REINFORCING QUALITY MANAGEMENT: THE IMPACT OF EFQM AWARDS ON ORGANIZATIONAL MANAGEMENT AND CULTURE

( Luis Pimentel(ph. D. ) ),( Jae Hyeon Jun(m. S. ) ),( Heejun Park(ph. D. ) ) 한국품질경영학회 2015 한국품질경영학회 학술대회 Vol.2015 No.2

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine how the recognition of the European Foundation for Quality and Management (EFQM) awards to organizations and the underlying implementation of quality management processes/programs (variable 1), particularly contribute to the improvement of management models (including organizational culture as a support to management). Beyond the assessment of a favourable impact, the paper aims to identify the improvement of methods and proceedings (after the EFQM recognition), translated into different levels/stages of management models and management control systems (variable 2), testing the hypothesis of correlation between these two variables. Methodology/Approach: The investigation covers the 35 organizations that won EFQM awards in Portugal between 2010 and 2015 (April). The bases for the study are the different levels/scores of EFQM awards. A survey was used, based on a 10 point Likert scale questionnaire (1=Basic management control system/organizational culture; 10=Advanced and very efficient management control system/organizational culture). The questionnaire identifies properly the different levels and stages of management control frameworks and proceedings. With the aim of analyzing and explaining more deeply how quality management and the management control models and systems evolved, interviews were carried out in all 35 organizations. The interviews were conducted between November 2014 and June 2015. The interviewees were mainly quality managers. Since the interviews implied the collection of more accurate data, findings and conclusions were consequently reinforced. Findings: Important findings result from the research. First, whenever organizations implement a quality management process/program, there is a favourable impact on the proceedings associated with management models. Second, the 10 point Likert scale indicates an average supporting the conclusion that substantial improvements occurred in these organizations regarding the implementation of management control models. Finally, a positive and very strong correlation (Pearson and Spearman coefficients) was found between the two variables: (i) different levels/scores of EFQM awards in organizations, and (ii) results of the questionnaire on different levels/stages of management models and management control systems. Research implications: The paper contributes to literature on quality management by highlighting the significant impact that quality management processes/programs have on the improvement of management control models in organizations. Moreover, by presenting a positive and strong correlation between the two variables, the study makes it possible to conclude that the more an organization invests in a quality management process/program, the more efficient and useful a management control model becomes. Consequently, quality management is reinforced. Both these contributions of the paper are important for academics as well as for practitioners. Originality/Value of the paper: Many studies have been conducted on quality management analyzing the impact of quality on performance of organizations (financially and/or non- financially). But no studies in scientific literature analyzed and discussed the impact of quality management on the effectiveness of management models and organizational culture as a support to management. Our study helps to close this gap, contributing to the development of a new body of knowledge, by assessing this favourable impact, and also by correlating the level of quality management implementation (through EFQM awards) with the level/stages of management control models.

Quality Management evaluation of Latvian Universities Sports Federation from perspective of Latvian students

( Magister Andra Priedniece ) 한국체육학회 2015 국제스포츠과학 학술대회 Vol.2015 No.1

Quality Management is a relatively new field in the sports industry. Not only scientists, but also practitioners often emphasize the importance of implementation of quality management in the sports industry (Breuer & Erdtel, 2005). The Sport Management literature is mostly about the transfer of general models of quality management into the sports industry (Horch & Breuer, 2006). This paper will analyse the specific issues of sport industry, namely non-governmental sports organizations in accordance to quality management. For the most part of this paper it will be analysed quality management assessment in perspective of Latvian students. Purpose: Authors Murruy and Howat (2002) concluded the importance of the client contentedness/ satisfaction in the sport quality management. Consumers do not only assess the quality of the services, but also compare it to their individual needs or preferences. The contentedness or discontentedness, wishes or requirements by the association members with the sport influence the shopping behaviour, communication and loyalty to the sport association. The contentedness or discontentedness with the sport services is a very important factor of sport quality management. Since most sports associations offer services the service quality depends on the customer`s subjective evaluation. Moreover, services are intangible and for the evaluation of service customer involvement necessary (Stauss, 2001). On Bases of this theory in this paper will be evaluated Latvian students, who participate in the main Latvian students` sports competition - Latvian Universiade, contentedness or satisfaction with quality management in Latvian Universities Sports Federation. The topic quality management in sports associations was chosen due to the fact that the authors are employees of Latvian Universities Sports Federation, which is the umbrella organization of student`s sports in Latvia and it, coincided with its objectives and interests. The goal is to improve the level of quality management in Latvian Universities Sports Federation in order to reach the organisation`s vision and tasks. According to scholar De Knop (2006) the significance of sport is that in abstract there is a duty to improve the quality of it. In order to achieve and to improve the quality management of LUSF an appropriate quality management evaluation model has to be established. That would allow to judge about the quality management level and about the necessary improvements for the development. Method First of all will be selected terms of references: o To select the essential qualitative management criteria in Latvian Universities Sports Federation; o To assess the quality management level of the Latvian Universities Sports Federation (LUSF) in the perspective of Latvian students. Conditionally to selected terms of references are conformed the research methods: o Literature review and analysis; o Questionnaire; o Mathematical statistic method. Results Criteria for assessment of quality management in non-governmental sports organizations were established based on literature research and review. Initially, the complex characteristics of quality management in the sports sector were defined. Scholars Horch and Breuer (2006) defined characteristics and specifics of quality management of the sport industry. The four central aspects identified were: (1) options of perspective, i.e., differences between different sport fields (sports for all, performance sport and recreational sport), as well as interaction of several providers and expectations of different stakeholders; (2) uncertainty/instability of sport quality management; (3) integration of external factors in sport societies or unions; and, (4) costs and dysfunction of quality management. The four vital aspects are further supplemented by the criteria relied on by Meffert and Bruhn. These scholars took into account significance, completeness, actuality, patency and costs for assessment of quality management in non-governmental sports organizations. The criteria for analysis were applied in an appropriate and adequate model - ARCHSECRET (Vaughan and Shiu, 2001). The ARCHSECRET model helps to examine the external stakeholders of non-profit organizations in detail. The ARCHSECRET model contains the following ten dimensions: access, responsiveness, communication, humaneness, security, enabling/empowerment, competence, reliability, equity and tangibles. The part of the work assessed quality management of the Sports Federation of Latvian Universities (LUSF) in the perspective of Latvian students. A number of conclusions were drawn. In students` point of view the main LUSF service is the Latvian Universiade which is a high performance sport competition. The competitors/students in these competitions are described as sports amateurs, while they compete on a high level. Students would like to see strong participants taking part in these competitions in order to ensure an uncertain outcome of Latvian Universiade which is a quality characteristic of high level tournaments. Nonetheless, it is recognised by the students that these high sport standards and selection could diminish the number of participants in Latvian Universiade. The students also observed that the Universiade is not a competition for all forms of sport. The cooperation level between LUSF and present Latvian Universities is reflected in students` point of view. The evaluation shows that there is scope for improvement in the future. LUSF could also involve students in the organisation processes because almost half of the respondents were willing to be involved in the organisation team. Regarding organisational aspects, LUSF staff was evaluated as responsive and helpful, fast working, highly competent and representative of the desires and needs of Latvian students. Likewise, the service and competition diversity were assessed positively. Students recommend certain improvements in domains like communication, public relations and media. For instance, in students` point of view, LUSF should communicate with them in a more comprehensive way.

