BART와 K-DOSPERT로 알아본 한국인의 위험감수경향

홍종인(Jong In Hong),이영렬(Young Ryeol Lee),김경희(Kyoung Hee Kim),박진영(Jin Young Park),박성혁(Sung Hyuk Park),이건석(Gunsuk Lee),이재원(Jaewon Lee) 대한사회정신의학회 2010 사회정신의학 Vol.15 No.1

연구목적: 위험감수경향을 5개의 항목별로 평가할 수 있는 영역별 위험감수척도(Domain-specific Risk-taking Scale;DOSPERT)의 한국어판인 K-DOSPERT를 제작하여 표준화하고, 전산화된 위험감수경향 검사인 풍선위험검사(Balloon Analogue Risk Task;BART)와 K-DOSPERT를 사용하여 한국 정상인의 위험감수경향성을 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법: 150명의 성인 남녀가 K-DOSPERT 표준화 연구에 참여하였다. 신뢰도 평가를 위해 Cronbach's alpha 계수를 산출하였고 타당도 평가를 위해 제 11 판 한국판 바렛충동성검사(Barratt Impulsiveness Scale; BIS)와의 상관관계를 알아보았으며, 위험 행동 및 위험인지점수의 상관성을 기존 외국 연구와 비교하였다. 또한 41명의 성인 남녀를 대상으로 BART와 K-DOSPERT 를 시행하여 두 검사결과를 비교하고, 성별 및 손잡이에 따른 위험감수경향을 알아보았다. 결 과: K-DOSPERT의 Cronbach’ s alpha 계수는 위험감수 및 위험인지 모두 0.84였고, 항목별로는 사회성을 제외한 나머지 위험 항목이 0.6 이상으로 나타나 높은 내적 일치도를 보였고, BIS와 비교한 결과 위험감수경향이 높을수록 충동성이 높은 모습을 보였다. 위험행동과 위험인지점수는 서로 역 상관관계를 보여(r=-0.55, p<0.01) 외국의 결과와 유사하게 나타났다. BART와 K-DOSPERT를 함께 시행한 결과 BART지수가 높게 나타난 집단이 K-DOSPERT 결과 위험감수성이 높게 나타났고, 남자및 오른손잡이는 여자 및 왼손잡이를 포함한 양손잡이에 비해 위험감수경향이 높게 나타났다. 결 론: K-DOSPERT는 한국인의 위험감수경향을 평가하는 도구로 적합하며, 위험감수경향의 평가가 필요한 개인 및 특정 집단에 대한 BART와 K-DOSPERT의 이용을 통해 추후 사회문제의 예방 및 대책마련에 도움이 될 수 있을 것이라 기대된다. Objectives:This study aims to make and standardize Korean version of Domain-specific Risk-taking scale(KDOSPERT) that can evaluate risk-taking propensity according to five risk domains, and look into risk-taking propensity of Koreans by using computerized behavioral task Balloon Analogue Risk Task(BART) and K-DOSPERT. Methods:150 men and women participated in K-DOSPERT standardization study. For the reliability evaluation, the study calculated Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, looked into relations with Barratt Impulsiveness Scale(BIS), and compared relations with risk taking and risk perception with existing oversea researches. In addition, it conducted BART and K-DOSPERT to 41 men and women to compare results of the two tests and examine risk-taking propensity according to the gender and the handedness. Results:K-DOSPERT’s Cronbach’s alpha coefficient indicated that both risk taking and risk perception were 0.84, and risk domains except for social domain were shown more than 0.6 and had high internal consistency. According to the comparison with BIS, the higher risk-taking propensity was, the higher impulsiveness was found. As risk taking and risk perception showed negative correlation (r=-0.55, p<0.01) which is similar to foreign study result. BART and K-DOSPERT were carried out at the same time, and the result showed that the group with high BART index had higher risk-taking propensity according to K-DOSPERT results, and men and the right-handed had higher risk-taking propensity than women and the left-handed and the mixed-handed. Conclusion:K-DOSPERT is suitable as a tool to evaluate risk-taking propensity of Koreans, and it is expected to help prevent social problems and prepare for countermeasures by using BART and K-DOSPERT to individuals and specific groups that need the evaluation of risk-taking propensity.

