방송 언어의 운율 유형

박숙희 한글학회 2012 한글 Vol.- No.296

This study aims to establish, at one aspect, the basic prosodic pattern of prosodic phrase of Korean through several different styles of speech data, viz. a radio & TV news report, a narration for a TV programme, press interviews, an open lecture in a TV programme, dialogues in a TV drama series. And at the other aspect, this study aims to describe what kinds of factors affect the realization of the prosodic pattern of prosodic phrase. The prosodic phrase, here, means a prosodic unit which can be clearly identified as having an evident break boundary at its final position in a sentence in the sense of perceptual viewpoint. The results demonstrated that there are two basic pitch patterns of prosodic phrase which are decided by phonological condition and from these two basic patterns, 8 different pitch patterns are derived by pragmatic needs. The phonological condition which affect the realization of the pitch pattern is the type of onset consonant of the first syllable of an prosodic phrase. If the onset consonant have [+strong] feature, the prosodic phrase realizes the patterns of LHLⁿ, and the others realize HHLⁿ. The pragmatic needs are as follows, placing the focus, requiring attention, putting a question, carrying conviction. In addition, these pitch patterns can be represented in several different tones of the voice which is called ‘intonation pattern’ in this study. The conclusion which can be drawn from this study are these: there are 4 different intonation patterns of prosodic phrase, viz. ‘XH(a powerful tone), XL᷄(a recitative tone, a roundabout way), XH᷉(a powerful and recitative tone, an irritated question), XL᷈(an irritated tone, an exclamatory tone)’. Another important result of this study is that we have seen the role of prosodic phrasing in sentence processing. For example, ‘언제(when)’ is preceding a verb in a given sentence, this sentence can be an interrogative one also be an infinitive one depends on their prosodic phrasing. When ‘언제’ and the following verb in a given sentence make one prosodic phrase, this sentence will be an interrogative one. Otherwise, this will be an infinitive one. 이 연구는 방송 언어에 나타나는 한국어 발화의 운율 유형을 일반화하는 데 목적을 두었다. 발화의 운율 단위를 ‘운율구’로 규정하고 운율구에 나타나는 운율 실현 양상을 고저 유형과 어조 유형으로 나누어 유형화하여 그 생성 원인을 밝혀 보았다. 이를 통해 두 개의 기본 운율형 LHLⁿ형과 HHLⁿ형을 설정하고 화용론적 조건에 따른 몇 가지 변이 운율형을 도출하였다. 즉 운율구나 운율구의 일부 성분이 초점화될 때, 발화의 미종결성을 부각시켜 청자의 주의를 요청하거나 질문할 때, 발화의 확신․명료함을 드러낼 때 고저에 변화가 일어나는 변이 운율형이 생성됨을 확인하였다. 그리고 운율구의 고저형 위에 특정 유형의 어조가 나타나는 일은 발화에 특정한 정서적 요인이 실릴 때인데, ‘박력조, 설명조, 완곡조, 짜증조, 감탄조’ 등이 그러한 정서적 요인으로 작용함을 알 수 있었다. 또한 의문문과 부정(不定)문을 중심으로 문장 안에서 운율구의 구조와 그 운율형이 달라짐으로써 통사적 변별이 일어나는 사실을 언급했다.

Acquisition of prosodic phrasing and edge tones by Korean learners of English

Wook Kyung Choe 한국음성학회 2016 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.8 No.4

