the street canyon than in the background, the increased ventilation rate enhances ozone inflow from the background. Therefore, the increase in ventilation rate results in the increase in ozone concentration and the decrease in the magnitude of the sensitivity of ozone to NOx and VOCs emission rates when the emission ratio of VOCs to NOx is smaller than about 4. On the other hand, the increase in NO2-to-NOx emission ratio results in the increase in ozone concentration because the chemical ozone production due to the NO2 photolysis is enhanced. In the present experimental setup, the contribution of the change in NO2-to-NOx emission ratio to the change in the sensitivity of ozone to NOx emission rate is larger than that of the change in ventilation rate.

Rate-dependent hardening model for polymer-bonded explosives with an HTPB polymer matrix considering a wide range of strain rates

Park, Chunghee,Huh, Hoon,Park, Jungsu SAGE Publications 2015 Journal of composite materials Vol.49 No.4

<P>This article is concerned with the effect of the strain rate on the strain hardening behavior of polymer-bonded explosives at a wide range of strain rates ranging from 0.0001 s<SUP>–1</SUP> to 3870 s<SUP>−1</SUP>. Inert polymer-bonded explosive simulants are prepared as specialized particulate composites to acquire analogous mechanical characteristics to polymer-bonded explosives for safety reasons. Uniaxial compressive tests were conducted from quasi-static states to intermediate strain rates ranging from 0.0001 s<SUP>−1</SUP> to 100 s<SUP>−1</SUP> with cylindrical specimens using a dynamic material testing machine (INSTRON 8801) and a high-speed material testing machine. An experimental method was developed for uniaxial compressive tests at intermediate strain rates ranging from 10 s<SUP>−1</SUP> to 100 s<SUP>−1</SUP>. Split Hopkinson pressure bar tests were performed at high strain rates ranging from 1250 s<SUP>−1</SUP> to 3870 s<SUP>−1</SUP>. Deformation behavior was investigated using captured images from a high-speed camera. The strain hardening behavior of polymer-bonded explosive simulants was formulated as a function of the strain rate with the proposed rate-dependent hardening model based on the DSGZ model. The model is capable of representing the complicated strain rate effects on the strain hardening behavior for rate-sensitive materials with a second-order exponentially-increasing function of the strain rate sensitivity. The rate-dependent hardening model of polymer-bonded explosives can be readily applied to prediction of deformation modes of polymer-bonded explosives in a warhead that undergoes severe dynamic loads.</P>

Strain rate-dependent behaviors of mechanical properties of structural steel investigated using indentation and finite element analysis

Nguyen, Ngoc-Vinh,Pham, Thai-Hoan,Kim, Seung-Eock Elsevier 2019 Mechanics of materials Vol.137 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>In this study, a series of experiments, which consist of constant strain rate indentation, and optical microscope examination, and finite element analysis were performed to investigate the strain rate-dependent behaviors of the mechanical properties of SS400 structural steel. The microstructures of SS400 steel was characterized using optical microscope examination. The influences of strain rate indentation on the characteristics of the loading/unloading curves were presented and the results showed a higher applied load, a higher loading curvature, and a higher loading work for a higher strain rate level. The strain rate-dependent behaviors of indentation hardness (<I>H</I>), yield strength (<I>σ<SUB>y</SUB> </I>), and work hardening (<I>n</I>) were investigated. When the strain rate level increased, both <I>H</I> and <I>σ<SUB>y</SUB> </I> strongly increased, while work hardening showed an almost linear increase. The strain rate-dependent behaviors of material properties were validated through the experimental and the numerical verifications. The strain rate sensitivity (SRS) value of 0.056 ± 0.02 was reported for SS400 steel and was highly consistent with the general trend reported for several types of structural steel in the literature.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> The pile-up phenomena occurred at all strain rate indentation levels, while the pop-in events can be observed to be more pronounced at low strain rate. </LI> <LI> The results showed higher applied load, higher loading curvature, higher total work, and higher contact stiffness for higher strain rate condition. </LI> <LI> The strain rate sensitivity of 0.056 ± 0.03 was well reported for SS400 steel. </LI> <LI> As the strain rate increased, indentation hardness yield stress strongly increased, while work hardening showed an almost linear increase. </LI> <LI> The strain rate-dependent behaviors of both yield stress and work hardening were validated through the experimental and numerical verifications. </LI> </UL> </P>