FDICIA and Risk Shifting in the Banking Industry

Lee, Seok Weon Institute for International Trade and Cooperation 2006 Asian International Studies Review Vol.7 No.1

This is an empirical study that examines how the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act(FDICIA) of 1991 in the U.S. banking industry affects the moral hazard risk-taking incentives of banks. We find that FDICIA appears to be effective in significantly reducing the systematic risk-taking incentives of the banks. Considering that the banks' asset portfolios are necessarily largely systematic risk-related, the significant decrease in their systematic risk-taking incentives provides some evidence of the effectiveness of FDICIA. However, with respect to the nonsystematic risk-taking behavior, the results generally indicate statistically insignificant decreases in the risk-taking incentives after FDICIA. To well-diversified investors who can diversify nonsystematic risk away, nonsystematic risk away, nonsystematic risk may not be a risk any more. However, to maintain a sound banking environment and to reduce the risk to individual banks, this result implies that regulatory agents should monitor the banks nonsystematic risk-taking behavior more closely, as long as it is positively related to the banks' failures. WE further test the change in the risk-taking incentives by partitioning the full sample into two groups: Banks with higher moral hazard incentives as those with larger asset size and lower capital ratio and banks with lower moral hazard incentives as those with smaller asset size and higher capital ratio. The main result for this test is that, with FDICIA, the decrease in the risk-taking incentives of the banks with higher moral hazard incentives (larger asset-size and lower capital-ratio banks) is less than that of the banks with lower moral hazard incentives (smaller asset-size and higher capital-ratio banks), with respect to both systematic and nonsystematic risk-taking measures. Furthermore, the change in the nonsystematic risk-taking incentives of the banks with higher moral hazard incentives is rather mixed, while their systematic incentives are decreased. These findings imply that the regulatory agents should allocate more time and effort toward monitoring the banks with higher moral hazard incentives with particular emphasis on their nonsystematic risk-taking behavior.

Changing Incentives and Opportunities for Risk-Taking in Recent U.S. Banking Industry

Lee, Seok Weon 이화여자대학교 국제통상협력연구소 2005 Asian International Studies Review Vol.6 No.1

We examine how the relationship between bank ownership structure and risk-taking may be differently affected by the different regulatory regimes in the U.S. banking industry. We find that higher insider-ownership banks hand greater risk-taking incentives than lower insider-ownership banks had greater risk-taking incentives than lower insider-ownership banks between 1987-1990(a period of relative deregulation and decline of the U.S. banking industry), when we represent risk-taking by systematic risk. However, this greater systematic risk-taking is unprofitable, indicating that banks pursued perverse risky strategies in the late 1980s as suggested by the mora-hazard hypothesis in banking literature. But we find that greater systematic risk-taking incentives of higher insider-ownership banks than lower insider-ownership banks disappeared, and that the association between risk-taking and profitability improved over the period of tightened regulation (1991-1995). These results may offer some supporting evidence for the effectiveness of regulatory reforms in the U.S. banking industry beginning around 1991. In testing the partitioned sample between lower insider-ownership banks vs. higher ones, we find that the positive relationship between insider ownership and risk-taking, and the negative relationship between the risk-taking and profitability is significantly more transparent for the set of banks with lower insider ownership over the period 1987-1990. Thus, at very low levels of stock ownership, banks greatly increase risk, but ultimately unprofitable risks, as the level of insider ownership rises over the period of deregulation and decline of the banking industry. This result is consistent with the corporate-control hypothesis. Over the period 1991-1995, we also find that at high levels of stock ownership, banks seemed to engage in profitable risk-taking as the level of insider ownership rose, as predicted by the corporate-control hypothesis. Overall, in terms of only addressing the owner/manager agency problem, these results strongly suggest that in years of deregulation, the owner/manger agency problem of banks can be easily addressed by changing insider holdings or ownership structure to accommodate increased risk. But this policy suggestion should be taken with caution, since banks seem to take on more than enough risk in years of deregulation, which may ultimately increase the probability of bank failure. This might suggest that the increase in insider holdings to address the owner/manager agency problem should be associated with closer monitoring of the bank's risk-taking behavior. This policy suggestion should be encouraged more strongly, especially to banks with very low levels of stock ownership.

모험시도와 영어 학습 성취도의 관계

박현주 대한언어학회 2003 언어학 Vol.11 No.2

This paper aims to examine the effects of risk-taking on language learners' achievement with focus on two variables: instructional environment and gender. In this study, risk-taking is classified into voluntary classroom participation, new expression risk-taking, risk-taking with peers, and risk-taking with teachers. The major findings are as follows: Risk-taking in general is positively correlated with learners' achievement. Interestingly, conversation courses have a stronger positive correlation than reading courses. Female students show significantly higher risk-taking in new expression, while male students show significantly higher risk-taking with peers and teachers. Voluntary classroom participation has the most significant influence on learners' achievement, followed by risk-taking with teachers and peers. The implications of this research for English education is that educators and learners should consider risk-taking as important factors in foreign language classrooms and be aware of their effects in English learning process. Therefore, teachers should design classroom procedures and activities in a way that will contribute to enhancing and encouraging learners' risk-taking behaviors in classrooms.