Research on Quality Cost Management of Influence on the Performance of Enterprises

Zhang Qinghui 한중경제문화학회 2023 한중경제문화연구 Vol.24 No.-

The purpose of this thesis paper is to explore the selection of quality cost management dimension indicators, the mechanism of quality cost management on enterprise performance, the size of the impact of each component of quality cost management on enterprise performance, in order to improve the quality management cost management theory. On this basis to minimise the loss cost and achieve optimal enterprise performance. The paper analyses the impact of quality cost management on enterprise performance by designing questionnaires, collecting data through surveys and using statistical methods. The relevant theories of quality cost management and enterprise performance is compared, and the correlation between qualities cost management and enterprise performance is explored by means of a questionnaire. This paper also explores the extent to which each component of quality cost management affects firm performance, which in turn enriches the relevant theories of quality cost management. The results of this study indicate that quality cost management has an important impact on enterprise performance, and that recognising the relationship between quality cost management and enterprise performance, identifying scientific management methods, and continuously improving quality cost management are important means of enhancing enterprise competitiveness. It is expected that it can provide some references for enterprises to carry out quality cost management effectively.

A Study on the Effect of Quality Management Activities on Productivity

Kyung Ho Roh KINFORMS 2018 Management Review Vol.13 No.2

Companies around the world are competing to survive in the future to secure competitive advantage in the future manufacturing industry in the face of uncertainty such as the global economic crisis and the fourth industrial revolution. Leading manufacturing companies are creating new wealth by transforming manufacturing through innovations in combination with services and smart factories. This change in the business model can bring new growth opportunities through business model innovation in the hardware-oriented domestic manufacturing sector. Therefore, it is necessary for Korean companies to overcome the global economic crisis and create opportunities to preoccupy new markets and to develop strategies for the Korean economy. The government is continuously striving to support the preemptive and effective response to environmental changes at home and abroad. The Fourth Quality Management Basic Plan that we have established recently sets up a quality goal that satisfies our customers through corporate management, public organizations, and organizations through quality management and plans various tasks to establish a strategy for achieving them. In other words, the four key tasks of Building a Smart Quality Management System, Expanding the Basis for Global Quality Trends , Enhancing the Quality Innovation Capacity of Manufacturing SMEs, and Enhancing the Quality Management Infrastructure . The government has enacted a law to establish and enforce comprehensive policies on quality management every three years in order to support the efficient management of quality management. This study is to investigate the effect of quality management activities on productivity. In order to achieve this goal, the following detailed study agenda were established. First, after establishing the theoretical framework through previous research, the effect of the quality management activities of enterprises on the management performance is studied. Second, after establishing the theoretical framework through previous studies, we study the effect of the quality management activities of the enterprises on productivity. This study synthesizes the relathionship between quality management activities and productivity.

최고경영자의 리더십이 건설품질경영활동과 건설품질경영성과에 관한 실증연구

조진호,Cho, Jin-Ho 한국품질경영학회 2017 품질경영학회지 Vol.45 No.3

Purpose:?The purpose of this study is to analyze the causal relationship between top management 's leadership and construction quality management activities that affect construction management performance based on construction quality management. Methods:?As its method, the causal relationship between the leadership of top management and the key management factors of construction quality management activities affecting management performance is analyzed by using the structural equation model. The construction companies used in the analysis sample conducted surveys on companies that are conducting ISO, KOSHA, OHSAS, DQC, and so on. Results:?It was revealed that top management's leadership has a great influence on management performance and all management factors of construction quality management activities. However, safety management does not affect the management performance of construction quality management activities. And top management's leadership on management performance are explained by the mediating effect of cost, time, quality and communication among management factors of construction quality management activities. Conclusion:?In the previous study, the quality management activities and the ISO - based integrated total quality management system (TQM) applied in the manufacturing or service industries were presented as empirical results. However, this study presents the results of different studies by presenting empirical study results by selecting time, cost, quality, safety and communication as key management factors of quality management activities of construction companies through reviewing and analyzing previous studies in construction field.

노인간호요양시설의 QMI 개발과 현장 실태분석

조혜숙,Cho, Hye-Sook 한국가정간호학회 2005 가정간호학회지 Vol.12 No.1

Purpose: Expecting a new system of nursing security for elderly in operation in 2007, a substantial expansion of nursing facilities for elderly and quality management of those facilities are imperative now. Therefore. specific quality management measures or schemes which could be used for the operation of small-scale nursing homes are in urgent need. The purpose of this study was to develop a Quality Management Index(QMI) to guide Nursing Home management. Method: This study developed a QMI for small-scale nursing homes, which focused on quality management in structural dimensions such as environment, staffs, local community network, atmosphere, and quality management in process dimensions such as nursing, communication, resident satisfaction. The QMI developed in this study is based on extensive review of literature and the actual experiences of nursing home operation. It consists of 7 dimensions, 39 components and 148 indexes, which have been verified by three times validity tests of experts group. Then the QMI was used to evaluate the quality management levels of nursing homes in Korea. Result: In sum, after analyzing all nursing homes in Korea operated by nurses, this study found that there were significant differences of quality management level among facilities in several dimensions such as environment, staffs, local community connections, communication. In dimensions such as nursing, atmosphere, resident satisfaction, however, little differences of quality management level among facilities were reported. It is considered that this result has to do with several factors like the size of facilities, operation expenses, operation forms, the disposition of professional human resources, and philosophy and management policy of the owners. As far as generalization is concerned, however, it needs to be noted here that the sample size for this study is not statistically big enough to generalize the results. Conclusion: Having Developed a QMI for small-scale nursing home with 7 dimensions, 39 components and 148 indexes, this study is expected to be used in developing more elaborated quality evaluation tools for nursing homes, and also function as a practical guide of quality management for those who are opening and managing nursing homes. I hope this quality index could lead to further development of a standardized quality management index, and eventually contribute to quality improvement of nursing homes.

제조기업의 시장지향성이 품질경영활동과 경영성과에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

원유영,박종우,송광석,신호철 한국유통과학회 2013 유통과학연구 Vol.11 No.6

Purpose - The market orientation of a manufacturer is a very critical competitive advantage factor in the development of new markets and the sustainability and maintenance of existing ones, achieved through the design of customer-oriented products. This is recognized as a virtuous circle, in which firms grow by means of promoting quality management. However, though market-oriented activities are important in management and operations, they seem to be promoted mainly by large-scale enterprises rather than by small- and medium-scale firms, the latter having invested relatively few company resources. Furthermore, few studies and analyses have examined how market orientation relates to the expansion of quality programs within organizations or with business performance; the market orientation and customer-orientation concepts are mixed together when both are used in research. Given the current market situation in which the servitization of manufacturing firms is rapidly expanding, this study’s analysis of the effect on market orientation of manufacturers is a significant contribution. From this perspective, this study has several objectives. First, is to analyze and suggest the relationship between market orientation and quality management activity for manufacturers, focusing on three sub-activities: products, process, and quality management activities. Second, it is intended to identify correlation between manufacturers’market oriented activity and their management performance and then to analyze how market orientation affects business performance. The results of a number of prior studies on the correlation between market orientation and management performance have indicated that market orientation does affect management performance. Third, this study also investigates whether any differences in the relationship among market orientation, quality management activity and business performance occur according to company size. The results are used to present operational suggestions for large- and small- and medium-size firms. Research design, data, methodology - This study seeks to analyze and identify the causal features of the organic relationship among market orientation, quality management, and management performance for Korean manufacturing companies using three years (2005–2007) of market orientation, quality management, and business performance data. Subsequently, structural equation modeling was used to analyze the causal features of related factors and it aims to identify the features of market orientation, quality management, and business performance. Results - The analysis examined how market orientation affected the quality management and management performance of 159 smalland medium-size companies. In particular, enterprise quality management was analyzed in relation to management performance with a focus on activities such as leadership, measurement and improvement,quality control, cost management, and process management. Conclusions - The result of the analysis show that market orientation significantly affected all of the quality management activities and that market orientation in turn significantly affected organizational performance. The result of analysis indicate that quality management activities have a significant effect on quality control and cost management.