신용등급과 기업의 혁신활동

나재석,조용민 글로벌경영학회 2023 글로벌경영학회지 Vol.20 No.2

This study examines the impact of credit ratings on corporate innovation activities. A sample of domestic securities-listed companies is selected, and changes in innovation activities are investigated when firms exhibit high sensitivity to credit ratings. Credit rating data from December settlement companies, spanning the period from 2002 to 2019, excluding the financial industry, is employed. A total of 2,179 company-year observations are used, which include corporate patent data as a proxy for measuring innovation performance, to examine the relationship between credit ratings and innovation activities. Furthermore, the study analyzes how these relationships vary across high-tech and non-high-tech industries, as well as investment ratings and speculative ratings. The empirical analysis reveals a significant positive relationship between the sensitivity of firms to credit ratings and their innovation activities. Specifically, firms that are more sensitive to credit rating downgrades show an increase in innovation activities, while no significant results are found for credit rating upgrades. This suggests that firms with a higher likelihood of credit rating downgrades are more likely to actively pursue innovation activities to maintain their current credit rating. Moreover, this asymmetric relationship between credit ratings and innovation is more pronounced in high-tech industries compared to non-high-tech industries, and in investment-rated firms compared to speculative-rated firms. Based on these empirical findings, this study provides important implications for stakeholders and financial market participants regarding the relationship between credit ratings and innovation. 본 연구는 신용등급이 기업의 혁신활동에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 이를 위해 국내 유가증권상장기업을 대상으로 표본을 추출하고 해당 기업이 신용등급에 대한 민감도가 높을 때 기업의 혁신활동에 어떤 변화가 있는지 조사하였다. 금융업을 제외한 12월 결산회사의 2002년부터 2019년까지 신용등급 자료를 이용하였으며, 이 중 혁신성과를 측정하기 위한 기업특허자료의 추출이 가능한 총 2,179개 기업-연도 자료를 통해 신용등급과 혁신활동의 관계를 살펴보았다. 또한, 이러한 관계가 첨단산업과 비첨단산업 그리고 투자등급과 투기등급 여부에 따라 어떻게 달라지는지를 분석하였다. 실증분석 결과, 신용등급에 대한 기업의 민감도와 기업의 혁신활동 사이에는 유의한 양(+)의 관련성이 나타났다. 특히, 신용등급 하락에 더 민감해진 기업은 혁신활동을 증가시키는 반면, 신용등급 상승에 대해서는 유의한 결과가 조사되지 않았다. 이는 신용등급 하락 가능성이 큰 기업은 현재의 신용등급을 유지하기 위해 혁신활동을 적극적으로 추진할 수 있음을 시사한다. 그뿐만 아니라, 이와 같은 신용등급과 혁신 간의 비대칭적인 관계는 비첨단산업보다는 첨단산업에서 그리고 투기등급보다는 투자등급의 기업에서 더욱 두드러지게 나타났다. 본 논문은 이러한 실증결과를 바탕으로 기업의 이해관계자와 금융시장 참여자들에게 신용등급과 혁신에 대한 중요한 시사점을 제공하였다.

금리민감도와 고객이탈의도에 관한 실증분석 : 이자율 유형과 성별의 조절효과

김고운 서비스마케팅학회 2022 서비스마케팅저널 Vol.15 No.2

The aim of the present study was two-fold: (1) to empirically examine the likelihood of customer defection as a result of interest rate fluctuations; and (2) to investigate the moderating roles of types of interest rates (i.e., deposit rate and lending rate) and gender on the relationship between defection intentions and changes in interest rate. Self-administered questionnaires were used and PROCESS Macro (M=3) was adopted for the mediated moderation analysis. The findings showed that if interest rate sensitivity among customers increases, customer defection intentions increase. In particular, customers respond more sensitively to increasing deposit rate than lending rate, and thus have greater intentions to defect. Furthermore, in case of lending rate, men are more likely than women to be sensitive to customer churn. In contrast, in case of deposit rate, women are more likely than men to be sensitive to customer churn. The implications of these results were discussed. Also, limitations of the present empirical investigation and directions for future research were suggested. 본 연구는 은행 서비스를 이용하는 고객을 대상으로 금리 변동 시기에 고객이탈 가능성을 특히 이자율의 유형 및 성별 차이의 조절효과를 통해 검증한다. 서베이 조사를 기반으로, PROCESS Macro(M=3) 모형을 이용하여, 매개적 조절효과를 분석하였다. 분석결과를 살펴보면, 고객들의 금리민감도가 증가하면 고객의 이탈의도는 상승한다. 특히 고객들은 대출 이자율보다 예금이자율에 더 급격히 반응하며 이탈 가능성이 증가한다. 또한 대출이자율의 경우, 여성보다 남성에게서 이탈 가능성이 더 민감하게 나타나며, 반대로 예금이자율의 경우, 여성이 남성보다 다소 높게 반응한다. 본 연구결과를 기반으로, 저자는 시사점 및 연구의 한계점, 미래 연구방향을 제언한다.