어머니의 위험에 대한 태도와 자녀의 위험감수형 놀이 행동에 대한 어머니의 허용도 및 자녀의 위험감수형 놀이 행동의 관계

박신영,엄정애 이화여자대학교 교육과학연구소 2014 교육과학연구 Vol.45 No.2

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship among mother’s attitudes towards risks, their degree of permission for young children's risk-taking play behaviors and children’s risk-taking play behaviors in outdoor play. The subjects were 294 children aged four and five enrolled in kindergartens and their mothers. Results showed that there were significant differences in mothers’ attitudes toward risks and mothers’ degrees of permission for children’s risk-taking play behaviors between individuals and there was a significant relationship between mothers’ attitudes toward risks, degrees of mothers’ permission for children’s risk-taking play behaviors, and children’s risk-taking play behaviors. It was also apparent that the degree to which children engaged in risk-taking play behaviors was largely influenced by how much mothers permitted children’s risk-taking play behaviors and secondly by mothers’ attitudes toward risks.

조절초점이 위험감수에 미치는 영향: 지각된 이득의 매개효과를 중심으로

정은경,김봄메,손영우 한국사회및성격심리학회 2011 한국심리학회지 사회 및 성격 Vol.25 No.2

The present study aimed to explore individual differences in risk taking and provide empirical testing of the role of regulatory focus on risk taking. Everyday risk taking task included both (a) natural scenarios without explicit probabilities of risk and gains (Study 1) and (b) scenarios with them (Study 2). The findings of Studies 1 and 2 showed that chronic regulatory focus has influence on everyday risk taking. Specifically, risk taking occurred under promotion focus, whereas risk aversion occurred under prevention focus. In addition, the perceived gains were found to mediate the relationship between regulatory focus and risk taking related decision. However, the perceived risk was found to have no mediating effect on regulatory focus and risk taking related decision. Study 3 using policy scenarios supported the findings of Studies 1 and 2 except that the effect of regulatory focus occurred only in the negative frame. Our results indicate that individual differences in risk taking can be explained by the regulatory focus theory and risk taking can be influenced by different gain perception, but not risk perception. However, the effect of regulatory focus can be moderated by framing effect. 본 연구에서는 위험관련 의사결정의 개인차를 설명하는 요인으로 기존의 성격적 특성이 아닌 동기시스템인 조절초점을 상정하고, 조절초점이 일상생활에서 위험관련 선택을 할 때 어떤 영향을 미치는지를 일상생활 시나리오(연구 1, 2)와 정책결정 시나리오(연구 3)를 사용하여 알아보았다. 아울러 지각된 위험과 지각된 이득이 조절초점과 위험선택을 매개하는지 또한 검증하였다(연구 2, 연구 3). 연구 1에서는 위험 및 이득 확률이 포함되지 않은 자연스러운 상황의 시나리오를 사용하였으며 연구 2에서는 위험확률과 이득확률을 제시한 시나리오를 사용하였다. 연구 1과 연구 2의 결과, 향상초점의 사람들이 예방초점의 사람들에 비해 더 위험감수적인 선택을 하는 것으로 나타났으며 지각된 이득이 조절초점과 위험관련 의사결정의 관계를 매개하는 것으로 나타났다. 지각된 위험의 매개효과는 관찰되지 않았다. 연구 3에서는 긍정틀과 부정틀로 나뉘어 연구가 실시되었는데, 부정틀에서만 조절초점의 효과가 나타났으며, 지각된 이득의 매개효과도 부정틀에서만 나타났다. 연구 결과는 조절초점이 위험감수선택에 영향을 미치나 이것은 틀효과라는 상황적 특성에 의해 상쇄될 수 있음을 보여주었으며, 지각된 위험보다는 지각된 이득이 위험감수 선택에 더 중요할 가능성을 제시하였다.