국방분야 품질정책 고도화를 위한 군수품 생산업체 품질경영수준 조사 및 분석

노태주,서상원 한국산업경영시스템학회 2017 한국산업경영시스템학회지 Vol.40 No.3

Defense industries which require high reliability need an optimized quality management system with well-planned implementation. And the government should examine the overall status of defense industries, then establish practical policies with a proper support plan in required areas to upgrade the quality management level of manufacturers. Thus, DTaQ developed the model for 2 years from 2014, which specialized in quality management level analysis for defense industries. And a survey has been undertaken with that model by DTaQ and Korea Research Center in 2016. The surveyed companies randomly sampled among those which have more than 30 employees and delivery history over past 3 years, and finally 106 defense industries were selected. This paper present survey method and indexes for survey of defense industry quality management level. The survey was conducted in the order of planning, data collection and data processing, and the validity and reliability of the data were verified to increase objectivity of survey results. The survey contents mainly consist of system quality and management quality. System quality includes Product Development Management, Production Operation Management, supply chain quality management, Safety & Environment Management and Reliability Management, on the other hand, management quality includes Strategic Leadership, Human Resource Management, Customer Market Management and Information & Knowledge Management. Thus this proposes the current overall quality management status of the 106 defense industries and shows level differences by company sizes and manufacturing sectors based on the result of survey. Specifically, this paper enables to track the areas which need prompt government support with the policy directions to make quality management level higher. Therefore, it is expected that this can be used as reference data in establishing quality policies for military supplies in the future.

A Survey and Analysis of Defense Industry Quality Management Level for Advancement of Defense Quality Policy

Taejoo Roh(노태주),Sangwon Seo(서상원) 한국산업경영시스템학회 2017 한국산업경영시스템학회지 Vol.40 No.3

Defense industries which require high reliability need an optimized quality management system with well-planned implementation. And the government should examine the overall status of defense industries, then establish practical policies with a proper support plan in required areas to upgrade the quality management level of manufacturers. Thus, DTaQ developed the model for 2 years from 2014, which specialized in quality management level analysis for defense industries. And a survey has been undertaken with that model by DTaQ and Korea Research Center in 2016. The surveyed companies randomly sampled among those which have more than 30 employees and delivery history over past 3 years, and finally 106 defense industries were selected. This paper present survey method and indexes for survey of defense industry quality management level. The survey was conducted in the order of planning, data collection and data processing, and the validity and reliability of the data were verified to increase objectivity of survey results. The survey contents mainly consist of system quality and management quality. System quality includes Product Development Management, Production Operation Management, supply chain quality management, Safety & Environment Management and Reliability Management, on the other hand, management quality includes Strategic Leadership, Human Resource Management, Customer Market Management and Information & Knowledge Management. Thus this proposes the current overall quality management status of the 106 defense industries and shows level differences by company sizes and manufacturing sectors based on the result of survey. Specifically, this paper enables to track the areas which need prompt government support with the policy directions to make quality management level higher. Therefore, it is expected that this can be used as reference data in establishing quality policies for military supplies in the future.

