공기역학적 평가에서 음성 효율성 프로토콜의 반복 측정치 비교

이승진(Seung Jin Lee),임성은(Sung-Eun Lim),임재열(Jae-Yol Lim),최홍식(Hong-Shik Choi) 한국언어청각임상학회 2018 Communication Sciences and Disorders Vol.23 No.3

배경 및 목적: 음성 효율성 프로토콜(VOEF)의 반복 측정치 간의 차이나 반복 측정의 임상적 의의에 대해서는 충분히 규명되지 않았 다. 본 연구에서는 중증도를 통제하였을 때 집단과 회차에 따라 공기역학적 측정치의 차이가 있는지 알아보고자 하였다. 또한, 첫 번째 측정치와 세 측정치의 평균치가 갖는 진단적 유용성에 차이가 있는지 살펴보고자 하였다. 방법: 음성장애 환자군 80명과 정상 대조군 80명으로 하여금 Phonatory Aerodynamic System Model 6600 (PAS)의 VOEF를 3회씩 실시하도록 하였다. GRBAS 척도를 통해 측정한 중증도를 통제한 상태에서 집단과 회차에 따라 평균음압(PHODB), 평균음도(MEAP), 평균성문하압(MPAP), 평균호기류율(MFPHO)의 차이가 있는지 비교하였으며, 첫 번째 측정치(MPAP 1 , MFPHO 1 )와 세 회차의 평균 측정치(MPAP Avg , MFPHO Avg )의 곡선 아래 면적(AUC)을 비교하였다. 결과: MPAP (Wilk’s λ=.991)와 MADV (Wilk’s λ=.989)의 경우 회차와 집단에 따른 차이가 없었던 반면, PHODB 1 보다 PHODB 2 와 PHODB 3 이 더 높았으며, 환자군의 MFPHO가 대조군보다 낮았다. MPAP 1 와 MPAP Avg 의 AUC는 .683과 .687 로 차이가 없었고, MFPHO 1 과 MFPHO Avg 의 AUC 또한 각각 .644와 .625로 차이가 없었다. 논의 및 결론: MPAP와 MFPHO는 반복 측정에 따른 측정치와 진단적 유용성의 차이가 없어 VOEF의 1회 시행으로 충분할 것으로 보이며, 공기역학적 평가의 시간 대비 효율성을 제고할 수 있을 것으로 보인다. Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to determine whether voicing efficiency measures derived from the Phonatory Aerodynamic System differ according to repeated trials and the presence of voice disorders upon controlling for severity. In addition, the diagnostic ability of the first and averaged measures were compared. Methods: A total of 160 participants (80 patients and 80 controls; 23 males and 57 females for each group) participated in the study. Each participant was asked to perform the voicing efficiency protocol three times. Selected aerodynamic parameters including mean sound pressure level (PHODB), mean pitch (MEAP), mean peak air pressure (MPAP), mean airflow during voicing (MFPHO) were measured. A two-way repeated measures of ANCOVA upon controlling for severity and ROC curve analysis were performed. Results: Results indicated that there was no difference in MPAP and MFPHO among repeated trials upon controlling for severity, although a significant difference was found in PHODB (trial 1 < trial 2 = trial 3). The patient group showed lower MFPHO compared to the control group. ROC curve analysis revealed that the AUCs were .683 and .687 for the first and averaged MPAP; and .644 and .625 for the first and averaged MFPHO, respectively, suggesting no difference between measurement methods. Conclusion: In sum, the current data showed that MPAP and MFPHO measures did not differ according to repeated trials. Furthermore, the diagnostic ability of the first and averaged measures was similar, providing a rationale for the use of a time-efficient single trial protocol in clinics and research.

