Global Pitch Characteristics of Tonal and Non-Tonal Language Speakers : Evidence from Mandarin-Korean Bilinguals

이옥주 ( Lee Ok Joo ) 한국중국어문학회 2019 中國文學 Vol.98 No.-

The present study examines the global pitch characteristics in Mandarin and Korean produced by twenty-two bilingual speakers of the two languages. An acoustic experiment was conducted in which a script of the story Northern Wind and the Sun was produced in both Korean and Mandarin at self-controlled fast and slow rates. It finds that Mandarin, a tonal language, is produced with neither wider pitch range nor overall higher pitch and therefore suggests that tonal languages may not necessarily be produced with wider or higher global pitch than non-tonal languages. A comparison of L1 and L2 speech reveals that significant pitch range reduction and global pitch lowering are observed only in the female native Mandarin speakers’ L2 Korean. In contrast, a pitch range remains comparable in L1 and L2 speech produced by the male native Mandarin speakers as well as in L1 and L2 speech produced by the male and female native Korean speakers. It further finds gender effect but no speaking rate effect on pitch peak and valley manipulation in changing global pitch ranges. Findings of this study are not in total agreement with previous studies that claim an overall narrow pitch range to be the most essential characteristics of L2 intonation patterns. The observation that the native Korean speakers produced neither pitch range reduction nor overall pitch lowering in L2 Mandarin may be due to their meta-linguistic awareness of the importance of pitch production in a tonal language. L2 fluency seems to play a role in such a way that advanced-level L2 speakers tend to produce more native-like global pitch patterns.

Pitch Range와 Bandwidth를 이용한 음성특성(音聲特性)과 사상체질간(四象體質間)의 상관성(相關性) 연구(硏究)

양상묵,김선형,유준상,김형석,이영훈,김달래,Yang, Sang-mook,Kim, Sun-hyung,Yoo, Jun-sang,Kim, Hyung-seok,Lee, Young-hoon,Kim, Dal-rae 사상체질의학회 2001 사상체질의학회지 Vol.13 No.3

Bandwidth and Pitch Range are very important in the area of distinguish of phone which is one of many areas of phonetics and distinguish the individual way of phone. So if each constitution has a trait in its phone, they are important to judge the constitutions. In this report we try to understand the relativity between constitutions and Formant Bandwidth, Pitch Range and the number of syllables in a minute which are important to distinguish the phone. And we try to make judging the constitutions objective. 1. We analyzed Formant Bandwidth and there are some differences between constitutions but it doesn't have any importance in the statistics. 2. We analyzed Pitch Range and there are some differences between constitutions but it doesn't have any importance in the statistics. 3. We analyzed the number of syllables in a minute and there are some differences between constitutions but it doesn't have any importance in the statistics. As mentioned above there are differences between constitutions in Formant Bandwidth, Pitch Range and the numbers of syllables in a minute, but they don't have any importance in the statistics. However if we increase the number of samples and remove noise, there will be great possibility to find some important meanings.

사회체육 : 피칭연습용코스 보유 골프연습장의 이용만족도 분석

남경완(NamGyeongWan),권욱동(KwonUgDong) 한국체육학회 2004 한국체육학회지 Vol.43 No.1

This research was taken in order to see how people from different areas and driving range facilities rate the customer satisfaction at each range. Surveys were taken in downtown Daegu, Kyungsan area, and Chilgok area. Fifty people from six different driving ranges were surveyed to give a total of Three hundred people surveyed. Their ages ranged from sixteen to seventy years oldThe method of statistical analysis was done with the Korean SPSS Windows Version 10.0. This determines the characteristic of each user concerning marketing strategy factor of satisfaction certification. The two methods of certification were T-Certification and One-way ANOVA. This determines, their gender, marital status, golf budget monthly, and their determined satisfaction received, but does not include dissatisfaction. However golf facility, price, free time, and monthly income also have effects on the customer` s satisfaction.Customers that use the pitching practicing course and not concerned about marketing strategy factors were analyzed using Two-way MANOVA. The results offered from these tests determine those in the highest satisfaction range. It determines the customer`s use of the pitching practicing course on the driving range as well as their experience, average scores, their personal goals for practicing, and personal style.The average results for the most satisfied involved are that they use the driving range to practice five times a week for less than an hour each time. They have less than six months of golfing experience and have a handicap from ten to nineteen. Their monthly costs range from 150,000 won to 200,000 wonIn conclusion it would appear that this group of golfers would be the key target for advertising in order to increase revenue of driving range facilities. It would also benefit the driving range management to include pitching practicing course at their facilities to

