從漢語再看中世韓國語的齒音

邵磊 한국중국언어문화연구회 2015 한중언어문화연구 Vol.- No.39

Of the Hun-min-jeong-eum unused 14 letters, 11 letters are dental consonants. Dental consonants are exactly the letters which in both Chinese and Korean are unclear and both are found in a vague and different positions. The creation of the Korean letters has a very strong connection to the way Chinese sounded like. Whether explained by the theory of Chinese phonetics or by corresponding pronunciation, Chinese serves as a very important basis and reference point with regards to initial Korean letters and Middle Korean. The main characteristic of this article is identifying the phonemes of both Korean and Chinese and organizing them according to their IPA equivalents, then facing them with Chinese equivalents, Mongolian and Japanese, thereby checking the issues concerning the sound value, palatalization, voicing etc. of these letters. The article examines dental fricatives, including dental head sounds ᅎ ᅔ ᅏ ᄼ ᄽ, and main dental sounds ᅐ ᅕ ᅑ ᄾ ᄿ Korean dental sounds ㅈ, ㅊ, ㅉ, ㅅ, ㅆ and semi-dental sound ㅿ, altogether four groups. In the research method this article adopts an original approach assuming a pair of semi dental sounds: using the semi-dental-head-sound and the semi-main-dental-sound in order to speculate the position of the semi dental sound. Also, this article proposes the concept of semi-palatalization to explain the different stages of the Korean palatalization process and to explain ㅿ not only as a symbol of existence, but also of sound change. In the conclusion, the article assumes that sound value of ㅿ is not /z/, but is between /z/ and /ʑ、ʐ/, namely /ʒ/.

후기 중세 한국어에서 △의 음운 자격

장석 ( Zhang Shuo ) 고려대학교 민족문화연구원 2016 민족문화연구 Vol.72 No.-

This paper makes a phonological study on Semi-dental(△). Chapter 2 makes a phonological study on the △ in Sino-Korean and Korean respectively. The change of Korean ilmo(日母) words is like ``z > j > Ø`` and ilmo began to disappear after becoming [j] since 15th century. Because there was a [j] glide or [i] vowel in the medial of most vocabulary with △, so △ in Sino-Korean vocabulary cannot be pronounced. Therefore the words like ``인(人):신(信)``, ``일(日):실(室)``, ``육(肉):슉(叔)`` are not minimal pairs and △ is not a phoneme. The △ in Korean can appear both in the morpheme boundary and morphemic internal. But since this △ is formed by voluntary phonological rules, △ and ㅅ cannot form a distinctive opposition. Thus we conclude that △ was not a phoneme in Late Middle Korean. In the Late Middle Korean, the ㅸ and ㅇ, which are in the same series with △,can be considered to be phonetic symbols in the phonological change. So the △ is not a phoneme, but a phonetic symbol in the phonological change of ``ㅅ>Ø``.

文獻으로 본 日母 漢字音의 變化

張碩 한중인문학회 2014 한중인문학연구 Vol.45 No.-

본고는 문헌을 통해 일모(日母) 한자어를 다시 고찰하였다. 제2장에서 한어(漢語) 일모의역사적 변화와 현대 각 방언에서 어떻게 실현되는지를 살펴보았다. 현대 월어(粵語)와 교료관화(膠遼官話)에서 일모 어휘는 대부 분이 영성모(零聲母)로 실현되고 그들의 운모를 보면 ‘i’모음이 있다. 이러한 점은 한국 일모 한자어와 똑같다. 제3장에서 중세문헌과 17세기 이후의 문헌에서 나온 일모와 관련된 것에 대해 고찰하였다. 그리고 일모는 현 대 한국방언에서 어떻게 실현되는지도 살펴보았다. 검토를 통해 일모의 변화 과정은 월어와 교료관화의 일모 의 변화 과정과비슷하다는 점을 알게 되었다. 제4장에서 다시 정리하여 결론을 다음과 같이 내었다. 1. 대부분 한국어 일모의 변화 과정과 월어와 교료관화의 일모 변화 과정이 비슷하다고 본다. 2. 한국어에서 ㅿ은 일모 지섭(止攝) 한자어부터 사라지기 시작하였다고 추정한다. 3. 한국어에서 ㅿ이 사라지기 시작한 시기는 15세기 초로 다시 추정한다. This paper makes a research again to the Chinese ilmo characters throughliterature. Chapter 2 introduces the historical changes of Chinese ilmo and thedistribution of modern dialects. In the modern Cantonese and Jiaodong ofShandong mandarin as well as in Liaodong peninsula mandarin(膠遼官話), mostof the initial consonants of the ilmo vocabulary are zero and consist of “i” inthe simple or compound vowel. This characteristic is the same as the ilmovocabulary in the modern Korean. Chapter 3 studies on the ilmo whichappeared in literature of medieval and 17century and also in modern Koreandialect. By the study, the author found that the process of change in Koreanilmo words is similar with Cantonese and Jiao-Liao Mandarin. Chapter 4summarizes the contents of this article and concludes. 1. The process of change in Korean ilmo words is similar with Cantonese andJiao-Liao Mandarin. 2. Disappearance of Korean semi-dental(ㅿ) began with jiseob(止攝) of ilmoSion-Korean characters. 3. Disappearance of Korean semi-dental(ㅿ) began from early 15th century.