미세먼지 통합관리 전략 수립 연구

심창섭,이승민,한진석,최기철,공성용,공지영,정은혜,정예민,나건수,김은정,신정우,허종배 한국환경연구원 2021 사업보고서 Vol.2021 No.-

Ⅰ. 연구의 배경 및 목적 1. 연구의 배경 □ 연구의 목적 ○ 본 연구의 목적 - 미세먼지 ‘통합관리’의 의미 ㆍ 미세먼지 ‘통합관리’라 함은 기본적으로 국가의 미세먼지를 저감하기 위한 목적으로 모든 관련된 요소(부문)를 일관된 시스템으로 관리하는 ‘수평적’ 통합의 관리전략을 의미함 ※ 여러 부문을 아우르는 오염원 배출관리, 지역차원의 관리, 소통 및 거버넌스 등 다차원적인 해결과제에 대한 종합적 관리방안을 지원하는 연구를 의미함 ※ 그러나 시대적 흐름에 따라 향후 탄소중립정책, 보건 영향 등 인접 분야에서 다학적 차원의 통합연구로 발전할 필요성이 있음 - 본 연구의 목적은 ‘미세먼지 관리’라는 주제로서 여러 부문을 아우르는 통합적 관점에서 현재의 국가 및 지역단위 미세먼지 정책지원을 위한 수요를 파악하고 미세먼지의 배출원과 물질, 지역 차원의 사회적 비용을 고려한 종합적인 미세먼지 정책의 개선을 제안하고 이행을 지원하고자 함(총 5년 연구 중 4차 연도 연구) □ 국내 미세먼지의 실태 ○ 2021년 주요 미세먼지 현황과 실태 - 2020년 우리나라 초미세먼지 농도는 연평균 19μg/㎥으로 2019년 연평균 농도(23μg/㎥)에 비해 크게 개선된 것으로 나타남. 이러한 추세는 2021년도에도 계속되고 있어(2021년 연평균 초미세먼지 농도 18μg/㎥) 현재까지 2024년 정부의 초미세먼지 목표 농도(16μg/㎥)에 근접하고 있는 것으로 평가됨 - 기상학적 개선 및 팬데믹 영향에 의한 여전한 사회경제활동 위축에도 불구하고 미세 먼지 계절관리제 등 정부의 다양한 정책의 이행성과가 점차 드러나는 것으로 평가되고 있으므로 저감정책의 정량적 효과에 대한 정밀한 평가가 지속적으로 필요함 Ⅱ. 국내외 미세먼지 대응정책 현황 1. 국내 미세먼지 정책 현황 □ 현재 추진된 정부 정책 현황 ○ 2021년 정부의 주요 정책 방향 - 최근 정부는 『미세먼지 관리 종합계획(2020-2024)』의 1차 연도 평가를 실시하였으며 주요 전문가 의견은 다음과 같음 ㆍ 산업발전 부문에서는 『미세먼지 고농도 시기(2019.12~2020.3) 대응 특별대책』, 『권역별 대기환경관리 기본계획(2020-2024)』 등을 통해 권역별 대기오염물질 배출 총량제를 도입하였으며, 고농도 시즌의 발전 상한 제약 등을 통해 미세먼지 농도 개선에 기여하고 제도적 발판을 마련하였음 ㆍ 그러나 지속적이고 가시적인 성과 창출을 위해서는 책임과 보상이 따르는 명확한 거버넌스상의 뒷받침이 필요하며, 도서지역 등의 신재생 에너지 보급 등을 통하여 탄소중립정책과의 정합성을 제고할 필요가 있음 ㆍ 수송 부문에서는 노후 경유차 퇴출 및 「항만지역 등 대기질 개선에 관한 특별법(이하, 항만대기질법)」 등의 개선을 통해 선박연료에 대한 기준 강화 등의 가시적 성과가 있었음. 그러나 미세먼지 기여가 큰 화물차에 대한 친환경화와 비도로 부문을 포함한 배출목록의 정확성 제고를 통하여 관리 기반을 개선해야 할 필요가 있음(현재 국가 연구개발사업으로 개선 중) ㆍ 기타 농축산 부문에는 현재 암모니아 배출자료의 시공간적 정확성 제고가 필요하며, 구체적인 암모니아 감축목표 설정과 이행 로드맵이 필요함. 또한 재비산먼지 저감을 위한 저마모타이어 상용화를 위한 지원대책이 필요하다는 지적이 있음 ㆍ 건강, 소통 분야에서는 정부의 ‘고농도 미세먼지 대응 매뉴얼’ 책자 배포 및 미세먼지 집중관리구역 지정, 관련 교육 콘텐츠 개발 등의 노력이 있었으나, 미세먼지 감축의 성과 측정이 국민 건강영향의 개선이라는 목표를 통해 평가되어야 한다는 지적이 있으며, 배출량, 농도 등 보다 정확한 정보 제공을 통해 신뢰에 기반한 대국민 소통 확대가 필요하다는 전문가 지적이 있음 - 2050 탄소중립에 대응하기 위해 「기후위기 대응을 위한 탄소중립·녹색성장 기본법(이하, 탄소중립기본법)」(2021.9.24)이 제정되어 향후 에너지 전환에 따른 대기환경 개선 및 정책 간 정합성 제고가 요구됨. 또한 『제9차 전력수급기본계획(2020-2034)』에서 전력수급 중 친환경 전원화가 가속화됨에 따라 중장기적으로 국내 대기질 개선을 기대할 수 있음 - 도금·염색업종에 특화된 유해화학물질 취급시설 기준(2021.3.15)이 시행되면서 한국표준산업분류에 따른 도금, 염색가공 및 모피, 가죽 제조업 사업장과 공정에 적용됨 2. 국외 미세먼지 정책 사례 □ 미국의 대기 정책 사례 ○ 캘리포니아주 대기개선 사례 - 캘리포니아주는 교통 부문의 에너지 소비가 가장 많으며(~39%), 에너지원으로 천연가스와 수송 부문의 휘발유 사용 비중이 높음(2018년 기준). 연간 대기오염물질 총배출량은 2017년에 2008년의 40% 수준으로 감소하였으며, LA 지역은 2015년 이후 미국 초미세먼지 환경기준을 만족하게 되었음 ㆍ 주요 정책으로는 도로, 비도로(항만 등)의 ZEV 차량으로의 전환, 연방 및 국제 규정에 따르는 선박엔진규정 이행, 소비제품의 VOCs 배출 규제 및 정유업계의 제품에 대한 탄소배출권제 도입을 통한 규제 강화 등이 있음 ㆍ 미국은 기본적으로 BACT(최적가용저감기술)를 활용하도록 하고 있으며, 암모니아 배출목록을 구체화하고 축산 부문의 사료공급 조절과 분뇨 저장환경 개선, 그리고 바이오필터를 도입하여 암모니아 배출 저감을 이행 중임 ㆍ 미국의 연방 및 주 정부는 각각 비도로 및 도로 부문에 대한 관리를 시행하고 있으며, 점·면 오염원에 대해서는 카운티별로 관리구역을 담당하는 이원화정책이 자리를 잡았음 ○ 그러나 미국에서는 21세기에 들어 서부지역을 중심으로 기후변화의 영향에 따른 산불발생으로 초미세먼지 고농도 현상이 나타났으며(예: 2020년 초대형 산불), 폭염과 강수현상의 양극화 등 기후변화와 관련된 대기질 문제가 대두하고 있어 글로벌 차원의 장기적 해법을 모색하고 대응해야 하는 상황임. 이러한 사례는 국내 대기질 관리에 있어 기후대응의 중요성을 암시하고 있음 ○ 또한 남캘리포니아주에서 실시하고 있는 다중 대기 독성물질 노출 평가(MATES) 프로그램은 정기적으로 37개의 대기 중 독성물질을 측정하고 인체 노출에 의한 위해성을 장기적으로 관찰하고 있음 ㆍ 이 프로그램을 통해 디젤 엔진의 배출량 대비 독성위험이 매우 높은 것으로 알려졌으며, 국내 대기관리의 방향에 주는 시사점이 큼 ㆍ 오염물질의 농도관리와 건강위해도가 일치하지 않음이 밝혀졌고, 이는 국내 대기 오염 정책도 인체위해성 저감을 위한 방향으로 전환해야 함을 암시함 ○ 바이든 행정부 대기 정책 변화 - 바이든 행정부는 기후변화 문제를 최우선 국정과제로 설정하면서 청정에너지시스템으로의 전환을 공약하였으며, 전임 트럼프 행정부가 시행한 각종 화석에너지 지원책과 규제 완화정책을 되돌리고자 함 ㆍ 트럼프 행정부에서 제정된 ‘Cost-Benefit Rule’과 ‘Guidance Document Rule’이 2021년 폐지됨 ㆍ 2030년까지 신차 판매의 절반이 탄소 무배출 차량이 될 것이라는 목표를 설정하였으며, 강화된 기업평균연비제도(CAFE) 개정안이 제안됨 ㆍ 대규모 인프라 투자계획이 통과됨에 따라 전기차 및 충전 인프라 지원에 5년간 150억 달러가 투자될 예정임 □ 유럽의 대기 정책 사례 ○ 유럽 그린딜 - 유럽 그린딜(Green Deal)은 2050년 기후중립 달성을 목표로 사회 전반에 걸쳐 녹색 전환을 이루어내기 위한 정책 패키지로, 대기·물·토양 무공해 목표를 포함하고 있으며, 특히 대기 부문에서는 다음과 같은 정책 추진을 예고함 ㆍ EU 대기질 표준(AAQ: Ambient Air Quality)을 WHO 권고 수준에 맞추어 상향 조정 ㆍ 수송 부문 배출기준 강화(Euro 7) 및 청정연료 전환법 제정 ㆍ 실내공기질 개선을 위한 정책수단 및 경로평가 및 법 제정 ㆍ 대기오염물질 배출량 감축 약정(NEC) 지침 이행에 대한 관리·감독 강화 - 온실가스 감축을 위한 강력한 추동이 대기오염물질 감축의 시너지 효과를 크게 가져올 것으로 예상됨 Ⅲ. 미세먼지 관련 법제도 분석 및 개선방안 1. 미세먼지 관련 법제도의 현안 ○ 현재 정부 정책과 입법의 강력한 추진으로 관련 법령이 증가함 - 『대기환경개선 종합계획(2016-2025)』, 『장거리 이동 대기오염물질 피해방지 종합대책(2018-2022)』, 『미세먼지 관리 종합계획(2020-2024)』, 『항만지역 등 대기질 개선 종합계획(2020-2024)』 등 관련 법정계획이 다수 있으며, 다수의 내용이 중첩·혼재되어 있음 - 「미세먼지 저감 및 관리에 관한 특별법(이하, 미세먼지법, 2019)」, 「대기관리권역의 대기환경개선에 관한 특별법(이하, 대기관리권역법, 2020)」, 「환경오염시설의 통합관리에 관한 법률(이하, 환경오염시설법, 2017)」은 모두 미세먼지 관리 및 규제에 대한 주요 목적을 갖고 있어 법상의 위계 확립과 간소화가 필요한 상황임 - 규제는 강화되고 있으나 담당 공무원 및 사업장이 인허가 제도 등 관련 법령의 복잡화로 현장에서 이행하는 데 어려움을 겪는 것으로 나타남 - 미세먼지와 관련된 입법상 기구는 환경노동위원회뿐 아니라, 행정안전위원회(재난 및 안전관리), 산업자원중소기업위원회(액화석유가스 안전관리 및 사업), 농림해양 수산위원회(항만지역 등 대기질 개선) 등 다양하여 입법 논의상의 복잡성이 있음 - 최근 정부의 「탄소중립기본법(2021)」 제정으로 향후 연료전환 등의 영향이 미세먼지 저감 이슈와 직접 연계되어 이러한 관련 법제도와의 정합성 고려가 필요함 2. 향후 미세먼지 관리 개선을 위한 법제도 개선안 ○ 미세먼지 대응을 위한 범부처적 거버넌스 구축 필요 - 「미세먼지특별법」에 따라 국무총리 소속으로 ‘미세먼지 특별대책 위원회’가 설치되었음. 이러한 취지를 발전시켜 기후-대기-에너지 등을 관할하는 부처의 통합화가 바람직 할 것으로 사료됨. 또한 유사한 대기질 관리와 관련된 위원회가 산재해 있어 향후 기후대응(탄소중립)과 대기오염관리를 통합하고 일원화하는 위원회의 신설이 바람직할 것으로 사료됨(예: 기후-대기통합관리위원회) - 또한 유럽 등 선진국에서는 이미 온실가스가 대기오염물질로 규정되고 대기오염물질 배출량과 함께 산정되고 있으므로 국내에서 ‘국가 미세먼지 정보센터’와 ‘국가 온실가스 정보센터’의 통합운영이 실현되어야 함(일원화된 국가 인벤토리로 운영될 필요) ○ 미세먼지 실효적 저감 이행을 위한 법령 및 법령 간 명확화·일원화 필요 - 미세먼지 관리와 직접 연관성이 있는 「미세먼지법」, 「대기관리권역법」, 「대기환경 보전법」, 「환경오염시설법」 간의 개념적 명료화가 필요함 ㆍ 규제의 통합이 필요하기 때문에 「대기관리권역법」에서 실시하고 있는 권역별 대기 오염 총량제를 통합법으로 통합·관리하는 방법이 바람직하다고 판단됨 ㆍ 「대기관리권역법」은 지자체에서 권한을 위임하는 방향이기 때문에 지역 차원의 배출시설 감시와 저감실적을 꼼꼼히 평가·이행하는 방향으로 발전하는 것이 바람직함 ㆍ 「미세먼지법」은 미세먼지 오염농도 저감을 목표로 계절관리제 및 고농도 미세먼지 비상저감조치에 집중하여 관리감독 및 평가하는 방향이 바람직함 ○ 과학적 근거에 의한 대기관리권역의 확대 지정·관리 필요 - 현재 「대기관리권역법」에서 설정한 ‘대기관리권역’에 포함되지 않은 미세먼지 고농도 지역과 미세먼지 고농도 노출인구가 상대적으로 많은 지역이 포함되어 있지 않음. 이에 따라 현재의 권역에 이러한 취약지역을 추가로 지정하여 관리할 필요가 있음 ※ 예를 들어, 충청북도 전역과 경상북도 상주, 김천, 영주, 경상남도 창녕 등은 미세먼지 농도가 상대적으로 높거나 노출인구가 많아 추가 지정 및 관리가 바람직함 ○ 「대기관리권역법」 취지에 맞는 지방자치단체의 관리역량 강화를 위한 재원 마련이 필요함 ㆍ 지자체의 특별회계를 적극 활용할 필요가 있으며, 예를 들어 「대기관리권역법」 제37조의 ‘대기관리권역 대기환경개선 특별회계’를 구체적으로 발전시켜 지방세 입화하는 방안을 추진할 수 있음. 혹은 지자체 대기관리 실적에 따라 특별 교부금 차원의 인센티브를 부여하는 것을 검토할 수 있음 ○ 현재 자동차를 제외한 선박, 열차, 농기계에 대한 운행차의 배출기준이 시행되지 않고 있음. 