한·중 청자의 수평조 음역대에 대한 지각 연구

자오원카이 한국외국어대학교 언어연구소 2020 언어와 언어학 Vol.0 No.88

This study aimed to determine the differences between tonal and non-tonal language listeners regarding their ability to detect tones in a pitch range of high (H), medium (M), and low (L) tones. A total of 20 Korean and Chinese listeners participated in the perception experiment. The experiment was divided into two parts, characterized by the number of syllables and the position of the tones. For example, a word /bāi/ was read in the first Mandarin Chinese tone, which is the highest-pitched tone in the pitch range. Then, the syllable was manipulated by lowering the tone 12 times in sequence per semitone. Consequently, a total of 13 perception stimuli appear in the environment of one syllable or the first or second syllable of a two-syllable unit. After listening to the three kinds of stimuli, the listeners were required to identify the pitch height by designating it H, M, or L. The experimental results confirmed that all the Chinese listeners were able to distinguish between the H, M, and L tones. Although the Korean listeners were able to discern the extremely high and low tones, they had difficulty distinguishing the tones in the M range. Specifically, the Korean listeners often incorrectly designated H and L tones as M tones. As the number of syllables increased, the Korean listeners’ ability to properly categorize tones in the M range deteriorated. In summary, we found that tonal language listeners can better distinguish between the H, M, and L pitch ranges, while non-tonal language listeners have difficulty categorizing the various pitches.

M-tone 음역 인지에 대한 한·중 청자의 지각 연구

자오원카이 ( Caowenkai ),양정 ( Yangjing ) 중국한국(조선)어교육연구학회 2021 한국(조선)어교육연구 Vol.18 No.0

This study aims to investigate the distribution of pitch range perceived by Korean and Chinese listeners to be M(mid)-tone. A total of sixty Korean and Chinese subjects participated in the perception experiment, which contained thirteen stimuli; a one-syllable nonsense word /ba/ containing the highest pitch was manipulated by lowering the pitch twelve times in sequence per semitone. Subjects heard the same speech stimuli three times in random order, and were required to identify the tone of each. The results showed that the range of M-tone perceived by Korean subjects was approximately -3st to -9st lower than the highest stimuli, accounting for 54% of the total pitch range. The range of M-tone for the Chinese listeners was approximately -2st to -9st lower than the highest stimuli, accounting for 62% of the total pitch range. To summarize, the results indicate that the M-tone range perceived by Koreans is lower and smaller than that of Chinese listeners.

Optimal prosody for different proficiency Chinese talkers of English : Pitch and speech rate

Joo Kyeong Lee 경희대학교 언어정보연구소 2016 언어연구 Vol.33 No.3

This paper investigates native listeners’ perceived accentedness for pitch- and duration-manipulated speech of Chinese L2 talkers and compared it with that of nonnative Chinese and Korean listeners. It attempts to find out actual numeric values of pitch and speech rate where low proficiency talkers are perceived as optimally improved proficiency and where high talkers are judged as the least accented or optimally accented. Results showed that Chinese low talkers were judged as a higher level of proficiency, intermediate, when the pitch ranges were synthetically expanded twice. High talkers were, on the other hand, degraded into intermediate proficiency when their pitch ranges was manipulated to be almost zero, but they were rated as optimally accented, close to the score of 1, when the pitch ranges were extensively widened two or three times. Speech rate did not, however, affect native listeners’ perception of low talkers’ stimuli, but the rating scores showed a curvelinear shape along with the changes of speech rate for high talkers. The optimal speech rate, where high talkers were perceived as the least accented, emerged as 6~6.5 s/s. It was 1.2 to 1.5 times faster than high talkers’ original speech. These results cast a few pedagogical implications which can readily apply to teaching English. Prosodic factors such as pitch range or speech rate are sufficient attributes to change the perceptual category of L2 talkers’ proficiency (except for speech rate for low talkers); therefore, it would be more effective to focus on pitch range or speech rate to reduce foreign accent of L2 talkers. The optimal numeric values of pitch range and speech rate will be solicited practically for low and high proficiency talkers in the pedagogical environment. In addition, nonnative Chinese and Korean listeners did not show statistically significant correlations with native listeners in the perception of foreign accent regardless of their L1 backgrounds or L2 proficiency. This might be plausibly due to the fact that phonological/phonetic features of nonnatives’ interlanguages were considerably dissimilar to native listeners, that is, even high proficiency listeners did not seem to have the sound features similar enough. This might induce inconsistent ratings between native and nonnative listeners. (University of Seoul)

Optimization of the molecular weight range of coating pitch and its effect on graphite anodes for lithium-ion batteries

김지홍,김보라,임지선 한국화학공학회 2023 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.40 No.12