A Study of Choice for Analysis Method on Repeated Measures Clinical Data

( Jung Song ) 대한임상검사과학회 2013 대한임상검사과학회지(KJCLS) Vol.45 No.2

Data from repeated measurements are accomplished through repeatedly processing the same subject under different conditions and different points of view. The power of testing enhances the choice of pertinent analysis methods that agrees with the characteristics of data concerned and the situation involved. Along with the clinical example, this paper compares the analysis of the variance on ex-post tests, gain score analysis, analysis by mixed design and analysis of covariance employable for repeating measure. Comparing the analysis of variance on ex post test, and gain score analysis on correlations, leads to the fact that the latter enhances the power of the test and diminishes the variance of error terms. The concluded probability, identified that the gain score analysis and the mixed design on interaction between “between subjects factor” and “within subjects factor”, are identical. The analysis of covariance, demonstrated better power of the test and smaller error terms than the gain score analysis. Research on four analysis method found that the analysis of covariance is the most appropriate in clinical data than two repeated test with high correlation and ex ante affects ex post.

Exploring the Impact of Positive/Negative Valence Order on Repeated Exposure to Suspenseful Stories

전창의 국제문화기술진흥원 2023 International Journal of Advanced Culture Technolo Vol.11 No.3

This study investigates the psychological effects of positive/negative valence order in repeated exposure to a suspenseful text. Specifically, the study seeks to understand how the order in which positive and negative elements are presented in a narrative impacts the experience of suspense, arousal, and enjoyment in readers or listeners. Using a suspenseful short story, participants were exposed to narratives with varying valence orders in a repeated-measures design. The study employed self-report questionnaires and psychophysiological measurements to capture participants’ psychological responses. The results supported the hypothesis that repeated exposure impacts suspense, with negative valence enhancing suspense and arousal. Moreover, the order of valence influenced participants’ psychological responses, indicating that positive valence can mitigate the impact of repeated exposure. However, the influence on enjoyment was not significant. Psychophysiological measures, specifically skin conductance level (SCL), revealed trends of habituation over repeated exposure. The findings underscore the significance of negative valence in heightening suspense and suggest directions for future research in exploring diverse factors that contribute to suspense in both fictional and real-life contexts.

Association between phthalate exposure and lower lung function in an urban elderly population: A repeated-measures longitudinal study

Kim, Kyoung-Nam,Lee, Mee-Ri,Choi, Yoon-Hyeong,Lee, Bo-Eun,Hong, Yun-Chul Elsevier 2018 Environment international Vol.113 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P><B>Background</B></P> <P>Lung function is a major predictor of morbidity and mortality. Only a few studies have explored the association between phthalate exposure and lung function.</P> <P><B>Objective</B></P> <P>To evaluate the association between phthalate exposure and lung function in the elderly.</P> <P><B>Methods</B></P> <P>A total of 3 repeated-measures surveys were conducted in 559 elderly individuals aged ≥60 years in Seoul, Korea, at 1-year intervals (2012–2015). During each survey, urinary mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydrohexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) (geometric mean, 15.68 μg/L), mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) (11.97 μg/L), and mono-<I>n</I>-butyl phthalate (MnBP) (2.09 μg/L) levels were measured; moreover, lung function tests and a structured questionnaire interview were performed. We constructed linear mixed models to assess the association between urinary phthalate metabolite levels and lung function.</P> <P><B>Results</B></P> <P>A doubling of creatinine-adjusted urinary phthalate metabolite levels was inversely associated with forced expiratory volume in 1 s (L) (β = −0.01, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.02, 0.004 for MEHHP; β = −0.02, 95% CI: −0.03, −0.01 for MEOHP; β = −0.01, 95% CI: −0.03, −0.003 for MnBP) and forced vital capacity (L) (β = −0.02, 95% CI: −0.03, −0.001 for MEHHP; β = −0.02, 95% CI: −0.03, −0.004 for MEOHP; β = −0.02, 95% CI: −0.03, −0.001 for MnBP). A doubling of creatinine-adjusted MnBP levels was associated with increased rates of annual decline in forced vital capacity (L/year) (β = −0.01, 95% CI: −0.02, −0.001).</P> <P><B>Conclusions</B></P> <P>Urinary phthalate metabolite levels were associated with lower lung function and an increased rate of decline in lung function in an elderly population.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> We explored the association between phthalate exposure and lung function. </LI> <LI> Data were derived from a repeated-measures survey of an elderly population. </LI> <LI> Urinary phthalate metabolite levels were associated with lower lung function. </LI> <LI> They were also associated with an increased rate of lung function decline. </LI> <LI> The results were robust in models further adjusted for blood heavy metal levels. </LI> </UL> </P>