Shear stress versus strain responses of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concretes at high strain rates

NGO, Tri Thuong,KIM, Dong Joo Elsevier 2018 International journal of impact engineering Vol.111 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Shear stress versus strain response of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concretes (UHPFRCs) at high strain rates up to 248 s<SUP>−1</SUP> was investigated by installing the shear test set-up in an improved strain energy frame impact machine (I-SEFIM). The tensile strain-hardening UHPFRCs also produced shear-related hardening response, even at high strain rates, accompanied with multiple cracks. The shear resistance was obviously sensitive to the applied strain rates even though the shear strain rate sensitivity was not as high as the tensile strain rate sensitivity: the dynamic increase factor (DIF)-1.5 for the shear strength of UHPFRCs with 1.5 vol.-% fibers was significantly lower than the DIF (3.2) for the tensile strength at the strain rate of 248 s<SUP>−1</SUP> owing to the different distribution of inertial force of mortar matrix surrounding fiber, resulting from difference of loading direction. A DIF predicting equation was finally proposed for the shear strength of UHPFRCs at high strain rates.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> An impact shear test method for UHPFRCs was proposed. Shear stress versus strain response of UHPFRCs at high strain rates could be successfully measured. </LI> <LI> The UHPFRCs produced shear related hardening response, accompanied by multiple crack formation, even at high strain rates. </LI> <LI> The shear strength and shear peak toughness of UHPFRCs were high rate sensitive, whereas their shear strain capacity was not. </LI> <LI> Equation for predicting strain rate dependent shear strength of UHPFRCs was proposed. </LI> </UL> </P>

신용카드 대출금리의 기본원가 민감도 분석

윤종문(Yoon, Jong-Mun),조윤서(Jo, Yoon-Seo) 한국산업경제학회 2020 산업경제연구 Vol.33 No.6

본 연구는 신용카드 대출금리의 기본원가에 대한 민감도를 카드대출 모범규준에 기초해서 분석한다. 이전 연구에서는 신용카드 대출금리가 카드산업의 경쟁도와 정보비대칭성에 의해 영향 받는다는 연구가 주를 이루었지만 본 연구에서는 국내카드사의 실제 카드대출금리 산정원칙인 비용기반 금리산정체계에 따라 기본원가(신용원가, 자본원가, 조달원가, 업무원가)가 대출금리에 미치는 영향을 분석한다. 또한, 대출금리 산정에 있어서 규제영향을 분석하기 위해서 금리상한 및 대출모범 규준제정을 원가항목에 포함하였다. 분석결과는 신용원가를 제외하고 대출금리 기본원가가 실제 신용카드 대출금리에 양(+)의 유의한 결과를 보였고, 신용카드 대출금리는 조달원가보다는 판매관리비에 보다 민감하게 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 대출금리 규제 중 금리상한의 변화는 대출금리 인하에 유의적으로 영향을 미쳤지만 카드대출 모범규준의 도입은 카드론에 있어만 일부 금리인하 효과가 있는 것으로 분석된다. 다만, 신용원가(부도확률)는 예상과 달리 대출금리와 음(-)의 관계를 나타내는데, 이는 회사별 분석자료의 특성으로 개인별 비용인상 요인보다는 카드사의 대출심사 강화 등으로 회사별 평균 대출금리가 변한 결과로 해석할 수 있다. This study analyzes the sensitivity of the basic cost of credit card loan(long-term) and cash advanced(short-term) interest rate based on the best practice. Previous studies have shown that credit card lending rates are affected by competition and information asymmetry in the credit card industry, but this study analyzes the impact of basic costs (credit, capital, issuing bond and business costs) on lending rates in accordance with the cost-based interest rate calculation system, which is the actual credit card company’s credit card loan and cash advanced interest rate calculation principle. In addition, the cost items included the provision of interest rate caps and loan model standards to analyze the regulatory impact in calculating lending rates. The analysis results showed that the basic cost of the loan rate, excluding credit costs, showed a significant positive (+) result in actual credit card loan and cash advanced rates, and credit card loan rates were more sensitive to sales management costs than costs of issuing bonds. Although the change in the interest rate ceiling among lending regulations has significantly affected the reduction of interest rates, it is analyzed that the establishment of best standards for credit card lending has the effect of interest rate cuts only in credit card loan. However, the credit cost (probability of default) represents a negative relationship with the credit card interest rate, which can be interpreted as a result of the change in the average interest rate of each company due to the screening of credit card company’s loan rather than the individual cost increase factor.