This study aimed to optimize the molecular weight range of coating pitch to enhance the electrochemical performance of graphite-based anodes used in lithium-ion batteries by understanding the characteristics of the coating pitch. The coating pitch was divided into four fractions based on its solubility in hexane, acetone, toluene, and n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP). These four fractions were estimated based on the thickness and homogeneity of the coated surfaces. The lighter fractions of pitch, such as hexane and acetone, assisted in forming a homogeneous surface by decreasing the viscosity during carbonization. Heavy fractions, such as toluene and NMP, were the main components of the coating. They improved the rate performance of the anode by forming an isotropic layer, which increased the number of lithium-ion intercalation sites. However, thick surfaces increased the charge-transfer resistance because of the increased diffusion path lengths of lithium ions. The pitch molecular weight fractions of 128–768, 768–1152, and 1,152–1,480 m/z should be controlled to 70–84.49, 11.20–18.21, and 3.35–5.15%, respectively. Furthermore, the results of this study can be applied to optimize the coating properties for other anode materials, such as silicon, at a controllable pitch coating thickness according to the molecular weight.

한국인 초급 학습자의 일본어 인토네이션 특징 고찰 -자연성 평가와 피치 레인지 분석을 중심으로-

이형재 한국일본어문학회 2020 日本語文學 Vol.87 No.-

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the characteristics of Korean learners' Japanese intonation by analyzing the results of the naturalness evaluation of Korean beginning learners’ Japanese intonation by native Japanese speakers and by comparing their pitch ranges. First, the present study assessed how natural the Japanese intonation spoken by the Korean learners sounded to native speakers of Japanese. Next, the pitch ranges were measured for the speech data of native Japanese speakers and Korean learners of Japanese, and their pitch patterns were analyzed. The results of our analysis are as follows. First, in the evaluation of the naturalness of Korean beginner learners’ Japanese intonation, the evaluation scores were low for all kinds of sentences. This shows that the Korean learners’ intonation sounds unnatural. In addition, this study reveals that the degree varies depending on the types of sentences and their accent patterns. Second, as a result of an acoustic analysis, the Korean learners’ pitch range in each section of all the sentences was significantly narrower than that of the Japanese native speakers. This is due to the fact that Korean learners of Japanese pronounce Japanese sentences with a narrow and gentle pitch, unlike native Japanese speakers. Third, the result of the analysis of the pitch curves shows that the positions of the fall or rise in the pitch curves by native Japanese speakers are different from those by Korean learners of Japanese, and there exists a significant difference in the width of fall or rise in pitch between the two groups of speakers.

초급 중국인학습자의 강세구 피치패턴 오류 양상

장언청 ( Zhang Yan-qing ),최영미 ( Choi Youngl-mi ) 한말연구학회 2021 한말연구 Vol.- No.62

The purpose of this study is to examine the pitch pattern of Lorean accentual phrase produced by Chinese Korean-Learners in the reading of Korean accentual phrase id determined by a specific F0 contour. and the pitch contour of AP's differ depending on their length and the nature of initial segment. in oder to examine if Chinese speakers differing in proficiency, and compared them to pitch contours produced by ten Korean native speakers. The result show that Chinese speakers produced the same type of pitch patterns, internal tonal mudulation differs from native speakers. The pitch realization range of Chinese learners overlaps the low pitch and high pitch ranges. However, in the pitch realization range of Koreans, the range of low tone and high tone is clearly separated. Finally, on the basis of results, we proposed a teaching method that visualizes the F0 contour.

Prosodic remedies of Korean talkers’ English L2 speech: Optimal pitch and speech rate

Joo Kyeong Lee 경희대학교 언어정보연구소 2018 언어연구 Vol.35 No.1

The current study investigates native English listeners’ perceived foreign accent for pitch- and duration-manipulated speech of Korean EFL talkers with high and low proficiency. This work contents that low proficiency talkers’ L2 speech can be perceptually better accented when a single prosodic parameter such as pitch or speech rate is merely corrected. As nonnative talkers’ proficiency was divided into three categories, high, intermediate and low in the Accentedless Rating task, low talkers were categorically promoted to the intermediate when H* and L* were remedied more native-like and their L2 speech was synthesized to be faster. The corrected prosodic features seemed to be readily detected by native listeners because such corrections might be comparatively salient over the segmental features seriously deviant from native norms in their interlanguage. The results of the current experiment suggested actual numeric values of optimal pitch and speech rate for upgrading low talkers’ proficiency; H* should increase roughly by 30% to 45% higher than the ones that they usually produce in statements, and L* should deepen approximately by 20% to 40% lower than in their normal production of yes-no questions. Speech rate should be 1.2 to 2 times faster for low talkers to be judged as intermediate. On the other hand, Korean high proficiency talkers didn’t show a categorical decline to intermediate when pitch or speech rate was synthetically deteriorated. Due to their little accented L2 speech, phonological/phonetic features, which are very similar to those of native speakers, seemed to firmly tolerate the degrading portion of prosody. In addition, the actual numeric values of pitch and speech rate obtained in the results should be applied to the pedagogical environment and used as references to facilitate improving low talkers’ proficiency.