따라서 제작차뿐만 아니라 운행차에 대한 배출기준을 적용하는 것이 바람직함 - 차량에 대해 현재 무게농도만 포함되어 있는데 건강영향을 고려하여 입자수 농도 기준을 모든 차량에 적용하는 것이 바람직함(보건영향 반영) ○ 현 대기관리의 법적 규제는 상벌체계를 구체화하되 대기관리 평가와 연동하여 구체화하는 것이 바람직함 - 현재 「대기관리권역법」에서 총량제도 위반 시 배출부과금제도가 있으나 초과 생산 이익이 더 클 경우 사업자가 이를 준수하지 않을 가능성이 큼. 따라서 이를 오염물질 배출권 거래제도로 실효화할 필요성이 있음 - 또한 「대기관리권역법」에서 사업장 관리권한을 시·도지사에 위임하였으나 실적 부진시 장관이 권환을 회수 또는 지방환경관서로 재위임할 필요성이 있음(제39조 제1~2항 개정 필요) - 추가로 「대기관리권역법」에서 지자체 시행계획 미시행 시 재정지원 중단/삭감 조치가 있는데 이는 다소 추상적임. 따라서 이행실적 평가와 연계하여 재정적 페널티와 인센티브를 구체적으로 부과하는 구체화가 필요함(제10조 제3~4항 개정 필요) ○ 국가적 사안인 「탄소중립기본법」이 발표됨에 따라 향후 에너지 전환에 관련된 제도화에 따른 미세먼지 관련 법령 간의 정합성 확보와 통합관리를 위한 발전적 개선이 필요함 Ⅳ. 미세먼지 고농도 지자체 분석 1. 미세먼지 고농도 지자체 분석(영남지역) □ 영남지역의 미세먼지 특성과 실태 ○ 본 연구의 모델링 결과, 영남지역(경상북도, 경상남도, 부산광역시, 울산광역시, 대구 광역시)은 국내에서 세 번째로 높은 초미세먼지 전국 기여도를 보이고 있음(충청권, 수도권 다음임, 2016년 기준). 또한 배출량 기준으로는 전국에서 가장 많은 대기오염 물질 배출) - 광역지자체별로 보면, 경상북도가 포항을 중심으로 자체 기여가 가장 높았고(46%), 대구광역시의 자체 기여가 가장 낮았음(24%) - 경상북도는 영남지역에서 가장 높은 초미세먼지 농도에 기여하는 지역임(포항) - 대구광역시는 경상북도로부터 가장 많은 영향을 받고 있으며(32%), 다음으로 충청 남도와 경기도의 영향을 받고 있음 - 부산광역시는 자체 영향(37%) 다음으로 경상남도(18%)와 울산광역시(11%)의 영향을 많이 받는 것으로 계산되었음 - 경상남도는 자체 기여(34%) 이외에 전라남도(15%)과 경상북도(12%)의 영향이 커타 지역과의 협력이 중요한 이슈라고 할 수 있음 - 영남지역은 대체로 수도권에 비해 대륙의 영향이 적어 미세먼지 계절별 농도 변화가 다소 크지 않음. 또한 해륙풍 등 계절 및 기상영향으로 여름철 고농도 사례가 상대적으로 잦은 편인데, 이는 주요 자체 배출원 영향이라 할 수 있음 ○ 영남지역의 미세먼지 등 오염물질 배출 특성 - 영남지역은 제조업연소 등을 포함한 산업 부문(특히, 중화학 공업) 초미세먼지 배출의 비중이 상대적으로 크며(>70%), 해당 배출원은 영남 동부(포항, 울산광역시)에 주로 위치하고 있음. 부산광역시는 대형 항만으로부터 선박/항만과 관련된 비도로 이동오염원의 미세먼지 배출 비중이 높음 - 울산광역시는 석유제품, 선박/자동차 제조와 관련된 산업 부문의 배출영향이 크며, 경상북도는 주로 포항의 제철제강업 중심의 초미세먼지와 주요 전구물질 배출 비중이 높음. 경상남도는 선박 제조 등을 위한 도장시설 중심의 VOCs 배출량이 높으며, 고성과 하동지역의 대형 화력발전에 의한 NOx, SOx의 배출량이 상대적으로 큼. ※ 초미세먼지 배출은 경상북도 포항이 가장 많으며, 울산광역시, 경상북도 구미, 경상남도 창원, 부산광역시 등이 주요 배출지역임(철강, 자동차/선박 제조, 항만) ※ NOx는 경상북도 포항이 가장 많이 배출하며, 울산광역시, 경상남도 창원, 경상남도 고성, 부산광역시 등이 주요 배출지역임(철강, 자동차/선박 제조, 발전, 항만) ※ SOx는 경상북도 포항이 가장 많이 배출하며, 울산광역시, 경상남도 고성, 하동, 경상북도 구미 등이 주요 배출지역임(철장, 제조업, 발전 등) ※ VOCs는 울산광역시, 경상남도 창원, 거제, 경상북도 포항이 주요 배출지역임(선박 도장, 철강 등) ※ 암모니아 배출은 농업보다 상대적으로 산업 발전의 영향이 큰 것으로 추정됨(울산광역시) ○ 영남지역의 초미세먼지 고농도 노출 인구 분석 - 영남지역의 초미세먼지 농도는 수도권 및 충청지역보다 낮기 때문에 연평균 농도 기준(20μg/㎥)보다 높은 지역의 노출 인구를 분석하였음(2019년 기준) - 분석 결과 주요 배출지역과 고농도 지역이 높은 수준으로 일치하지 않는 것으로 나타났으며, 경상북도 상주, 영주 등은 자체 배출량에 비해 농도가 높아 대표적인 피해지역으로 나타남 - 고농도 노출 인구가 많고 민감계층(18세 이하, 65세 이상) 수가 많은 지역은 주로 대구광역시 및 부산광역시의 일부 군과 경상남도 김해 및 양산, 경상북도 구미로, 건강영향 측면에서 정책적 우선순위가 필요한 지역임 - 또한 고농도 노출 인구가 많은 경상북도 김천, 상주와 경상남도 창녕은 현재 대기관리권역으로 지정되지 않아 추가 지정을 통한 관리가 필요함 Ⅴ. 미세먼지 정책의 경제성 평가방법론 조사 1. 국내 주요 정책에 대한 비용-편익 분석방법론 □ 정책비용 산정을 위해서는 먼저 특정 정책에 대한 정책리스트와 관련 자료 필요 ○ 수송 부문의 미세먼지 정책비용의 경우 운행제한, 저공해차 보급, 조기폐차, LPG차 전환, 비산먼지 관리, CNG 차량 전환, DPF 등 저감장치 부착, 친환경차 전환, 친환경차 인프라 확충 등의 정책 단위별 대책과 비용을 산정할 수 있음 ○ 경제성 평가방법론으로는 크게 비용-효과 분석(CEA: Cost-Effectiveness Analysis)과 비용-편익(CBA: Cost-Benefit Analysis) 방법이 있음 - CEA는 화폐가치로 환산하기 어려우나 대안 간 비용지출로 인해 발생하는 물리적 크기를 측정할 수 있음 - CBA는 각 대안에 대한 성과를 금전적 화폐가치로 환산할 수 있음 ㆍ 비용 산정방식으로는 공학적 방법, 설문조사법, 생산경제학적 모형을 활용할 수 있음 ㆍ 편익 산정방식으로는 물리적 연계방법(대체비용법, 비용절감법), 행태적 연계방법과 편익이전방법론이 있음 - 비용은 미세먼지 저감대책의 상위 예산정보와 지자체 등의 세부 저감대책 예산정보를 활용하여 비용 정보를 세분화하여 도출할 수 있음 - 미세먼지 저감량은 기존 실적자료를 통해 산출하거나 통계 및 본 과제(3차 연도)로 계산한 물질별, 배출원 대분류별 건강피해비용을 활용할 수 있음 ※ 차기 연도(2022년)에 가능한 부문별 정책에 따른 비용-편익을 산출할 예정 Ⅰ. Background and Objective 1. Background □ Objective of Research ○ Objective - Meaning of ‘integrated management’ of particulate matter ㆍ ‘Integrated management’ of particulate matter refers to a ‘horizontal’ integration management strategy that manages all related elements (sectors) within a consistent system for the purpose of reducing national particulate matter. ※ This refers to a study that supports comprehensive management measures for multidimensional solutions such as pollution source emission management, regional management, communication, and governance across various sectors. ※ However, based on the current trend, this should be scaled up into an integrated study at a multidisciplinary level in the future, with fields dealing with carbon neutrality policies, health effects, and so on. - The purpose of this study is to understand what is needed to support the current national and regional particulate matter management policy from an integrated perspective encompassing various sectors with the theme of “particulate matter management” and to propose and support implementation of comprehensive particulate matter management policies that take into account the emission sources, substance, and regional social costs. (Five-year research, currently in the fourth year) □ Current status of domestic particulate matter ○ The current situation and reality of Particulate Matter in 2021 - In 2020, the annual average concentration of ultrafine dust in Korea was 19μg/㎥, which is a significantly improved figure compared to 23μ g/㎥ in 2019. As this trend continued in 2021, it is evaluated that achieving the government’s target rate (16μg/㎥) in 2024 is not far away. - Despite the meteorological improvements and passive socioeconomic activities, the government’s performance in implementing various policies such as the seasonal particulate matter management system has gradually improved, calling for a precise evaluation of the quantitative effect of the reduction policy. Ⅱ. National and International Particulate Matter Response Policies 1. Current status of particulate matter management Policy in Korea □ Current government policies ○ Major government policies of 2021 - Recently, the government conducted the first-year evaluation of the Comprehensive Plan for Particulate Matter Management (2020-2024), and received the following feedback from experts. ㆍ The industrial development sector adopted a management system of total permissible emission volume of air pollutants by air control zone through the Special Measures to Respond to Particulate Matter in Seasons with High Concentrations (December 2019 to March 2020) and the Basic Plan for Air Environment Management by Air Control Zone (2020-2024). Establishing an institutional foundation, it also contributed to the improvement of particulate matter concentration. ㆍ However, for sustainable and visible performance, the government must provide transparent governance accompanied with responsibility and compensation. Also, guaranteeing coherence with