염해-내구성 설계 변수에 변동성에 따른 확률론적 보수비용 산정 분석

이한승,권성준 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 2018 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집 Vol.22 No.1

Repairing timing and the extended service life with repairing are very important for cost estimation during operation. Conventionally used model for repair cost shows a step-shaped cost elevation without consideration of variability of extended service life due to repairing. In the work, RC(Reinforced Concrete) Column is considered for probabilistic evaluation of repairing number and cost. Two mix proportions are prepared and chloride behavior is evaluated with quantitative exterior conditions. The repairing frequency and cost are investigated with varying service life and the extended service life with repairing which were derived from the chloride behavior analysis. The effect of COV(Coefficient of Variation) on repairing frequency is small but the 1st repairing timing is shown to be major parameter. The probabilistic model for repairing cost is capable of reducing the number of repairing with changing the intended service life unlike deterministic model of repairing cost since it can provide continuous repair cost with time. 염해에 따라 발생하는 보수시기와 보수로 유지되는 내구수명은 보수비용 평가에 매우 중요한 요소이다. 일반적으로 사용하는 결정론적 보수비용 평가는 사용기간의 연장에 따라 계단식으로 증가하게 되며, 보수로 인해 변동되는 내구수명의 변화를 고려하지 못한다. 본 연구에서는 확률론적인 보수시기 및 비용을 평가하기 위해, 염해에 노출된 콘크리트 교각을 선정하였다. 두 가지 배합과 염화물에 노출된 외부 환경조건을 고려하여 염화물 거동을 평가하였으며, 도출된 내구수명과 수명에 대한 확률변수를 변화시키면서 보수시기 및 비용 변화를 분석하였다. 변동계수의 변화에 따른 보수회수는 큰 차이가 발생하지 않았으나, 초기의 내구수명 연장이 구조물의 보수시기 및 비용에 큰 영향을 미치고 있었다. 또한 확률론적 보수비용 산정 모델은 결정론적 모델과 다르게 연속적인 보수비용이 평가되므로 목표내구수명에 따라 보수회수를 감소시킬 수 있는 효과적인 기법임을 규명되었다.

한국어의 수정 화행과 수정 유도 표현 - TV 토론 텍스트를 중심으로 -

김혜영 한국텍스트언어학회 2009 텍스트언어학 Vol.26 No.-

‘Repair’ is the speech act which revises a former discourse when it has a trouble source, and ‘repair initiator’ is the expression which initiates a repair or let hearers know that a repair will occur. ‘Repair’ is a face-threatening act as it presupposes that the former discourse was repairable. That is why types of ‘repair’ and ‘repair initiator’ are affected by the situation of the discourse, the speakers' characteristics and the speakers' relations, etc.. So the types of ‘repair’ and ‘repair initiator’ play a key role in the appropriateness of repair. This study revises previous studies and aims to divide types of ‘repair’ and ‘repair initiator’ in Korean language based on examples seen in TV discussion texts. The types of ‘repair’ are divided by the speaker who initiates it and the speaker who performs it as well as by its objects and functions. The types of ‘repair initiator’ are divided into ‘direct repair initiator’ and ‘indirect repair initiator’. These type divisions can help us to understand what types of repair and repair initiator are used in Korean language and what functions they have.

한국어의 수정 화행과 수정 유도 표현 -TV 토론 텍스트를 중심으로-

김혜영 ( Hye Young Kim ) 한국텍스트언어학회 2009 텍스트언어학 Vol.26 No.-

`Repair` is the speech act which revises a former discourse when it has a trouble source, and `repair initiator` is the expression which initiates a repair or let hearers know that a repair will occur. `Repair` is a face-threatening act as it presupposes that the former discourse was repairable. That is why types of `repair` and `repair initiator` are affected by the situation of the discourse, the speakers` characteristics and the speakers` relations, etc.. So the types of `repair` and `repair initiator` play a key role in the appropriateness of repair. This study revises previous studies and aims to divide types of `repair` and `repair initiator` in Korean language based on examples seen in TV discussion texts. The types of `repair` are divided by the speaker who initiates it and the speaker who performs it as well as by its objects and functions. The types of `repair initiator` are divided into `direct repair initiator` and `indirect repair initiator`. These type divisions can help us to understand what types of repair and repair initiator are used in Korean language and what functions they have.