ㅿ-ㅸ의 연쇄로 본 ㅿ의 음가

장석 구결학회 2016 구결연구 Vol.36 No.-

This paper is written during the one more time study of ㅿ. This paper investigates on the phonetic value of ㅿ through the sequences of ㅿ-ㅸ. Chapter 2 simply studies the voiced sound -ㅂ sequences. In this paper, the author confirms once again that ㅂ can become ㅸ following vowel, glide [j], liquid sound and semi-dental while ㅂ following nasal sound can not become to ㅸ. With the fact that ㅿ can make ㅂ into ㅸ but the nasal sound can not change ㅂ to ㅸ, and the aspect of sonority scale, lenition type, syllable position, we can say ㅿ is produced to approximant [ɹ] in the environment of ㅿ-ㅸ sequences. In chapter 3, the author analyzes ㅿ from the aspect of the universality of phonetics, the record of ㅿ in the literature and Sino-Korean. Finally, we make a conclusion that it is possible to say that the phonetic value of ㅿ is [ɹ]. 본고는 ㅿ을 다시 고찰하는 과정에서 쓴 글이다. 본고는 ㅿ-ㅸ의 연쇄를 통해 ㅿ의 음가를 바라본다. 2장에서 유성음-ㅸ의 연쇄를 살펴보았다. 모음, [j]활음, 유음, ㅿ 뒤에 후행하는 ㅂ은 ㅸ으로 실현됨을 다시 확인하였고 비음 뒤에 ㅂ이 오면 ㅸ으로 실현되지 않고 ㅂ이 그대로 실현되는 사실도 확인하였다. ㅿ은 후행하는 ㅂ을 ㅸ으로 약화시킬 수 있지만 비음은 후행하는 ㅂ을 ㅸ으로 약화시키지 못하는 점과 분절음의 공명도, 약화의 유형, 음절 위치 등을 고려할 때에 ㅿ-ㅸ의 연쇄에서 ㅿ의 음가는 [ɹ]으로 본다. 3장에서 언어 보편성, 문헌에서 ㅿ에 대한 기록, 한국한자음 등 측면을 통해 ㅿ을 살펴보았고 후기 중세한국어에서 ㅿ의 음가가 [ɹ]이었을 가능성을 제시하였다.

국어 음운사의 연구 성과와 과제 - 자음을 중심으로 -

이동석 ( Lee Dong-seok ) 한말연구학회 2017 한말연구 Vol.- No.44

There are many issues in the Korean historical phonology. Topics to be discussed in this paper include: (ⅰ) opposition between lenis and aspirated and fortis consonants, (ⅱ) opposition between voiced and voiceless, (ⅲ) phonetic value of dental, (ⅳ) consonant cluster, (ⅴ) non-release of the coda. In relation to the opposition between lenis and aspirated and fortis consonants, it is common that there was no distinction of these consonants in accient Korean language. But for now it is difficult to grasp the exact timing of the formation of aspirated and fortis consonants. In relation to the opposition between voiced and voiceless, it`s hard to find evidence that there was an opposition between these consonants in accient Korean language. And in the medieval Korean language, it is unclear that `ㅸ, ㅿ, ㅇ` were voiced consonants. In relation to the phonetic value of dental, there is an opinion that there was no affricative in the ancient Korean language. But in Chinese characters, `ㅅ` and `ㅈ` are distinguished. So for now it is unclear that there was no affricative in the ancient Korean language. In relation to the non-release of the coda, the view that the consonants in coda were released in the ancient Korean language is predominant. And it is common that `ㅅ` and `ㄹ` in coda were released in the medieval Korean language. In the case of the ancient Korean language, it is difficult to judge only with the data and according to the explanation of Hunminjeongum, rather `ㅅ` and `ㄹ` in coda are likely to be released in the medieval Korean language.