CSR과 위험선호성향 및 기업가치:지배구조를 중심으로

최미화,조용언 한국회계정책학회 2017 회계와 정책연구 Vol.22 No.1

This study examines the effect of corporate social responsibility performance on corporate firm value and risk taking. This study used the CSR activities and Tobin’s Q and SAR as a variable for firm value. We hypothesize that CSR serves as a control mechanism to curb excessive risk taking and to reduce excessive risk avoidance. Firms with CSR focus must balance the interests of multiple stakeholders, and therefore, must allocate resources to satisfy both investing and non-investing stakeholders’ interests. Using five measures of corporate risk taking and a sample of 1,382 KSE firms during the years 2002 to 2012, we find that stronger CSR performance is associated with lower level of risk taking activities for firms with risk taking. We also find some evidence that CSR performance increases risk taking for firms with risk taking. We examine the mechanism through which CSR has an impact on firm value and find a positive indirect impact of CSR on firm value through its impact on risk taking. CSR performance is positively associated with firm value because CSR reduces excessive risk taking and risk avoidance. 본 연구는 사회적 책임이행 성과에 대한 기업가치를 위험선호성향을 통해 알아보고자 하며, 또한 이러한 관련성이 우수한 기업지배구조기업에서 뚜렷이 나타나는지를 검증하고자 한다. 본 연구는 선행연구들이 주로 CSR과 기업가치 간의 직접적 관련성만을 다룬데 반해, 기업의 경영의사결정시 작용하는 위험선호성향을 통해 간접적 요인으로 나타나는 CSR의 기업가치 관련성을 알아본다. 실증분석 결과, 우선 CSR성과는 낮은 위험선호성향에서 양의 관련이 나타났으며, 과도한 위험선호성향에서는 일부만이 유의한 양의 결과가 나타났다(가설1). 둘째, CSR성과와 기업가치의 직접적 관련성을 알아본 가설 2의 결과, 기업가치변수를 토빈Q를 사용한 경우, CSR활동성과는 기업가치를 향상시키는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 셋째, 위험선호성향변수 중 낮은 위험선호성향변수는 CSR성과와 기업가치의 관련성을 긍정적으로 향상하는 역할을 일부 확인할 수 있었으며(가설3), 넷째, 외국인지분율과 사외이사비율의 상위표본으로 측정된 좋은 기업지배구조에서, 과도한 위험선호성향과 낮은 위험선호성향의 대부분 결과에서 위험선호성향이 CSR성과와 기업가치관계에 긍정적 작용을 하여 기업가치가 전반적으로 향상됨을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구는 CSR활동-기업가치 등의 직접적 관련성을 주로 선행연구에서 다룬데 반해, 위험선호성향을 간접적 요인으로 다루어, CSR의 경제적 효과의 결론이 혼재된 시점에서 간접적 요인의 접근으로 새로운 방향성을 제시할 수 있을 것이다.

중학생의 위험행동 영향요인 분석

김현례 ( Hyun Lye Kim ),김선아 ( Sun Ah Kim ) 한국간호과학회 정신간호학회(구 대한간호학회정신간호학회) 2011 정신간호학회지 Vol.20 No.1

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the factors that influence risk-taking behavior in middle school students. Methods: The participants in this study were 544 students from 4 middle schools in Seoul or Gyeonggi Province. From July 16, to September 9, 2008, data were collected using self-report questionnaires. Demographic, individual, socio-economic characteristics of risk-taking behavior were examined. Descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients, zero-inflated negative binomial regression as count model using SAS 9.1 and Stata 10.0 program were used for the analysis. Results: The score for risk-taking behavior of the middle school students tended to be low with thrill-seeking behavior being the highest. Risk-taking behavior was higher for boys and for students not living with parents. Stress coping ability, family risk factors, family functioning, peer`s risk-taking behavior, and harmful environment were correlated with risk-taking behavior. On zero-inflated negative binomial regression analysis, the factor significantly influencing risk-taking behavior were self-esteem and for increased risk-taking behavior, family functioning, and peer`s risk-taking behavior. Conclusion: A risk-taking behavior approach that considers developmental needs is useful in understanding the behavior of early adolescents. Development of effective guidance and interventions considering factors influencing risk-taking behavior as identified in this study is recommended.