carbon-neutral policies through the supply of renewable energy to island regions is needed. ㆍ The transportation sector presented tangible results, such as the strengthened standards for ship fuel through eliminating old diesel vehicles and improving the “Special Act on the Improvement of Air Quality in Port Areas” (hereinafter “Port Air Quality Act”). Nonetheless, improvement is needed in achieving the eco-friendly transition for trucks and increasing the accuracy of the emission lists including non-road sectors, which greatly contribute to particulate matter concentrations. (improvements currently being made through a national R&D project) ㆍ The agriculture and livestock sector currently needs to improve the temporal and spatial accuracy of ammonia emission data, and establish specific ammonia reduction targets and implementation roadmaps. In addition, it has been pointed out that support measures are needed to commercialize tires with the low abrasion rate to reduce resuspended dust. ㆍ In the sectors of health and communication, although the government initiated efforts to distribute the ‘Manual on Responding to High Particulate Matter Concentration,’ designate intensive management zones for particulate matter and develop related educational content, experts noted that performance of particulate matter reduction should be measured and evaluated based on the goal of “improving public health.” Additional comments included that communication with the public should be expanded based on trust built upon more accurate information on emissions, concentrations, and so on. - In order to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050, the Framework Act on Carbon Neutrality and Green Growth (hereinafter referred as the Framework Act on Carbon Neutrality) (September 24, 2021) was enacted to improve the atmospheric environment and policy consistency. In addition, as eco-friendly power supply is being accelerated in the general electricity supply according to the Ninth Basic Plan for Electricity Supply and Demand (2020-2034), domestic air quality is expected to improve after 2024. - The Standards for Facilities Handling Hazardous Chemicals in the Plating and Dyeing Industries (March 15, 2021) is now applied to plating, dyeing, fur processing, and leather manufacturing businesses and processes according to the Korea Standard Industry Classification. 2. Particulate matter management policies abroad □ Case study on air improvement policies (United States) ○ California - The transportation sector (39%) has the highest energy consumption in California, and its main energy source is natural gas and gasoline (as of 2018). In 2017, the total annual emissions of air pollutants decreased to 40% compared to 2008, and since 2015, LA has met the U.S. ultrafine dust environmental standards. ㆍ Major policies include the shift to ZEV vehicles in both road and non-road (ports, etc.) sectors, implementation of marine engine regulations in accordance with federal and international regulations, regulation of VOCs emissions from consumer products, and the introduction of the emission trading system for refined oil products. ㆍ The U.S. basically requires the use of BACT (Best Available Reduction Technology), and is reducing ammonia emissions by specifying the ammonia emission list, controlling the feed supply in the livestock sector, improving the manure storage environment, and applying biofilters. ㆍ In the U.S., a two-track policy has been settled, in which the federal/state governments are in charge of non-road/road management, while each county takes charge of point/area sources of pollution in their own management zone. ○ However, since the beginning of the 21st century, the U.S. has been experiencing high concentrations of ultrafine dust due to wildfires and the air quality problem, which are caused by impacts of climate change including heat waves and abnormal precipitation. Long-term solutions at a global level are demanded. These examples imply the importance of realizing carbon neutrality in domestic air quality management. ○ The Multi-Atmospheric Toxicity Exposure Assessment (MATES) program, conducted in South California, regularly measures 37 atmospheric toxic substances and observes long-term human health hazards resulting from exposure. ㆍ In this program, it was found out that diesel engines have a very high level of toxicity compared to its actual emission volumes, which had great implications on the direction for domestic atmospheric management. ㆍ The concentration management of pollutants and health risks were found to be inconsistent, suggesting that domestic air pollution policies should also be shifted, aiming toward reducing human risks. □ Case study on air improvement policies (Europe) ○ European Union - The European Union‘s Green Deal is a policy package encompassing all areas of the society. Being a progressive policy, it aims toward reaching carbon neutrality by 2050 and zero pollution in air, water, and soil. ㆍ The main components of Europe’s air pollutant policy are as follows: (1) Setting the ambitious air quality standards and the maximum concentration not only for particulate matter but also for major precursors (2) The EU Air Quality (AAQ) is raised to meet WHO recommendations. (3) Reinforcement of emission standards in the transport sector (Euro 7) and enactment of the Clean Fuel Conversion Act. (4) Policy means and path evaluation and legislation to improve indoor air quality. (5) Reinforcement of management and supervision of the implementation of the NEC guidelines for reducing air pollutant emissions. ㆍ Strong drive to reduce greenhouse gases is expected to have a great synergy effect on reducing air pollutants. Ⅲ. Measures to Analyze and Improve the Legal System Related to Particulate Matter 1. Current issues on the Particulate Matter related legal system ○ Through the strong promotion of current government policies and legislation, related laws and regulations have been greatly increased. - The Comprehensive Air Quality Improvement Plan (2016-2025), Comprehensive Measures to Prevent Damage