골프볼 압축강도에 따른 비거리에 관한 연구

박재영,진영완 한국자료분석학회 2008 Journal of the Korean Data Analysis Society Vol.10 No.2

The purpose of this study was to analyze the differences of driver distance between compression intensities of golf balls. For this study, four official golf balls, which is preferred from general golfers, with different compression intensities were selected, and the compression intensities of those balls were measured at 20 normal temperature. The subjects were composed of one KPGA professional golfer, one KLPGA professional golfer, and two amateur golfers(1 male and 1 female) with more than five years career. 'Golf Achiever II Sensor' was used for date collection. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyze collected data from 10 times repeated measures. The result from this study was that there was no statistically significant difference of driver distance between the compression intensities of golf balls. And, means of diver distance according to the compression intensities of golf balls were almost equal in professional golfers, while there were slight differences on means of driver distance according to the compression intensities of golf balls in amateur golfers. 본 연구는 골프볼의 압축강도에 따른 비거리의 차이를 분석하는데 그 목적이 있다. 본 연구를 위해 일반골퍼들이 선호하는 4개의 다른 압축강도를 가진 공인된 골프볼을 선정하였으며, 골프볼의 압축강도는 상온 20 에서 측정하였다. 연구대상은 KPGA 소속 남자프로 1명과 KLPGA 소속 여자프로 1명 그리고 경력이 5년 이상 되는 남·여 아마추어 각각 1명씩을 선정하였다. 자료수집은 본 연구에 필요한 변인을 비교 분석하는데 적합한 'Golf Achiever II센서'를 이용하여 실험을 실시하였다. 자료분석은 반복측정 분산분석 방법을 적용하여 F 검증을 실시하였다. 본 연구는 측정된 10회의 반복된 데이터를 가지고 반복측정 분산분석을 실시한 결과 비거리와 압축강도 간에는 통계적으로 유의하지 않게 나타났다. 그리고 압축강도에 따른 비거리 평균을 살펴보면, 프로골퍼들은 압축강도에 따른 비거리의 분포가 고르다는 것을 알 수 있는 반면 아마추어골퍼들은 압축강도에 따른 비거리의 분포가 미미한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다.

혼합 설계에서 공분산분석의 주의점: KwakStat과 SPSS를 사용하여

곽호완 한국인지및생물심리학회 2011 한국심리학회지 인지 및 생물 Vol.23 No.2

This study examined several problems when an Analysis of Covariance applies to a mixed design involving repeated measures variables, and suggested solutions for these problems. According to Keppel and ZeDeck (1989), except for the special case, the result of the standard Analysis of Variance(ANOVA) and that of the ANCOVA should not be different for the effects of repeated-measures variables. However, an ANCOVA using SPSS ver. 18.0 with sample data yielded different results using a standard ANOVA for within-subject variables. Actually, an ANCOVA using a Java Script program incorporating the statistical procedure by Keppel(1991) obtained different results from those with SPSS. However, results using SAS package where no interaction between repeated measure and covariate is assumed yielded the same results of KwakStat. It is concluded that whether the interaction between repeated measures variable and covariate variable is assumed or not may yield quite different results. Finally, several solutions were proposed to overcome these problems. 본 연구는 반복측정 변수가 포함된 혼합설계에서 공분산분석(Analysis of Covariance) 수행 시 생길 수 있는 몇 가지 문제점을 지적하고 그 해결책을 제안하고자 하였다. Keppel과 ZeDeck (1989)에 따르면 특수한 경우를 제외하고는 반복측정 변수의 효과검증에서 공분산분석과 전통적 분산분석의 결과가 다르지 않아야 한다고 하였다. 그런데, 샘플 자료를 바탕으로 SPSS 패키지를 적용한 결과, 반복측정 변수 효과에서 디폴트 옵션을 사용한 공분산분석과 단순 분산분석의 결과가 다르게 나왔다. 실제로, 자바스크립트를 이용하여 제작한 KwakStat ANCOVA 통계프로그램으로 Keppel(1991)이 제시한 방식으로 계산한 결과는 SPSS 결과와 달랐다. 하지만, SAS 패키지를 사용하여 공변수와 반복측정 변수와의 상호작용을 가정하지 않은 옵션을 선택하여 분석한 결과는 Keppel 등의 결과와 부합하였다. 결론적으로, 반복측정 변수와 공변수의 상호작용이 가정되는지 여부에 따라 공분산분석 결과가 크게 달라진다는 것을 보여주었다. 부가하여, 이러한 문제들을 극복할 수 있도록 하는 가능한 주의점과 해결책을 제안하였다. 마지막으로, 반복측정 변수 수준 각각에 공변수가 반복측정 된 경우의 공분산 분석이 지니는 유용성과 예시를 제시하였다.