자기애와 위험감수의 관계: 중재변인 탐색

윤정선,임성문 한국문화및사회문제심리학회 2015 한국심리학회지: 문화 및 사회문제 Vol.21 No.3

In study I, Domain-Specific Risk Taking Scale(DOSPERT) was translated into Korean and was validated that it had 6 factors structure and showed adequate reliability and validity, using the data had been collected from 438 participants. In study 2, two research problems were examined using the data had been collected from 497 participants who were different from study I. First, the mediation effect of sensation seeking and perceived benefit on the relationship between narcissism and risk-taking were examined. Using path analysis, it found that sensation seeking and perceived benefit mediated the relationship between NPI narcissism and risk-taking fully, and between PNI narcissism and risk-taking partially. Seceond, the moderate effect of contingencies of self-worth(CSW) on the relationship between perceived benefit-risk and risk-taking was examined. Using multi-group analysis, it found that virtue CSW moderated the relationship between perceived benefit-risk and total risk-taking, various CSWs moderated the relationships between perceived benefit-risk and 6 sub domains of risk-taking. These results were compared with previous studies of risk-taking and discussed the relevance of the narcissistic type. 연구 1에서는 특정영역 위험감수 척도(Domain-Specific Risk Taking Scale)를 번안한 후, 대학생 438명에게 설문지를 실시하여 6요인 구조와 적절한 수준의 신뢰도와 타당도를 확인하였다. 연구 2에서는 연구 1과 다른 표집의 대학생 497명의 자료로 두 가지 연구문제를 탐구하였다. 첫째, NPI(Narcissistic Personality Inventory)와 PNI(Pathological Narcissism Inventory)로 측정한 자기애와 위험감수의 관계를 감각추구와 이득-위험지각이 매개하는지 알아보았다. 경로분석과 매개효과 검증결과 NPI자기애는 감각추구와 이득지각의 완전매개, PNI자기애는 감각추구와 이득지각의 부분매개를 통해 위험감수에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 이득-위험지각과 위험감수의 관계에서 조건부 자아가치감이 조절하는지 알아보았다. 다집단분석 결과 이득-위험지각이 위험감수 전체점수로 가는 경로에서 도덕성 조건부 자아가치감이 조절하는 것으로 나타났고, 위험감수의 6개 하위영역으로 가는 경로들에서는 조절효과를 보인 조건부 자아가치감의 하위유형들이 다양하게 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 이전의 위험감수연구와 비교하고 자기애 유형과의 관련성을 논의하였다.

폭식경향이 있는 대학생의 위험감수 성향이 고열량 음식 섭취에 미치는 영향

신성경,이장한 한국건강심리학회 2019 한국심리학회지 건강 Vol.24 No.2

본 연구는 중독행동 유발과 관련이 있는 위험감수 성향이 폭식경향이 있는 대학생의 고열량 음식 섭취 증가에 미치는 영향을 알아보았다. 총 465명의 대학생을 폭식 척도의 절단점을 기준으로 심각한 폭식경향(40명)과 중간 수준의 폭식경향(40명)으로 분류한 뒤, 모든 참여자에게 풍선 위험 과제로 위험감수 성향을 측정하고 보거스 맛 테스트로 고열량 음식 섭취량을 측정하였다. 풍선 위험 과제는 풍선이 터지기 전까지 팽창시켜 금전적 보상을 획득하는 과제로, 각 개인이 풍선이 터지는 위험을 언제까지 감수하는지 확인하여 위험감수 성향을 측정한다. 실험 결과, 위험감수 성향이 폭식경향자의 고열량 음식 섭취량을 조절하는 것으로 나타났다. 위험감수 성향의 조절효과가 유의미하여 폭식경향자의 고열량 음식 섭취량을 위험감수 성향이 변화시키는 것을 알 수 있었다. 폭식경향과 위험감수 성향이 모두 높은 경우 고열량 음식 섭취량이 가장 많은 반면, 폭식경향과 위험감수 성향이 모두 낮은 경우에 고열량 음식 섭취량이 가장 적은 것으로 나타났다. 이를 통해, 위험감수 성향이 폭식경향자의 고열량 음식 섭취를 조절하는 요인으로 작용하여, 두 요인이 결합된 위험감수 성향이 높은 심각한 폭식경향자는 고열량 음식의 위험을 감수하고 자극적인 맛의 고열량 음식을 추구하는데 비해, 위험감수 성향이 낮은 중간 폭식경향자는 고열량 음식의 맛과 위험을 추구하지 않으므로 고열량 음식 섭취량이 크게 감소하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of risk-taking which causes addictive behaviors on high-calorie food intake in University students with binge eating tendency. For this purpose, 465 undergraduates were divided into severe-binge group (n=40) and moderate-binge group (n=40) using binge eating scale. All participants did the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) to assess risk-taking and the bogus taste test to measure the high-calorie food intake. BART is a computerized task pumping a balloon to get monetary compensation until it pops up, participants can decide either to keep pumping a balloon with risk or stop pumping to save money. Results revealed a significant moderation effect, signifying that individuals with higher binge eating tendency and higher risk-taking level consumed the most high-calorie food while individuals with lower binge eating tendency and lower risk-taking level consumed the least high-calorie food. This suggests that risk-taking is a factor moderating the high-calorie food intake of binge eaters, severe-binge eaters with high risk-taking pursue the palatable taste and take the risk of high-calorie food, whereas moderate-binge eaters with low risk-taking do not pursue the taste and risk of the high-calorie food and show the least intake.