from Long-range Transport of Air Pollutants (2018-2022), Comprehensive Management Plan for Particulate Matter (2020-2024), Comprehensive Plan for Air Quality Improvement in Port Areas (2020-2024), and a number of related statutory plans are in effect and some plans overlap with each other. - The Special Act on the Reduction and Management of Fine Dust (hereinafter, Special Act on Particulate Matter, 2019), Special Act on the Improvement of Air Control in Air Control Zones (hereinafter, Air Control Zone Act, 2020), and the Act on the Integrated Control of Pollutant-discharging Facilities (hereinafter, Integrated Control Act, 2017) all aim at particulate matter management and regulation, so it is necessary to establish a hierarchy among similar laws and remove redundancy. - Despite regulations being strengthened, public officials and workplaces in charge have difficulty in implementing them due to the complexity in laws such as the licensing system. - Due to the diverse legislative organizations related to particulate matter, discussions are very complex. These organizations include the Environment and Labor Committee, the Public Administration and Security Committee (disaster and safety management), the Trade, Industry, Energy, SMEs, and Startups Committee (liquefied petroleum safety management and project), and the Agriculture, Food, Rural Affairs, Oceans, and Fisheries Committee (air quality improvement, et cetera). - As fuel conversion is directly linked to particulate matter reduction issues, with the recent enactment of the government’s “Framework Act on Carbon Neutrality and Green Growth to Respond to Climate Crisis”, its consistency with the related legal system must be considered. 2. Plans to improve the legal system for enhancing future particulate matter management ○ Establish pan-ministerial governance to cope with particulate matter - In accordance to the Special Act on Particulate Matter, a “Special Policy Committee on Fine Dust” was established under the Prime Minister’s Office. In this light, it would be more efficient to integrate the relevant ministries in charge of climate, atmosphere, and energy. In addition, as there are many different committees on air quality management separately in operation, establishing a committee that integrates and unifies climate response (carbon neutrality) and air pollution management would be useful (e.g. Climate-Air Integrated Management Committee). - Advanced countries, such as Europe, has already defined greenhouse gases as air pollutants and calculate them with other air pollutant emissions. Accordingly, in Korea, it is recomgmended that the “National Particulate Matter Information Center” and the “National Greenhouse Gas Information Center” be operated in an integrated form (they need to be operated as a unified national inventory). ○ For effective particulate matter reduction, acts, laws, and regulations must be unified and clarified. - Clarification of the concepts on the Special Act on Particulate Matter, the Air Control Zone Act, the Clean Air Conservation Act, and the Integrated Control Act is required, which are directly related to particulate matter management. ㆍ As integrated regulation is necessary, it is judged that managing the management system of total permissible emission volume of air pollutants by air control zone in the Integrated Control Act would be preferable. ㆍ Since the Air Control Zone Act makes local governments delegate authority, close monitoring and evaluating of the emission reduction performance of facilities at the local level is desirable. ㆍ The Special Act on Particulate Matter aims to reduce the concentration of particulate matter, and it is desirable to focus on the seasonal management system and emergency reduction measures for high concentrations of particulate matter. ○ Designation and management of air control zones on a scientific basis are needed. - Among the areas with a high concentration of particulate matter, those with a relatively large population exposed to high concentrations of particulate matter are not included in the “air control zone” established by the current law. Accordingly, such areas must be additionally designated and managed as vulnerable districts. ※ For example, as the entire region of North Chungcheong Province, Sangju, Gimcheon, Yeongju and Changnyeong (Gyeongsangnam-do), have a high concentration of particulate matter or has a large number of exposed populations, it is recommended that these areas be additionally designated and managed. ○ Financial resources are needed to strengthen the management capabilities of local governments in line with the purpose of the Air Control Zone Act. ㆍ The special accounts of local governments should be actively utilized and the “Special Accounts for Improvement of Air Quality in Air Control Zone” within the “Air Control Zone Act” (Article 37) can be further developed to raise local revenue. Or, incentives in the form of special grants can be allocated to the local governments according to their performance of air management. ○ Nowadays, emission standards for in-use vehicles are only applicable to automobiles, excluding ships, trains, and agricultural machinery. Emission standards must be applied to not only manufactured vehicles but to all running vehicles. - Currently, for vehicles, information is limited to only weight concentration. However, applying the particle number concentration standard to all vehicles is recommended in consideration of health impacts (reflecting health effects). ○ The reward and punishment system in the current legal regulation of air management should be detailed in connection with the air management evaluation system. - Currently, under the Air Control Zone Act, there is an emission charge system in case of violation of the gross quantity system. However, if the excess production profit is greater, there is a high possibility that the operator will not comply with it. Thus, it is necessary to operate it as the emission trading system. - Currently the Air Control Zone Act stipulates that provincial governors should have authority