The purpose of the current study was to examine the acquisition of the second language prosody by Korean learners of English. Specifically, this study investigated Korean learners" patterns of prosodic phrasing and their use of edge tones (i.e., phrase accents and boundary tones) in English, and then compared the patterns with those of native English speakers. Eight Korean learners and 8 native speakers of English read 5 different English passages. Both groups’ patterns of tones and prosodic phrasing were analyzed using the Mainstream American English Tones and Break Indices (MAE_ToBI) transcription conventions. The results indicated that the Korean learners chunked their speech into prosodic phrases more frequently than the native speakers did. This frequent prosodic phrasing pattern was especially noticeable in sentence-internal prosodic phrases, often where there was no punctuation mark. Tonal analyses revealed that the Korean learners put significantly more High phrase accents (H-) on their sentence-internal intermediate phrase boundaries than the native speakers of English. In addition, compared with the native speakers, the Korean learners used significantly more High boundary tones (both H-H% and L-H%) for the sentence-internal intonational phrases, while they used similar proportion of High boundary tones for the sentence-final intonational phrases. Overall, the results suggested that Korean learners of English successfully acquired the meanings and functions of prosodic phrasing and edge tones in English as well as that they are able to efficiently use these prosodic features to convey their own discourse intention.

A Phonological Weight Effect on Prosodic Phrasing : With Reference to Chonnam Korean

Kim No-Ju 신영어영문학회 2004 신영어영문학 Vol.29 No.-

Defining prosodic phrases, which differ from syntactic phrases, is critical to phrase-level phonology because there is no one-to-one correspondence between syntactic phrases and prosodic ones. All the previous studies but N. Kim (1997, 2000, 2004) have one thing in common in that a P-phrase is argued to be formed by referring to syntactic structure only. However, N. Kim shows that, in North Kyungsang Korean, none of the syntax-based theories work when the length of the complement NP is longer than two words. To solve this problem, N. Kim proposes a set of constraints which regulate the weight of P-phrases, arguing that for prosodic phrasing, phonological weight as well as syntactic properties needs to be considered. This paper shows that N. Kim’s argument is also tenable for the data from Chonnam Korean.

Prosodic Structure and Phrasing of Function Words in English

Young-il Oh 한국영어학학회 2012 영어학연구 Vol.18 No.3

This paper explores the possibilities of prosodifying function words in English. It is well known that function words can be manifested in their strong and weak forms as a function of accent and position in a sentence. It is also known that weak forms of function words, which are not phrase-final, have a clitic status in prosodic structure, while strong forms of function words in phrase-final position have the status of a prosodic word on their own (Inkelas and Zec 1993, Selkirk 1984, 1996). Thus, the prosodic phrasing of function words has been accounted for by the syntactic structural factor itself. However, given the results that strong forms of function words can be subdivided into phrase-final and accented types (Oh 2010), the prosodic phrasing of function words should be reconsidered with a syntactic and semantic approaches. Briefly reviewing various approaches to phrasing in prosodic phonology, this paper investigates an accent effect on the prosodic phrasing of function words and suggests a future experiment which can reveal how function words are prosodified with their adjacent words.

Prosodic Phrasing in North Kyungsang Korean

No Ju Kim 현대문법학회 2000 현대문법연구 Vol.22 No.-

Defining prosodic phrases (P-phrases), which differ from syntactic phrases, is critical to conduct phrase-level phonology because there is no one-to-one correspondence between syntactic phrases and prosodic ones. Several different approaches have been made to explain the mapping process of syntactic phrases into prosodic phrases. All the previous studies have one thing in common in that a P-phrase is argued to be formed by referring to syntactic structure only. These theories are tenable for the data from North Kyungsang Korean (NK Korean) only when the length of a complement NP is less than or equal to two words. However, all the theories do not work when the length of the complement NP is longer than two words. To solve this problem, this paper argues that for prosodic phrasing, phonological weight as well as syntactic properties needs to be considered.

낭독체에 나타난 중국인 학습자들의 운율구 실현 양상

윤영숙(Youngsook Yune) 한국음성학회 2008 음성과학 Vol.15 No.4

The purpose of this paper is to examine how Chinese speakers realize Korean prosodic phrases in the reading of Korean texts. Prosodic phrase, in this study, is defined as basic unit of spoken language which can be perceived as purely separate phonetic unit by both hearer and speaker, and is realized with a coherent intonational configuration. Prosodic phrase plays an important role in both speech production and perception. In the second language acquisition, prosody influences the accuracy and fluency of spoken language. The main purpose of this study is to describe the aspect of syntagmatic operation of prosody that produces prosodic phrases. We have specifically examined the relations between the prosodic phrase's boundary and its syntactic status. Furthermore, we examined internal syntactic structure of each prosodic phrase. And the results of each analysis were compared to the aspects of prosodic phrases' formation produced by native Korean speakers. The results show that Chinese speakers tend to coincide the prosodic phrases with syntactic structure more than native Korean speakers.