음운사와 어원

이동석(Dong Seok Lee) 한국어학회 2008 한국어학 Vol.39 No.-

언간 자료에 나타난 ‘ㅿ, ㅸ’의 변화형 연구

배영환 한국방언학회 2015 방언학 Vol.0 No.22

This study aimed at dividing around 2,000 Korean letters of Joseon dynasty per dialect according to the native place of addressers, based on this, concretely investigating Eon’gan to see how ‘ㅿ, ㅸ’ along with dialect. Korean Old Vernacular Letters of Joseon Dynasty can be divided into Seoul․Gyeonggi region, Chungcheongdo region, Gyeongsangdo region, Jeollado region, royal family Eon’gan, etc. according to the native place of the addressers. When classifying Eon’gan according to addressers' native place, majority of the letters were from Gyeongsangdo, however Jeollado region appeared minor relatively. In Eon’gan, change of ‘ㅿ’ could be investigated by dividing into Morpheme Boundary, Morpheme Inside, complex words, and grammar morpheme, etc. In Eon’gan, mostly change of ‘ㅿ>∅’ appeared, in some letters, change of ‘ㅿ>ㅅ’ appears. The letters that show ‘ㅿ>ㅅ(s)’ change were found in <Suncheon Kim family tomb excavation’Eon’gan>, <Jinju Ha family tomb excavation’s Eon’gan>, <Lee dongpyo family’s Eon’gan>, etc., which were mostly those written in Gyeongsando region of 16~17th century. Also, the example that shows ‘ㅸ>ㅂ’ change in Eon’gan is very rare. Writing along with ‘deorab-’, ‘deob-’, ‘majubi’, and so called syllable writing, etc. could be found. However, among them, the example of 'deop-' could be determined to have problem of reading, and the example of syllable writing could be seen as the writing that was aware of stem-final of stem, accordingly, difficult to determine as the example of ‘ㅸ>ㅂ’ change. The Eon’gan that show all of ‘ㅿ>ㅅ’ and ‘ㅸ>ㅂ’ change are <Suncheon Kim family tomb excavation Eon’gan> and <Jinju Ha family tomb excavation Eon’gan>. They are relatively initial stage materials among Eon’gan, furthermore, have characteristic of Gyeongsangdo region Eon’gan. 이 연구는 조선시대 한글 편지 2,000여 건을 발신자의 출신지에 따라 방언권별로 나누어 이를 토대로 ‘ㅿ, ㅸ’이 언간 자료에 구체적으로 어떻게 변화되어나타나는가를 살펴본 것이다. 조선시대 언간 자료는 발신자의 출신지에 따라 서울․경기 지역, 충청도 지역, 경상도 지역, 전라도 지역, 왕실 언간 등으로 나누어 볼 수 있는데, 경상도 지역 편지의 건수가 많고, 상대적으로 전라도 지역 편지의 건수가 적은 것을 확인할 수 있다. 언간에서 ‘ㅿ’의 변화는 형태소 경계와형태소 내부, 복합어, 문법형태소 등의 환경으로 나누어 살펴볼 수 있다. 언간에서는 대부분 ‘ㅿ>∅’의 변화가 나타나는데 일부 편지에서는 중세국어의 ‘ㅿ’이‘ㅅ’로 나타나기도 한다. ‘ㅅ’형이 나타나는 예는 <순천김씨묘출토언간>, <진주하씨묘출토언간>, <이동표가언간>에서 확인되는데, 이들은 대체로 16~17세기의 경상도 지방에서 쓰인 편지라는 공통점이 있다. 또, 언간 자료에서 ‘ㅸ>ㅂ’의변화를 보여 주는 예는 매우 드물게 나타나는데, ‘더랍-’, ‘덥-’, ‘마주비’, 그리고이른바 분철에 따른 표기 등이 그것이다. 그러나 이 가운데, ‘덥-’의 예는 판독에 문제가 있는 것으로 볼 수 있고, 분철 표기된 예는 어간의 말음을 의식한 표기로 볼 수 있어 ‘ㅸ>ㅂ’의 변화의 예로 보기는 어렵다. 언간 자료에서 ‘ㅿ>ㅅ’ 과 ‘ㅸ>ㅂ’의 변화가 모두 나타나는 자료는 <순천김씨묘출토언간>과 <진주하씨묘출토언간>뿐이다. 이들은 언간 가운데 비교적 초기의 자료이고, 나아가 경상도 지역의 언간이라는 특징을 갖는다. 그러므로 언간 자료에서는 ‘ㅿ, ㅸ’의 변화에 있어 현대국어와 같은 방언적인 모습이 잘 드러나지 않는다고 할 수 있다.