to supervise project sites; however, this should be revised to allow the minister to take back this authority or delegate it to environmental local government offices in case of poor performance (Article 39 1-2 needs to be amended). - In addition, the Air Control Zone Act includes suspending or reducing of financial support in case that local governments do not implement established plans, but these measures are rather unspecific. Therefore, details including imposing penalties or giving incentives in relation to the performance evaluation should be further decided (Article 10, Paragraph 3-4 needs to be amended). ○ With the announcement of the “Framework Act on Carbon Neutrality and Green Growth to Respond to Climate Crisis,” securing consistency between laws and regulations related to energy conversion and improving the management are needed. Ⅳ. Analysis of Provinces with High Particulate Matter Concentration 1. Analysis of provinces with high particulate matter concentration (Yeongnam region) □ Characteristics and status of particulate matter in Yeongnam region ○ The modeling results of this study show that Yeongnam region (Gyeongbuk, Gyeongnam, Busan, Ulsan, and Daegu) is the third highest contributor to the national fine dust concentrations in Korea (after Chungcheong and the Seoul metropolitan area, as of 2016). Also, in terms of emissions, it emits the greatest amount of air pollutants in the country. - By region, with Pohang in the center, Gyeongsangbuk-do showed the highest level of self-contributions (46%), and Daegu showed the lowest level of self-contributions (24%). - Gyeongbuk region contributes the most to ultrafine dust in Yeongnam region (Pohang). - Daegu is most affected by Gyeongbuk (32%), followed by Chungnam and Gyeonggi regions. - Busan is mostly affected by Gyeongnam region (18%) and Ulsan (11%), also having self-influence (37%). - Gyeongnam region, in addition to its own contribution (34%), the influence of Jeollanam-do (15%) and Gyeongbuk region (12%) is quite extensive, so cooperation with other regions is an important issue. - Yeongnam region has less seasonal fluctuations in particulate matter concentration as it is less influenced by the continent in general compared to the metropolitan area. Due to seasonal and meteorological influences such as the sea breeze, which is the main source of emissions, it frequently experiences high concentrations in summer. ※ Pohang, Gyeongsangbuk-do, emits the largest amount of ultrafine dust, and Ulsan, Gumi, Gyeongsangnam-do, and Busan are other major emitting regions (steel, automobile/vessel manufacturing, ports, etc.). ※ Pohang, Gyeongbuk emits the most NOx, and Ulsan, Changwon, Gyeongbuk, Goseong, and Busan are other major emitting regions (steel, automobile/ship manufacturing, power generation, ports, etc.). ※ Pohang, Gyeongbuk produces the largest amount of SOx, and Ulsan, Goseong, Gyeongnam, Hadong, and Gumi, Gyeongbuk are other major emitting regions (iron, manufacturing, power generation, etc.) ※ Major VOC emitting regions are Ulsan, Changwon, Gyeongnam, Geoje, and Pohang, North Gyeongsang (ship painting, steel, etc.) ※ Ammonia emissions are estimated to have a greater impact on industrial development compared to agriculture (Ulsan). ○ Analysis of populations exposed to high concentrations of ultrafine dust in Yeongnam region - As the concentration of ultrafine dust in Yeongnam area is lower than that of the metropolitan and Chungcheong area, the exposed populations in the areas with concentrations exceeding the average annual concentration standard (20) were analyzed (as of 2019). - As a result of the analysis, it was found that the major emitting areas and the high-concentration areas do not tend to completely match. Sangju and Yeongju, Gyeongsangbuk-do, were found to be high-concentration areas compared to their own emissions. - Daegu and some counties in Busan, as well as Gimhae and Yangsan in Gyeongnam, and Gumi in Gyeongbuk, are regions with large populations exposed to high concentrations and a large number of sensitive groups (aged under 18 or over 65), which require a policy priority in terms of health impacts. - The regions with large exposed populations such as Gimcheon, Sangju, Gyeongsangbuk-do, and Changnyeong, Gyeongsangnam-do, are recommended to be additionally designated as Air Control Zones. Ⅴ. Economic Evaluation Methodologies for Particulate Matter Management Policy 1. Cost-benefit analysis methodology for major domestic policies □ Policy lists and related data for a specific policy are required to calculate policy costs. ○ In the case of particulate matter management policies in the transportation sector, measures and costs can be calculated per policy unit, including the restriction of operation, supply of low-emission cars, early scrapping, LPG conversion, fugitive dust management, CNG conversion, DPF, and so on. ○ Economic evaluation methodology mainly consists of Cost-Effectiveness Analysis, CEA, and Cost-Benefit Analysis, CBA. - In CEA, conversion to monetary value is difficult, but it can measure the physical size of expenditures between options. - CBA can convert the performance of each options into monetary value. ㆍ For cost estimation, the following methods can be applied: engineering method, survey method, and production economics model. ㆍ Methods of calculating benefits include the following: physical linkage method (alternative cost method, cost reduction method), behavioral linkage method, and benefit transfer methodology. - The cost can be estimated by subdividing the cost information by utilizing upper-class budget information in the measures for particulate matter reduction and information on budget for specific reduction measures implemented by the local governments. - The reduction amount of particulate matter can be calculated based on the existing performance data, or the cost of health damage by substance and emission source calculated based on the statistics and result of this research (third-year). ※ Cost-benefit calculations according to policies by sector will be carried out next year (2022).