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위진(Wee jin) 한국언어문학회 2010 한국언어문학 Vol.73 No.-
This paper is a study about the origination and application conditions of Umlaut It' s concreted on Jronnarn dialect umlaut cases. Follows are conclusions as application conditions; (1) Triggers of umlaut are palatal consonant /cˇ/, /cˇh, /cˇ'/ and alveolus sound /s/, /s'/, /l/, /n/, /t/, /t'/, /th/ and target is /i/, the end product sound is /i/. Triggers are [+coronal] feature, target is [+dorsal]feature and the result also is [+coronal] feature. It means that umlaut is assimilation what [+coronal] feature makes [+dorsal] feature become [+coronal] feature. (2) The frist condition is priority of environment an umlaut comes after /s/, /s'/. But it has product many cases after /cˇ/, /cˇh/, /cˇ'/ from the late 19C until now. This phenomenon happens because /cˇ/, /cˇh, /cˇ'/ was still not cornpleted as palatal consonant from a dental sound Umlaut has application priority when trigger and target are close each other. And if trigger has same articulation, umlaut is applied by short distance between trigger and target. This condition comes frist than another application conditions. When fricative consonant /s/, /s'/ and affricate consonant /cˇ/, /cˇh/, /cˇ'/ are same articulation as a dental sound, it apply on /i/ which is closest vowel after them and closest fricative consonant. But if /cˇ/, /cˇh/, /cˇ'/ are palatal consonant this case are more productive because they are closer with following vowels. (3) Umlaut is applied frequently closer between articulation and following vowel /i/. For example, if classify alveolus sounds by distance then gets this result - /s/, /s'/ > /l/ > /n/, /t/,/t'/, /th/. Therefore the farthest /s/, /s'/ is the most productive and the closest /n, /t/, /t'/, /th/ is unproductive. (4) Umlaut has application priority when related morphologically. This condition extend its application range widely to the conjugation and declenstion in the morpheme. It has two more conditions- word formation and language form In the word formation, umlaut apply from simple word to compound word, and in language form, it extend from original Korean to Sino- Korean.
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중세국어 피동 접사 ‘-이-’, ‘-히-’, ‘-기-’, ‘-리-’의 분포적 특성과 성격
신승용(Shin Seung-Yong) 우리말학회 2019 우리말연구 Vol.58 No.-
중세국어 피동 접사 ‘-기-’, ‘-히-’, ‘-이-’를 ‘*gi>*γi>(hi)>ɦi>i’ 음운 변화에 의한 이형태 관계로 해석하기도 한다. 그런데 ‘-기-’, ‘-히-’, ‘-이-’의 분포 환경과 ‘*gi>*γi>(hi)>ɦi>i’ 변화의 환경을 함께 고려할 때 이러한 가정에는 문제가 있다. 첫째, 피동 접사 ‘-기-’, ‘-히-’, ‘-이-’가 중세 국어 당시에 상보적 분포를 이루지 못한다는 점에서 이를 이형태 관계로 볼 수 없다. 둘째, ‘-기-’, ‘-히-’, ‘-이-’의 시간적 선후를 확정하기 어렵다. 이러한 사실을 고려할 때 ‘-기-’, ‘-히-’, ‘-이-’를 ‘*gi>*γi>(hi)>ɦi>i’ 변화에 의해 이형태로 분화된 것으로 보는 것은 타당하지 않다. It is interpreted that passive suffix in the middle Korean ‘-ki-’, ‘-hi-’ and ‘-i-’ is a relation of allomorph that are associated with the phonological change such as ‘* gi> * γi> (hi) > ɦi> i’ . However, this assumption is problematic when considering the environment of the suffix ‘-ki-’, ‘-hi-’ and ‘-i-’ in th middle Korean and the change of ‘* gi> * γi> (hi) > ɦi> i’ . First, they did not have complementary distribution in the middle Korean, so ‘-ki-’, ‘-hi-’ and ‘-i-’ can not be regarded as relation of allomorph. Secondly, it is difficult to confirm the development oder of ‘-ki-’, ‘-hi-’ and ‘-i-’. Considering these facts, it can not be seen that ‘-ki-’, ‘-hi-’ and ‘-i-’ was developed as allomorphs chronogically by the change of ‘* gi> * γi> (hi)> ɦi> i’.
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