반복측정 다변량모형을 통한 재난적 문제해결의 사고과정 중 뇌파의 진폭변화분석

윤혜경,김태영,현경예 국제차세대융합기술학회 2021 차세대융합기술학회논문지 Vol.5 No.5

본 연구는 가상증강현실을 이용하여 재난적 문제해결의 사고과정을 뇌파의 진폭변화로 분석하였다. 안정 상태(I), 유도사인이 없는 미로 상황(II), 유도사인이 있는 미로 상황(III)으로 나누어 뇌파의 진폭의 변화를 연구하 였다. 대뇌두피의 뇌파전극의 부착부위는 좌우전두극(Fp1(Frontal-pole), Fp2), 좌우전두부(F(Frontal)3, F4), 좌우 중심부(C(Central)3, C4), 좌우 두정부(P(Parietal)3, P4)에 부착하고 측정하였다. 분석 결과 세 가지 반복측정에 걸친 관심변수의 다변량(multivariate) 평균 차는 유의하였다(F=2.861, p=0.048). 8개 측정변수 각각에 대한 단변 량(univariate) 검정의 경우에도 F3, F4 변수를 제외한 모든 변수가 반복측정 간 유의한 차이를 드러냈다. 그러나 반복측정별 대조(contrast)를 통해 C4 변수를 제외한 모든 변수에 있어 Ⅱ번과 Ⅲ번 상황의 차이는 유의하지 않 음을 관찰하였다. 본 연구는 재난적 상황에 문제해결과정을 뇌파분석으로 위기상황에 대뇌두피영역 변화의 기초자 료로 이용될 것이다 Using virtual augmented reality, this study analyzed thought processes of solving a catastrophic problem by repeatedly measuring the EEG (electroencephalogram) amplitude change. The study participants were exposed to three different states (a steady state (I), a maze situation without a guide sign (II), and a maze situation with a guide sign (III)), and at each state, changes in EEG amplitude were recorded. The total of eight attachment points of EEG electrodes on the cerebral scalp were: i) left and right frontal poles (Fp1 (Frontal-pole), Fp2), ii) left and right frontal regions (F(Frontal)3, F4), iii) left and right central parts (C (Central)3, C4), and iv) left and right parietal regions (P(Parietal)3, P4). The study found that the multivariate test of mean difference in variables of interest as a whole across the three repeated measures was significant. Also, the following univariate tests for each of the eight measures were all significant except for the F3 and F4 measures. However, this study revealed that the difference between situations II and II was not significant in all measures except for the C4 measure. We expect this study to provide reference for researchers and practitioners when studying EEG (electroencephalogram) amplitude change in an emergency situation.