회로 분할을 사용한 저비용 Repair 기술 연구

이성철(Sungchul Lee),여동훈(Donghoon Yeo),신주용(Juyong Shin),김경호(Kyungho Kim),신현철(Hyunchul Shin) 大韓電子工學會 2010 電子工學會論文誌-SD (Semiconductor and devices) Vol.47 No.5

반도체 설계기술의 발달로 구현 회로가 복잡해지고, 동작속도가 크게 증가함에 따라, 반도체 이후 (post-silicon) 설계 단계에서 repair를 위한 기간 및 비용이 크게 증가하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 예비 셀을 이용한 repair 방법을 통해 설계 오류로 인한 repair시 혹은 설계 변경 시에 전체 재설계를 최소화하는 방법을 제안하였다. 또한 예비 셀을 이용한 설계 변경 과정에서 repair layer에 설계 변경을 국한하여 mask 비용과 time-to-market을 줄이는 방법을 개발하였다. 또한 회로 분할을 통해 repair 과정에서 사용하는 예비회로의 비용을 줄일 수 있도록 한다. As the complexity and the clock speed of semiconductor integrated circuits increase, silicon validation becomes important. In this research, we developed new post-silicon repair & revision techniques to reduce cost and time-to-market. Spare cells are fabricated with the original design and are used for repair when necessary. The interconnections are modified by repair layer revision. The repair cost can be reduced by logic partitioning. Experimental results show that these techniques are effective for low-cost and fast turnaround repair.

구어 평가 담화에 나타난 자기발화수정 연구

김상수 한국언어문화교육학회 2013 언어와 문화 Vol.9 No.1

The purpose of this paper is to analyze self-repair in the performance of Korean speaking test. Self-repair means that a speaker recognizes the difference between the contents and expression of discourse by him/herself and repairs it. In this study, Fifty Chinese Korean learners performed five speaking test tasks, the features of which can be categorized into covert repair and overt repair. 50 speaking samples were collected and transcribed. Covert repair plays a role in making a natural progress by means of hesitates and simple repetition. Overt repairs are used for obvious communication by means of emphasis or supple mentation of preceding discourse with substitution and repetition repairs. This study explored in which categories self-repairs features appeared in the performance of speaking test tasks. It was found that most of covert repair produced in the order of speaking test tasks number task 5, task 2, task 3, task 4, task 1. And then overt repair produced in the order of tasks 1, task 2, task 4, task 3, task 5. It is hoped that research on self-repairs features will positively link to the related issues in Korean speaking test and material development.