한국어 구조적 중의성 문장에 대한 일본인 중급 한국어 학습자들의 발화양상

윤영숙(Yune, YoungSook) 한국음성학회 2015 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.7 No.3

The aim of this study is to investigate the prosodic aspects of structural ambiguous sentences in Korean produced by Japanese Korean learners and the influence of their first language prosody. Previous studies reported that structural ambiguous sentences in Korean are different especially in prosodic phrasing. So we examined whether Japanese Korean leaners can also distinguish, in production, between two types of structural ambiguous sentences on the basis of prosodic features. For this purpose 4 Korean native speakers and 8 Japanese Korean learners participated in the production test. Analysis materials are 6 sentences where a relative clause modify either NP1 or NP1+NP2. The results show that Korean native speakers produced ambiguous sentences by different prosodic structure depending on their semantic and syntactic structure (left branching or right branching sentence). Japanese speakers also show distinct prosodic structure for two types of ambiguous sentences in most cases, but they have more errors in producing left branching sentences than right branching sentences. In addition to that, interference of Japanese pitch accent in the production of Korean ambiguous sentences was observed.

Prosodic Phrasing and Multiple Spell-Out by Phase : Evidence from Floating Numeral Quantifier Constructions in Korean and Japanese

Gwangrak Son 한국생성문법학회 2011 생성문법연구 Vol.21 No.4

FNQ-constructions in Korean and Japanese exhibit an interesting correlation between prosodic phrasing and semantic processing, with correspondingly different syntactic judgments. I propose that this prosodic-semantics correspondence is a result of mapping of syntax onto prosody within a Minimalist framework of Chomsky (2000, 2001, 2008); that is, syntactic operations are computed cyclically and transferred to LF multiple times for their interpretations. This analysis nicely captures major difficulties that all former accounts suffered from in the area of FNQ-constructions, by simply paying a close attention to how the "prosodic phrases" are created, where the "phases" are formed and what counts as a Spell-Out domain.

Prosodic Structure and Focus Prosody of South Kyungsang Korean

Kim, Jieun,Jun, Sun-Ah 서울대학교 언어교육원 (구 서울대학교 어학연구소) 2009 語學硏究 Vol.45 No.1

This paper shows how focus prosody of South Kyungsang Korean interacts with the prosodic structure of the dialect. Based on the prosodic structure defined by intonation, it is claimed that the domain of lexical pitch accent assignment is a Prosodic Word, but the prosodic domain of focus, or the realization of focus prominence, is an Accentual Phrase. This model can explain the phenomenon of mismatch between the domain of semantic focus and the domain of accent/prosodic prominence.

Prosodic Phrasing and Multiple Spell-Out by Phase: Evidence from Floating Numeral Quantifier Constructions in Korean and Japanese

손광락 한국생성문법학회 2011 생성문법연구 Vol.21 No.4

FNQ-constructions in Korean and Japanese exhibit an interesting correlation between prosodic phrasing and semantic processing, with correspondingly different syntactic judgments. I propose that this prosodic-semantics correspondence is a result of mapping of syntax onto prosody within a Minimalist framework of Chomsky (2000, 2001, 2008);that is, syntactic operations are computed cyclically and transferred to LF multiple times for their interpretations. This analysis nicely captures major difficulties that all former accounts suffered from in the area of FNQ-constructions, by simply paying a close attention to how the "prosodic phrases" are created, where the "phases" are formed and what counts as a Spell-Out domain.