Loading rate effect on crack velocity in ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete

Ngo, Tri Thuong,Park, Jun Kil,Kim, Dong Joo Elsevier 2019 Construction and Building Materials Vol.197 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Loading rate effect on crack propagation in ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete (UHPFRCs) was investigated using a pre-notched three-point bending specimen in an improved-strain energy frame impact machine (I-SEFIM) and image processing techniques. The crack velocity of up to 984 m/s and the crack initiation strain rate of up to 271 s<SUP>−1</SUP> were observed. Crack velocity in UHPFRCs increased as the applied strain rate increased. Fiber reinforcements significantly affected on the crack velocity in the UHPFRC at static rates, but slightly did at high strain rates. There is a strong correlation between the strain-rate sensitivity and the dynamic crack growth characteristics of UHPFRCs.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> The crack initiation and velocity at high speed were successfully tested by using the modified I-SEFIM. </LI> <LI> The crack velocity increased as the applied strain rate increased. </LI> <LI> The fiber reinforcement significantly affected on the crack velocity in the UHPFRCs at static rates, but it slightly did at high strain rates. </LI> <LI> The strain-rate sensitivity of UHPFRC is strongly correlated with the dynamic crack growth mechanism. </LI> </UL> </P>

Prediction rate evaluation of spectro-DPRA as a modified in chemico skin sensitization test method

Jung-Ah Seo,Min Young Jeon,Hyeon Lee Lee,Sun-A Cho,Susun An,Bae-Hwan Kim 한국실험동물학회 2021 한국실험동물학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2021 No.7

Some chemicals can bind to skin proteins and induce sensitization. Direct peptide reactivity assay (DPRA) listed in the OECD guideline is an alternative method to evaluate the skin sensitization, by assessing a substance"s reaction to peptides. Newly modified spectrophotometric method for skin sensitization evaluation (spectro-DPRA) in Korea can improve some defect of DPRA. Pre-validation studies for spectro-DPRA were conducted at three institutions (AP, KTR, and KCL) to exam the transferability and proficiency, within and between laboratory reproducibility, and predictive ability based on GLP principle. All organizations confirmed more than 90% of agreements for the proficiency evaluation using ten chemical substances. Within the laboratory reproducibility evaluation, the agreement rate between the three tests performed by each institution was confirmed as 90% for AP, 100% for KTR, and 100% for KCL, and 90% agreement was approved when comparing with LLNA data. In evaluating reproducibility between the three laboratories, the agreement was 86.7%, showing a high value, and the degree of agreement with the LLNA data result was confirmed as 86.7% for AP, 100% for KTR, and 86.7% for KCL. Additional 54 substances were used to verify the prediction rate. As a result, 29 out of 33 sensitizers were identified as sensitizers, and 19 out of 21 non-sensitizers were identified as non-sensitizers, confirming a sensitivity of 87.8%, a specificity of 90.4%, and an accuracy of 88.8%. According to the results, the spectro-DPRA skin sensitization test presented adequate predictive capacity compared with the existing DPRA or ADRA while representing a method to save time and cost. Acknowledgments: This research was supported by a grant (19182MFDS495 and 21182MFDS399) from Ministry of Food and Drug Safety.