해외수리 선박에 대한 과세체계 및 통관규정에 대한 연구

장근호 한국관세학회 2019 관세학회지 Vol.20 No.2

본 연구에서는 2017년 정부의 조선산업 경쟁력 강화방안의 일환으로 제기되고 있는 선박수리업 활성화 와 관련하여 수리업의 산업적 특성과 함께 국내외 산업 현황을 살펴보고 이를 바탕으로 관세 차원에서 해 외수리에 대한 제도적 개선방안에 대하여 검토하였다. 대부분 선진국은 국가안보 등 전략적 차원에서 자국 국적선을 국내에서 수리할 수 있도록 별도의 선박수리 규정을 도입하고 있다. 반면 우리나라 선박수리 자급률은 1%대에 불과하다. 하지만 세계 상선대의 증대로 인 하여 앞으로 수리수요가 증가할 수밖에 없는데 특히 부산을 복합항만허브로 육성한다는 측면에서 우리나라도 일정 수준 선박수리능력을 유지해야 한다. 또한 우리나라의 경우 인건비가 저렴한 중국과 경쟁해야 하므로 신 조선에서 축적된 기술을 바탕으로 특수선 수리나 개조에 특화하고 해운 서비스와 연계할 수 있어야 한다. 그런데 해외수리에 대한 현행 과세체계를 살펴보면 우리나라 선박수리업은 외국과의 동등한 경쟁기회를 보장 받지 못하고 있고 오히려 부품관세로 인하여 역관세라는 피해를 입을 수 있다. 즉, 선박수리에 대하여 선박의 관 세율을 적용한 결과 국적선이 해외에서 수리를 해도 무세를 적용받지만 국내수리는 수입부품에 대하여 관세를 부담하고 있다. 더욱이 해외수리에 대한 구체적 규정이 없어서 납세자와 세관 사이에 분쟁이 종종 발생하고 있다. 이러한 상황에서 본 연구에서는 선박수리의 과세체계와 통관절차에 대한 제도적 개선방안을 제시하였 다. 구체적으로는 그 동안의 심판 사례나 외국의 규정을 참조하여 선박수리에 대한 별도의 규정을 마련하 고 그 안에서 신고, 과세, 통관 등에 대한 상세한 절차를 제시해야 한다. 특히 무세인 선박에 대해서도 간 이세율을 확대 적용하고 부품 이외 임금, 부자재, 기타 서비스 등 수리비용의 범위를 명확하게 설정해야 한다. 실질적 보호효과는 세율 수준보다 수리비용이나 감면에 따라 결정되기 때문이다. 이외 신고, 증빙, 벌칙 등 선박수리와 관련된 부수적 규정을 명확히 해야 혼란을 줄일 수 있다. In 2017, the Korean government announced the invigoration of ship repairs industry as a part of the competitiveness reinforcement plan for shipbuilding industries. Accordingly, this study examines the reform of foreign ship repairs tariff system, based on the discussion of ship repairs' characteristics as well as the current status of domestic and world market. Most developed countries, out of strategic concerns like national security, enacted a special ship repairs code so that national flag carriers may be repaired domestically. This is in contrast with the fact that the percentage of large national flag ships repaired inside Korea is a mere 1 percent. As world merchant fleet increases, the demand for repairs must inevitably rises. Also the government strategy to develope Pusan as the East Asia's complex harbor hub can not be ignored. However, faced with competition from China with cheap labor, ship repair industry should specialize into high value added ship repairs by applying technologies acquired from ship building experiences and also align with shipping service. The analysis, nevertheless, indicates that the Korea's ship repairs industry does not receive an equal competitive opportunity vis-à-vis foreign repairs and, even worse, suffers from reverse tariff phenomenon due to tariff on imported repair materials. This is so because, even if large national flag carriers are repaired oversea, they do not bear any tariff burden as tariffs on such large ships are zero. Furthermore, frequent disputes between taxpayers and customs arise due to the lack of detailed foreign repair regulation. Against the background, this study suggests a systematic reform of taxation and custom procedures on ship repairs. Specifically, based on a series of court cases and other countries' examples, it is necessary to establish a separate ship repairs code with detailed procedures on entry, taxation, customs clearance stipulated. Moreover, simplified tariff needs to be applied to foreign repairs even whose ship's tariff is zero and clarify the scope of repair cost such as wage, repair materials, other services and so on since the effective protective effect is determined not by a nominal tariff rate but by repair cost and/or exemption level. Finally, in order to avoid further confusion, ancillary regulation about entry, proof and penalty must be clearly defined.

A Repair-Time Limit Replacement Model with Imperfect Repair

Il Han Chung(정일한),Won Young Yun(윤원영) 대한산업공학회 2013 대한산업공학회지 Vol.39 No.4

This article concerns a profit model in a repair limit replacement problem with imperfect repair. If a system fails, we should decide whether we repair the failed system (repair option) or replace it by new one (replacement option with a lead time). We assume that repair times are random variables and can be estimated before repair with estimation error. If the estimated repair time is less than the specified limit (repair time limit), the failed unit is repaired but the unit after repair is different from the new one (imperfect repair). Otherwise, we order a new unit to replace the failed unit. The long run average profit (expected profit rate) is used as an optimization criterion and the optimal repair time limit maximizes the expected profit rate. Some special cases are derived.

자동차 외형복원작업과 자동차 수리업의 현황에 대한 연구

양동희 ( Donghee Yang ),김만재 ( Manjea Kim ),최병기 ( Byungky Choi ) 조선대학교 공학기술연구원 2017 공학기술논문지 Vol.10 No.3

Dent repair is the restoration work of the automobile appearance without painting loss. Its demand and damage cases caused by erroneous dent repair work are increased according to the increase of the automobile. In this study, we carried out the factual survey of automobile repair industry through the subjective survey on the automobile appearance repair and the investigation about the automobile damage case by the fault dent repair process. The In case that arbitrary hole was worked to insert tool for the dent repair for dent repair process, the dent repair process was comfortable but the cause of the correction of the automobile appearance was provided and instance about the correction occurrence with the repair area as the center existed. Its action decreases values on the worth and safety of the automobile. As the survey on the satisfaction of the dent repair work, the average satisfaction of specialized dent repair shop was higher than synthesize repair shop. Particularly, average man and woman satisfaction of the dent repair status in the specialized dent repair shop after one or more years was 6.463 and 6.211. However, average man and woman satisfaction of the dent repair status in the synthesize repair shop after one or more years was 5.836 and 5.421. It was known that the fault by the dent repair mostly occurred in the synthesize repair shop. To prevent its fault in advance, the skill level of the worker should be improved and the local government needs to establish the complete charge department for qualification management of the dent repair.