반복측정한 임상 데이터의 분석방법에 대한 선발의 연구

송정 대한임상검사과학회 2013 대한임상검사과학회지(KJCLS) Vol.45 No.2

Data from repeated measurements are accomplished through repeatedly processing the same subject under different conditions and different points of view. The power of testing enhances the choice of pertinent analysis methods that agrees with the characteristics of data concerned and the situation involved. Along with the clinical example, this paper compares the analysis of the variance on ex-post tests, gain score analysis, analysis by mixed design and analysis of covariance employable for repeating measure. Comparing the analysis of variance on ex post test, and gain score analysis on correlations, leads to the fact that the latter enhances the power of the test and diminishes the variance of error terms. The concluded probability, identified that the gain score analysis and the mixed design on interaction between “between subjects factor” and “within subjects factor”, are identical. The analysis of covariance, demonstrated better power of the test and smaller error terms than the gain score analysis. Research on four analysis method found that the analysis of covariance is the most appropriate in clinical data than two repeated test with high correlation and ex ante affects ex post.

A Study of Choice for Analysis Method on Repeated Measures Clinical Data

Song, Jung 대한임상검사과학회 2013 대한임상검사과학회지(KJCLS) Vol.45 No.2

Data from repeated measurements are accomplished through repeatedly processing the same subject under different conditions and different points of view. The power of testing enhances the choice of pertinent analysis methods that agrees with the characteristics of data concerned and the situation involved. Along with the clinical example, this paper compares the analysis of the variance on ex-post tests, gain score analysis, analysis by mixed design and analysis of covariance employable for repeating measure. Comparing the analysis of variance on ex post test, and gain score analysis on correlations, leads to the fact that the latter enhances the power of the test and diminishes the variance of error terms. The concluded probability, identified that the gain score analysis and the mixed design on interaction between "between subjects factor" and "within subjects factor", are identical. The analysis of covariance, demonstrated better power of the test and smaller error terms than the gain score analysis. Research on four analysis method found that the analysis of covariance is the most appropriate in clinical data than two repeated test with high correlation and ex ante affects ex post.

품질경영에서 측정시스템분석 방안

백재욱 ( Jaiwook Baik ) 산업진흥원 2021 산업진흥연구 Vol.6 No.3

과학적 품질경영을 하기 위해서는 측정시스템에 문제가 없어야 한다. 이에 본 논문에서는 측정과정 중 측정결과에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 요인들이 무엇인지 확인하여 측정결과가 위치와 변동 면에서 문제점이 발생할 때 이를 야기하는 요인을 나열하고자 한다. 측정시스템의 변동은 크게 위치와 산포의 두 가지 속성으로 묘사되는데, 위치와 관련된 속성으로는 정확성, 안정성, 직선성이 있고, 산포와 관련된 속성으로는 재현성과 반복성이 있다. 측정시스템분석에서는 산포와 관련된 요소를 분석하는 것이 R&R분석인데, 여기서 반복성과 재현성의 크기는 여러 차례의 측정치간 차이인 범위와 측정자간 차이인 범위로 나타내며, 이들 범위를 이용한 99%의 산포로 그 크기를 파악한다. 측정시스템분석은 R&R분석이외에 실험계획을 활용하여 측정치의 변동을 유발하는 요인의 변동의 크기를 추정할 수 있다. 이때 변동을 야기하는 요인인 작업자와 제품이 랜덤요인인지 또는 고정요인인지 점검하여 그에 맞게 각 요인의 변동의 크기를 구해야 적절한 분석이 이루어진다. There should be no problem in the measurement system for scientific quality management. In this paper, we want to correctly identify the factors that can affect the measurement results during the measurement process and identify what causes them when the measurement results cause problems in terms of location and variation. Variations in the measurement system are largely described in terms of location and dispersion. Location-related attributes are accuracy, stability, and linearity while dispersion-related attributes are reproducibility and repeatability. Analyzing the factors associated with dispersion is an R&R analysis, in which the size of repeatability and reproducibility is represented by a range of differences between multiple measurements and a range of differences between measurements, and 99% of dispersion is determined. Experimental design can also be used for measurement system analysis. Proper analysis is performed only when the factors causing the fluctuation, the worker and the product, are correctly identified as random or fixed factors.