A Study of Repair Sequences in Pre-Service EFL Teachers’ Mock-Teaching

Jina Lee(이진아) 한국외국어대학교 영미연구소 2018 영미연구 Vol.43 No.-

예비영어교사의 언어는 아직까지 SLA분야에서는 많이 다루어지지 않은 주제로서, 본 연구에서는 예비교사의 언어사용, 특히 교실대화에서 흔히 관찰되는 ‘수정 시퀀스(repair sequence)’라는 주제를 Vygotsky의 언어와 인지라는 관점의 연계를 통 하여 대화분석을 이용하여 실제로 수업시연에서 어떠한 구조로 발생되며 어떠한 기능을 가지고 있는지가 분석되었다. 데이터로는 세 명의 예비교사의 각각 15분짜리 수업시연을 바탕으로 미시적으로 분석되었다. 수정 시퀀스 분석 결과 (1) IRF를 동반한 문맥에서 교사(타인)가 시작한 학생의 자기 수정(other-initiated self-repair[OSR]); (2) 반복을 동반한 교사(자신)가 시작한 교사의 자기수정 (self-initiated self-repair with repetition[SSR]), 그리고 (3) 반복을 동반하지 않은 교 사가 시작한 교사의 자기수정(SSR without repetition) 등이 관찰되었다. 이러한 교사의 수정 시퀀스의 인지적 기능으로는 Vygotsky의 자기모니터링(selfmonitoring) 그리고 자기통제(self-regulation)의 개념들이 적용될 수 있는데, 이는 수정시퀀스를 인지과정과 연관하여 설명한 Levelt(1983)의 연구와도 유사한 결론을 보인다. 또한 부가적인 연구문제로 교사의 자기수정 경향성과 수업시연 숙달도(proficiency)와의 연관성 역시 관찰되었는데, 실제로 이는 후속연구로 더 많 은 데이터를 바탕으로 하는 보편적인 일반화가 요구되는 문제이다. Adopting a Vygotskian view of language and cognition, this study raises the following issues: how is the repair mechanism constructed in pre-service English teacher interactions; what are the cognitive functions of the repair sequences; and lastly, is there any correlation between the use of pre-service teachers’ self-repair and their mock-teaching proficiency. Three sets of fifteen-minute video recorded mock-teaching data were transcribed and sorted by the types of repair. We found that the recurrent types of repair in mock-teaching data were other-initiated self-repair(OSR: teacher-initiated student-repair), self-initiated self-repair with repetition (SSR:teacher-initiated teacher-repair), and SSR without repetition (teacher-initiated teacher-repair). More interestingly it seemed that there is a correlation between the proficiency of mock-teaching and occurrence of SSR. Considering the unique features of mock-teaching, it was concluded that the utmost crucial function of repair found in the data was cognitive function, i.e., self-regulation and self-monitoring effects.

Evaluation of Concrete Bond Characteristics for the Re-repair Scope Decision of Deteriorated Partial Depth Repair Sections

Won Kyong Jung,Hyun Seok Kim,Jun Young Park,Han Jin Oh,Hyung Bae Kim 한국도로학회 2018 한국도로학회 학술대회 발표논문 초록집 Vol.2018 No.05

In recent years, pavement distresses have been caused by diverse factors such as spalling, deterioration of repaired sections, blow-up, and alkali aggregate reaction due to changing climate environment of a concrete pavement and its construction and maintenance conditions (supply of materials, increase in use of de-icers, etc,). As a leading repair method for deteriorated concrete pavements, partial-depth repair is implemented in accordance with guidelines of material properties for joints of a concrete pavement and field application evaluation systems, but still some of the repaired sections become deteriorated again at an early stage due to poor construction quality and failure of response to environmental impacts. Distresses that can be corrected with partial-depth repairs are largely divided into those of repair materials and of the existing pavement bonded to repair materials, and combined distress of repair materials and the existing pavement. Although re-repair methods should be different by distress type and scale than conventional pavement repair methods, appropriate repair methods and guidance for re-repairs have not been in place so far, and therefore currently, re-repair practices follow the existing manual of partial depth repairs. Therefore, this study evaluated concrete bond characteristics by removing method and repair scope for an experimental section of frequently distressed pavements to determine a re-repair scope and method for deteriorated partial depth repair sections of concrete pavement, the number of which has increased over time.